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Kanbay M, Copur S, Tanriover C, Yavuz F, Galassi A, Ciceri P, Cozzolino M. The pathophysiology and management of vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease patients. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2023; 21:75-85. [PMID: 36716079 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2023.2174525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vascular calcification (VC) which is the pathological mineral deposition in the vascular system, predominantly at the intimal and medial layer of the vessel wall, is an important comorbidity in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) leading to significant morbidity and mortality while necessitating appropriate treatment. Our review aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the current understanding of VC. AREAS COVERED In this review, we first discuss the pathophysiology of VC in CKD patients, then we explain the methods to predict and assess VC. Afterwards, we provide the currently available as well as the potential therapeutic approaches of VC. We finally discuss our understanding regarding the current situation surrounding VC in our expert opinion section. EXPERT OPINION Predicting, assessing and treating VC is crucial and the future advances in the field of research surrounding VC will potentially occur in one or more of these three areas of clinical management. There is a current lack of evidence and consensus regarding specific therapeutic options for alleviating VC and this situation may not necessitate VC to be determined, detected, and documented before the available options are implemented. Regardless, the prediction and assessment of VC is still important and requires further improvement together with the developments in therapeutic alternatives. The future has the potential to bring better research which would guide and improve the management of this patient group. A more specialized approach consisting of targeted therapies and more tailored management plans for patients with CKD and VC is on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Sidar Copur
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cem Tanriover
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Furkan Yavuz
- Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Andrea Galassi
- Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Ciceri
- Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Cozzolino
- Department of Health Sciences, Renal Division, University of Milan, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, 20142 Milan, Italy
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Abstract
The search for subclinical atherosclerosis is carried out in several arterial districts using ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT). Coronary calcium assessed by computerized tomography (calcium score) is a well-validated marker of atherosclerosis and able to correlate with the extent of coronary artery disease and the risk of cardiovascular events. The evaluation of carotid atherosclerosis by ultrasonography is a technically simple and low-cost solution. However, the literature does not provide a sufficient number of evidence to clarify the clinical impact of carotid atherosclerosis and in particular the risk of developing cardiac events. According to the researchers of the Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis (PESA) study, subclinical atherosclerosis research should preferably be carried out in the femoral district, which is more easily affected by atherosclerosis. Pending the data from the PESA study, which will better clarify the role of ultrasound applied in non-coronary districts, the coronary calcifications seems to be a reasonable solution. It is possible that in the future imaging techniques (CT-PET) capable of studying the extent and functional status of coronary atherosclerosis will further improve the identification of the risk of cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Prati
- Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Ospedale San Giovanni Addolorata, Rome, Italy.,Centro per la Lotta contro l'Infarto-CLI Foundation, Rome, Italy.,UniCamillus-Università Medica Internazionale San Camillo di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavio Giuseppe Biccirè
- Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Ospedale San Giovanni Addolorata, Rome, Italy.,Centro per la Lotta contro l'Infarto-CLI Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Budassi
- Dipartimento Cardiovascolare, Ospedale San Giovanni Addolorata, Rome, Italy.,Centro per la Lotta contro l'Infarto-CLI Foundation, Rome, Italy
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Kabłak-Ziembicka A, Przewłocki T. Clinical Significance of Carotid Intima-Media Complex and Carotid Plaque Assessment by Ultrasound for the Prediction of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Primary and Secondary Care Patients. J Clin Med 2021; 10:4628. [PMID: 34682751 PMCID: PMC8538659 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently published recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography on 'Carotid Arterial Plaque Assessment by Ultrasound for the Characterization of Atherosclerosis and Evaluation of Cardiovascular Risk' provoked discussion once more on the potential clinical applications of carotid intima-media complex thickness (CIMT) and carotid plaque assessment in the context of cardiovascular risk in both primary and secondary care patients. This review paper addresses key issues and milestones regarding indications, assessment, technical aspects, recommendations, and interpretations of CIMT and carotid plaque findings. We discuss lacks of evidence, limitations, and possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kabłak-Ziembicka
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
- Noninvasive Cardiovascular Laboratory, John Paul II Hospital, Prądnicka 80, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Przewłocki
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland;
- Department of Interventional Cardiology, John Paul II Hospital, Prądnicka 80, 31-202 Krakow, Poland
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Yazici D, Sunbul M, Yasar M, Deyneli O, Yavuz D. Is there an increased cardiovascular risk in patients with prolactinoma? A challenging question. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2021; 49:870-877. [PMID: 34131923 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epicardial adipose tissue thickness (EATT) is considered to be a surrogate for visceral fat and a novel cardiovascular risk indicator. Hyperprolactinemia has been shown to be associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The aim was to evaluate the association between EATT, carotid intima media thickness (CIMT), and cardiac functions in patients with prolactinoma. METHODS Patients with the diagnosis of prolactinoma were included. The control group consisted of healthy age matched individuals with normal prolactin levels. Prolactin, fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were measured. EATT, CIMT, cardiac systolic, and diastolic functions were determined using echocardiography. RESULTS We evaluated 67 patients with prolactinoma (aged 40.7 ± 11.9 years, F/M: 51/16) and 57 controls (aged 42.5 ± 7.4 years, F/M: 36/21). Of the 67 patients, 24 had normal prolactin levels. FBG level was higher in prolactinoma patients than in controls. Patients and controls had similar HbA1c, HOMA-IR, ALT, total, HDL, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides levels, and similar cardiac systolic and diastolic functions. Prolactinoma patients had greater EATT (3.0 ± 0.5 mm vs. 2.6 ± 0.4 mm, p < 0.001) and CIMT (0.57 ± 0.08 mm vs. 0.52 ± 0.04 mm, p = 0.03) than controls. EATT was correlated with body mass index, FBG, HbA1c, and triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS EATT and CIMT were greater in patients with prolactinoma, although they had normal cardiac systolic and diastolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Yazici
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Koç University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Sunbul
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yasar
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Deyneli
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Koç University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Yavuz
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ileri C, Ozben B, Dogan Z, Sunbul M, Bulut B, Tigen K, Sayar N, Midi I, Basaran Y. Predictors of Concomitant Coronary Artery Disease and Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Neurol India 2021; 69:916-922. [PMID: 34507412 DOI: 10.4103/0028-3886.323893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemic stroke share the same risk factors. Objective The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence and predictors of concomitant CAD in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods One hundred and five patients (64.3 ± 15.0 years, 61 male) presenting with acute ischemic stroke documented by neuroimaging were consecutively included. All patients were carefully evaluated to determine their cardiovascular disease risk scores. The patients who had been previously shown to have ≥50% stenosis in at least one of the major coronary arteries by coronary angiography were grouped as CAD patients. Results Of the 105 stroke patients, 27 patients had documented concomitant CAD. The stroke patients with CAD had higher cardiovascular risk scores and troponin I levels and carotid plaques were more prevalent. ROC analysis determined cut-off values as ≥22% for Framingham Heart Study Risk Score, ≥0.05 ng/mL for Troponin I, and ≥0.80 mm for carotid artery intima-media thickness to predict concomitant CAD. During 6 months of follow-up, among the 78 stroke patients without documented CAD, 16 patients had experienced major cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, recurrent stroke, or cardiovascular death. These patients had higher Framingham Heart Study Risk Score and high-sensitive C reactive protein levels. Conclusion Our study suggests stroke patients with higher Framingham Heart Study Risk Score and troponin I levels and carotid plaques be further investigated for the presence of concomitant CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Ileri
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beste Ozben
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zekeriya Dogan
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Sunbul
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Bulut
- Department of Neurology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kursat Tigen
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nurten Sayar
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ipek Midi
- Department of Neurology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yelda Basaran
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Aladin AI, Soliman EZ, Kitzman DW, Dardari Z, Rasool SH, Yeboah J, Budoff MJ, Psaty BM, Ouyang P, Polak JF, Blumenthal RS, McEvoy JW, Gandhi SK, Herrington DM. Comparison of the Relation of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness With Incident Heart Failure With Reduced Versus Preserved Ejection Fraction (from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis [MESA]). Am J Cardiol 2021; 148:102-109. [PMID: 33667446 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increased carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is associated with heart failure (HF) in previous studies, but it is not known whether the association of cIMT differs between HF with reduced (HFrEF) versus preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We studied 6699 participants (mean age 62 ± 10 years, 47% male, and 38% white) from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) with baseline cIMT measurements. We classified HF events as HFrEF (EF <50%) or HFpEF (EF ≥ 50%) at the time of diagnosis. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to compute hazard ratios (HR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between the IMT Z-score (measured maximum IMT of Internal Carotid (IC) and Common Carotid (CC) sites as the mean of the maximum IMT of the near and far walls of right and left sides), and incident HFrEF or HFpEF. Models were adjusted for covariates and interim coronary artery disease (CAD) events. A total of 191 HFrEF and 167 HFpEF events occurred during follow-up. In multivariable analysis, each 1 standard deviation increase in the measured maximum IMT (Z-score) was associated with both HFrEF and HFpEF in the unadjusted and demographically adjusted models [HR, 95% CI 1.57 (1.43 to 1.73)] and [HR, 95% CI 1.61 (1.47 to 1.77)] but not in the fully adjusted models [HR, 95% CI 1.11 (0.96 to 1.28)] and [HR, 95% CI 1.13 (0.98 to 1.30)]. In conclusion, cIMT was significantly associated with incident HF, but the association is partially attenuated with adjustment for demographic factors and becomes non-significant after adjustment for other traditional heart failure risk factors and interim CAD events. There was no difference in the association of IMT measures with HFrEF versus HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer I Aladin
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Elsayed Z Soliman
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
| | - Dalane W Kitzman
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
| | - Zeina Dardari
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
| | - Shereen H Rasool
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
| | - Joseph Yeboah
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
| | - Pamela Ouyang
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
| | - Joseph F Polak
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
| | - Roger S Blumenthal
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
| | - John W McEvoy
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sanjay K Gandhi
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
| | - David M Herrington
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Ciccarone Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Pediatrics, Saint Joseph University Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey; Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute, Torrance, California; Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; Kaiser Permanente Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Ultrasound Reading Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; National University of Ireland and National Institute for Prevention and Cardiovascular Health, Galway, Ireland
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Cismaru G, Serban T, Tirpe A. Ultrasound Methods in the Evaluation of Atherosclerosis: From Pathophysiology to Clinic. Biomedicines 2021; 9:418. [PMID: 33924492 PMCID: PMC8070406 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a key pathological process that causes a plethora of pathologies, including coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and ischemic stroke. The silent progression of the atherosclerotic disease prompts for new surveillance tools that can visualize, characterize, and provide a risk evaluation of the atherosclerotic plaque. Conventional ultrasound methods-bright (B)-mode US plus Doppler mode-provide a rapid, cost-efficient way to visualize an established plaque and give a rapid risk stratification of the patient through the Gray-Weale standardization-echolucent plaques with ≥50% stenosis have a significantly greater risk of ipsilateral stroke. Although rather disputed, the measurement of carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) may prove useful in identifying subclinical atherosclerosis. In addition, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) allows for a better image resolution and the visualization and quantification of plaque neovascularization, which has been correlated with future cardiovascular events. Newly emerging elastography techniques such as strain elastography and shear-wave elastography add a new dimension to this evaluation-the biomechanics of the arterial wall, which is altered in atherosclerosis. The invasive counterpart, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), enables an individualized assessment of the anti-atherosclerotic therapies, as well as a direct risk assessment of these lesions through virtual histology IVUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Cismaru
- Fifth Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology-Rehabilitation, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Teodora Serban
- Medical Imaging Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400162 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Tirpe
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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8
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Guo C, Zhao L, Ding Y, Zhao Z, Wang C, Li L, Cai Z, Li Y, Xia H, Zhu Z, Yu F, Dai M, Deng X, Yuan G. ANGPTL8 Gene Polymorphism rs2278426 Is Related to Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in T2DM. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4519-4528. [PMID: 33244249 PMCID: PMC7685358 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s274759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM ANGPTL8 is a cytokine expressed and secreted by liver and adipose tissue, and is involved in glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism. Although studies have shown that ANGPTL8 is elevated in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease, few have examined the association between ANGPTL8 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and the risk of macrovascular complications in T2DM patients. This study aimed to explore the relationship between rs2278426 and carotid intima-media thickening (cIMT) in T2DM. METHODS A total of 217 T2DM patients and 201 healthy control subjects with normal glucose tolerance were recruited in the study. T2DM patients were divided into two groups: T2DM patients without cIM thickening (cIMT <1 mm, 109 cases) and T2DM patients with cIM thickening (cIMT ≥1 mm, 108 cases). rs2278426 genotypes in all 418 subjects were determined and the risk of T2DM and T2DM with cIM thickening analyzed. RESULTS CT+TT-genotype frequency in T2DM was higher than in controls with normal glucose tolerance, and the proportion of the CT+TT genotype in the group with cIMT was higher than in the group (P<0.05). In addition, T alleles were associated with waist:hip ratio, triglycerides, high density-lipoprotein cholesterol, plasma glucose at 2 hours' oral glucose tolerance, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Generally, carriers of the T allele at rs2278426 are more likely to develop T2DM, and the risk of cIM thickening is significantly increased for T-allele carriers with T2DM, which indicates an increased risk of macroangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhicong Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhensheng Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - ZhuanZhuan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Meiqing Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
- Xia Deng Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China Email
| | - Guoyue Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212001, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Guoyue Yuan Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu212001, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-135-0528-9352 Email
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9
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Holwerda SW, Luehrs RE, DuBose LE, Majee R, Pierce GL. Sex and age differences in the association between sympathetic outflow and central elastic artery wall thickness in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 317:H552-H560. [PMID: 31274352 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00275.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by increased wall thickness of the central elastic arteries (i.e., aorta and carotid arteries), although the mechanisms involved are unclear. Evidence suggests that age-related increases in muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) may be a contributing factor. However, studies in humans have been lacking. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that age-related increases in MSNA would be independently associated with carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) but not in young women given the reduced influence of MSNA on the vasculature in this group. In 93 young and middle-age/older (MA/O) adults (19-73 yr, 41 women), we performed assessments of MSNA (microneurography) and common carotid IMT and lumen diameter (ultrasonography). Multiple regression that included MSNA and other cardiovascular disease risk factors indicated that MSNA (P = 0.002) and 24-h systolic blood pressure (BP) (P = 0.024) were independent determinants of carotid IMT-to-lumen ratio (model R2 = 0.38, P < 0.001). However, when examining only young women (<45 yr), no correlation was observed between MSNA and carotid IMT-to-lumen ratio (R = -0.01, P = 0.963). MSNA was significantly correlated with IMT-to-lumen ratio while controlling for 24-h systolic BP among young men (R = 0.49, P < 0.001) and MA/O women (R = 0.59, P = 0.022). However, among MA/O men, controlling for 24-h systolic BP attenuated the association between MSNA and carotid IMT-to-lumen ratio (R = 0.50, P = 0.115). Significant age differences in IMT-to-lumen ratio between young and MA/O men (P = 0.047) and young and MA/O women (P = 0.023) were removed when adjusting for MSNA (men: P = 0.970; women: P = 0.152). These findings demonstrate an association between higher sympathetic outflow and carotid artery wall thickness with a particular exception to young women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Increased wall thickness of the large elastic arteries serves as a graded marker for cardiovascular disease risk and progression of atherosclerosis. Findings from the present study establish an independent association between higher sympathetic outflow and carotid artery wall thickness in adults with an exception to young women and extend findings from animal models that demonstrate hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle following chronic sympathetic-adrenergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth W Holwerda
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Rachel E Luehrs
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Lyndsey E DuBose
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Rumbidzai Majee
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Gary L Pierce
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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10
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Roumeliotis A, Roumeliotis S, Panagoutsos S, Theodoridis M, Argyriou C, Tavridou A, Georgiadis GS. Carotid intima-media thickness is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 and chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail 2019; 41:131-138. [PMID: 30909780 PMCID: PMC6442115 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2019.1585372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intima-Media-Thickness of the carotid artery wall (cIMT) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular (CV) disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of cIMT as an independent prognostic factor for CV morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). METHODS The study included 142 diabetic patients in different stages of CKD. Patients were categorized into two groups according to low (≤0.86 mm) or high cIMT (>0.86 mm), respectively. CV events and death from all causes were registered during a seven-year follow-up. RESULTS Mean age, BMI and duration of diabetes were 68 years (range: 45-90), >30 kg/m2 and 15 years (range: 5-40), respectively. Patients with increased cIMT were older, suffered from a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), peripheral atherosclerosis and plaque presence in either carotid artery. Increased BMI (beta= -0.29, p = .01), lower eGFR (beta = 0.353, p = .003) and male gender (beta= -0.339, p = .005) were found to predict increased cIMT. Predictors of all-cause mortality in Cox proportional hazard models were low eGFR and high cIMT with HR = 0.96 (CI = 0.94-0.98), p < .001 and HR = 2.9 (CI = 1.03-7.99), p = .04, respectively. The risk of future CV event was determined by albuminuria and cIMT with HR = 1 (CI = 1.0-1.0), p < .001 and HR = 2.04 (CI = 1.1-3.78), p = .02, respectively. Patients with high cIMT presented significantly higher all-cause mortality and a new CV event (p = .005/p = .018, respectively). CONCLUSIONS cIMT is a strong and independent predictor of CV morbidity and mortality, and should be considered a valuable tool for the stratification of CV risk in patients with CKD and DM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Roumeliotis
- a Department of Nephrology , "Democritus" University of Thrace, Medical School, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Stefanos Roumeliotis
- a Department of Nephrology , "Democritus" University of Thrace, Medical School, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Stylianos Panagoutsos
- a Department of Nephrology , "Democritus" University of Thrace, Medical School, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Marios Theodoridis
- a Department of Nephrology , "Democritus" University of Thrace, Medical School, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Christos Argyriou
- b Department of Vascular Surgery , "Democritus" University of Thrace, Medical School, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Anna Tavridou
- c Laboratory of Pharmacology , "Democritus" University of Thrace, Medical School , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - George S Georgiadis
- b Department of Vascular Surgery , "Democritus" University of Thrace, Medical School, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis , Alexandroupolis , Greece
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11
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Haque S, Skeoch S, Rakieh C, Edlin H, Ahmad Y, Ho P, Gorodkin R, Alexander MY, Bruce IN. Progression of subclinical and clinical cardiovascular disease in a UK SLE cohort: the role of classic and SLE-related factors. Lupus Sci Med 2018; 5:e000267. [PMID: 30538814 PMCID: PMC6257381 DOI: 10.1136/lupus-2018-000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to describe the rate and determinants of carotid plaque progression and the onset of clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a UK SLE cohort. Methods Female patients with SLE of white British ancestry were recruited from clinics in the North-West of England and had a baseline clinical and CVD risk assessment including measurement of carotid intima–media thickness (CIMT) and plaque using B-mode Doppler ultrasound. Patients were followed up (>3.5 years after baseline visit) and had a repeat carotid Doppler to assess progression of plaque and CIMT. Clinical CVD events between visits were also noted. Results Of 200 patients with a baseline scan, 124 (62%) patients had a second assessment at a median (IQR) of 5.8 (5.2–6.3) years follow-up. New plaque developed in 32 (26%) (4.5% per annum) patients and plaque progression was observed in 52 (41%) patients. Factors associated with plaque progression were older age (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.20), anticardiolipin (OR 3.36; 1.27 to 10.40) and anti-Ro (OR 0.31; 0.11 to 0.86) antibodies. CVD events occurred in 7.2% over 5.8 years compared with 1.0% predicted using the Framingham risk score (p<0.001). Higher triglycerides (OR 3.6; 1.23 to 10.56), cyclophosphamide exposure ‘ever’ (OR 16.7; 1.46 to 63.5) and baseline Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics damage index score (OR 9.62; 1.46 to 123) independently predicted future CVD events. Conclusion Accelerated atherosclerosis remains a major challenge in SLE disease management. A more comprehensive approach to CVD risk management taking into account disease factors such as severity and anticardiolipin antibody status may be necessary to improve CVD outcomes in this high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahena Haque
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Department of Rheumatology, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sarah Skeoch
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Chadi Rakieh
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Helena Edlin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Yasmeen Ahmad
- Peter Maddison Rheumatology Centre, Llandudno Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Pauline Ho
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rachel Gorodkin
- The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - M Yvonne Alexander
- Centre for Bioscience, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Ian N Bruce
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,The Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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12
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Prognostic role of carotid intima-media thickness in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11385. [PMID: 30061728 PMCID: PMC6065355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is a well-known predictor of adverse outcomes in the ischemic heart disease patients; however, evidence is lacking in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB). Data from 407 patients who underwent OPCAB between April 2013 and August 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. A composite of cardiovascular morbidity endpoints was defined as the presence of stroke, acute myocardial infarction, new cardiac arrhythmia (newly developed atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or atrioventricular block), cardiovascular death, or cerebrovascular death within 30 days after surgery. Increased carotid IMT was defined as ≥0.9 mm on one or both sides. The incidence of a composite of cardiovascular morbidity endpoints was 24.0% in the normal IMT group (n = 221) and 34.4% in the increased IMT group (n = 186) (p = 0.021). Multivariable analysis revealed increased IMT (odds ratio 1.719, 95% confidence interval 1.108 to 2.666, p = 0.016) and preoperative renal replacement therapy (odds ratio 4.264, 95% confidence interval 1.679 to 10.829, p = 0.002) as independent predictors of a composite of cardiovascular morbidity endpoints. In patients undergoing OPCAB, preoperative assessment of carotid IMT may help predicting the development of a postoperative composite of cardiovascular morbidity endpoints.
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13
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Shoji M, Takemoto M, Kobayashi K, Shoji T, Mori S, Sagara JI, Kurosawa H, Hirayama Y, Sakamoto K, Ishikawa T, Koshizaka M, Maezawa Y, Yokote K. Serum podocalyxin levels correlate with carotid intima media thickness, implicating its role as a novel biomarker for atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:245. [PMID: 29321582 PMCID: PMC5762903 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18647-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin is a cell surface sialomucin, which is expressed in not only glomerular podocytes but also vascular endothelial cells. Urinary podocalyxin is used as a marker for glomerular disease. However, there are no reports describing serum podocalyxin (s-Podxl) levels. Therefore, the association between s-Podxl levels and clinical parameters were examined with 52 patients. s-Podxl level was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The median s-Podxl level was 14.2 ng/dL (interquartile range: 10.8–22.2 ng/dL). There were significant correlations (correlation coefficient: r > 0.2) of s-Podxl levels with carotid intima media thickness (IMT) (r = 0.30, p = 0.0307). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that s-Podxl levels remained significantly associated with carotid IMT > 1 mm (OR: 1.15; 95% CI 1.02–1.31, p = 0.026) after adjustments for traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as age, sex, current smoking status, hypertension, dyslipidemias, and diabetes. In conclusion, s-Podxl is independently associated with carotid IMT and might be used as a novel biomarker for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Shoji
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. .,School of Medicine, International University of Health and Welfare, Department of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, 4-3 Kozunomori, Narita-shi, Chiba, 286-8686, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Asahi Chuo Hospital, 1326, Ino, Asahi-shi, Chiba, 289-2511, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Shoji
- Department of Cardiology, Chiba Emergency Medical Center, Chiba, 3-32-1, Isobe, Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 261-0012, Japan
| | - Satoka Mori
- Life Inovation Research Institute, Denka Co., Ltd, 3-5-1, Asahi-Machi, Machida-City, Tokyo, 194-0023, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sagara
- Life Inovation Research Institute, Denka Co., Ltd, 3-5-1, Asahi-Machi, Machida-City, Tokyo, 194-0023, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kurosawa
- R&D Center, Denka Seikne Co., Ltd, 1359-1, Kagamida, Kigoshi, Gosen-City, Niigata, 959-1695, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Hirayama
- R&D Center, Denka Seikne Co., Ltd, 1359-1, Kagamida, Kigoshi, Gosen-City, Niigata, 959-1695, Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakamoto
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishikawa
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masaya Koshizaka
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Maezawa
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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14
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Polak JF, O'Leary DH. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness as Surrogate for and Predictor of CVD. Glob Heart 2018; 11:295-312.e3. [PMID: 27741977 DOI: 10.1016/j.gheart.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is a noninvasive measurement of the artery wall thickness, inclusive of atherosclerotic plaque, obtained using ultrasound imaging. In the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) study, IMT measurements are used as a surrogate for subclinical cardiovascular disease and as a variable predictive of cardiovascular events. IMT measurements of the common carotid artery are available in more than 99% of the MESA population and are predictive of cardiovascular events. More importantly, IMT and plaque thickness measurements made in the internal carotid artery and carotid bulb are also available in more than 98% of the population and are also strongly predictive of cardiovascular events. This article reviews the techniques used to obtain the MESA IMT values, compares them to those made in other epidemiological studies, and summarizes how they have been used in the MESA study as both surrogates for and predictors of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Polak
- Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Ultrasound Reading Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Kosi-Trebotic L, Thomas A, Harreiter J, Chmelik M, Trattnig S, Kautzky-Willer A. Gliptin therapy reduces hepatic and myocardial fat in type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2017; 47:829-838. [PMID: 28815568 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased hepatic fat and cardiac fat are common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and are associated with a greater risk of liver fibrosis and cardiovascular (CV) events. Sex-specific differences of dipeptidyl peptidase-four (DPP-4) inhibitor effects on hepatic (HCL) and myocardial fat content (MYCL) have not yet been evaluated. METHOD Forty-one T2DM patients (20 male, 21 female) received a gliptin add-on therapy if HbA1c goals were not reached under metformin monotherapy. They underwent cardiac and liver magnetic resonance tomography and spectroscopy before and 6 months after therapy initiation. Plasma samples were analysed for the growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), a novel marker for cardiovascular risk. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients on gliptin therapy completed the study. We observed a positive correlation between MYCL and HCL before therapy (R = 0·41, P = 0·05). After 6 months of therapy, we noticed a significant weight reduction in women only (P = 0·02) whereas waist circumference decreased similarly in both sexes. HbA1c sunk significantly in both sexes (P = 0·002). HCL decreased significantly (P = 0·0004), with women featuring higher basal HCL (P < 0·05). MYCL decreased in women only (P = 0·01) and GDF-15 comparably in both sexes (P < 0·05). CONCLUSIONS 6 months of DPP-4-therapy led to a significant overall decrease in HCL and body weight such as a reduction of MYCL only in women. This preliminary data set could implicate that gliptin may be a feasible therapy option in fatty liver patients with diabetes potentially including positive effects on cardiovascular function particularly in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Kosi-Trebotic
- Gender Medicine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Thomas
- Gender Medicine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Harreiter
- Gender Medicine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marek Chmelik
- Department of Radiodiagnostics, Centre of Excellence, High-Field MR, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- Department of Radiodiagnostics, Centre of Excellence, High-Field MR, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kautzky-Willer
- Gender Medicine Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Zhu W, Chen T, Jin L, Wang H, Yao F, Wang C, Wang Q, Congdon N. Carotid artery intimal medial thickness and carotid artery plaques in hypertensive patients with non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255:2037-2043. [PMID: 28733725 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3744-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the correlation of carotid artery intimal medial thickness (C-IMT) and carotid artery plaque score (CPS) of the common carotid artery with non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) in hypertensive patients. METHODS This case-control study recruited 192 subjects. Forty-eight patients had NAION with systemic hypertension, 46 had hypertension without visual complaints, and 98 were normal controls. C-IMT and common carotid arterial plaque were measured by high-resolution vascular ultrasonography. RESULTS High-density lipoprotein (HDL) in patients with NAION (1.24 ± 0.31) was significantly lower than that of the Hypertensive group (1.39 ± 0.30, P = 0.034). The C-IMT in the affected side of patients with NAION (1.00 ± 0.23) was significantly increased compared to the unaffected side (0.83 ± 0.19, P < 0.001), the Hypertensive group (0.83 ± 0.17, P < 0.001), and the Normal group (0.69 ± 0.16, P < 0.001). The presence of carotid artery plaque was more frequent in the patients with NAION, compared to either the Hypertensive group (P = 0.001) or the Normal group (P < 0.001). By multiple regression analysis, lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (P = 0.009), thicker C-IMT (P = 0.002), CPS Grade = 1 (P = 0.028), and Grade = 2 (P = 0.005) were associated with increased NAION risk, when the NAION group compared with the Hypertensive group (OR > 1.0). Systolic blood pressure (P = 0.001), thicker C-IMT (P < 0.001), CPS Grade = 1 (P = 0.006), Grade = 2 (P = 0.002), and Grade = 3 (P = 0.015) were associated with increased NAION risk, when the NAION group compared with the Normal group (OR > 1.0). CONCLUSIONS C-IMT and CPS were associated with NAION in hypertensive patients, suggesting that NAION might be associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis. This association may be due to similar pathological changes of the inner vascular walls in the carotid artery and the arteries supplying the optic nerve head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 S. Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, 510060.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 S. Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, 510060.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ling Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 S. Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, 510060
| | - Haoyu Wang
- School of Medicine, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Fengjuan Yao
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Congyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 S. Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, 510060
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Nathan Congdon
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 54 S. Xianlie Road, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China, 510060. .,Centre for Public Health, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, UK.
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17
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Evaluation of carotid intima-media thickness with vascular endothelial growth factor and malondialdehyde levels in patients with sarcoidosis. Diagn Interv Imaging 2017; 98:557-561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Effect of Immunosuppressive Treatment on Carotid Atherosclerosis in Renal Transplant Recipients. Transplant Proc 2017; 48:1626-9. [PMID: 27496459 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the effect of immunosuppressive regimens using either mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORi) or calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) on the risk of atherosclerosis in renal transplant patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study involved a group of 24 recipients treated with mTORi (mTORi group) and a group of 20 recipients treated with immunosuppressive regimen based on CNI (CNI group). Laboratory and clinical markers of cardiovascular risk in both groups were investigated. Carotid atherosclerosis was evaluated by measurement of the intima media thickness (IMT) of the common and internal carotid artery walls and detection of carotid plaques by a high-resolution ultrasonography. The study was performed 3-24 years after transplantation. RESULTS The mTORi group showed higher level of total cholesterol (242 vs 201 mg/dL; P < .004), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (140 vs 116 mg/dL; P < .05), and triglycerides (226 vs 168 mg/dL; P < .01). Posttransplant diabetes developed in 34% of mTORi group compared with 25% in the CNI group. The mean of IMT (left and right) of common and internal carotid arteries was similar in both groups. Carotid plaques were detected in 46% of patients from the mTORi group and 25% from CNI group (P < .02). The presence of carotid plaques combined with an IMT of >0.9 mm were associated with male gender, mTORi treatment (P = .03), and cardiovascular events. The incidence of coronary heart disease was higher in mTORi group than in CNI group (53% vs 20%; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS There was not beneficial effect of immunosuppressive treatment with mTORi on carotid atherosclerosis in renal transplant patients.
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Ramakrishna G, Rooke TW, Cooper LT. Iron and peripheral arterial disease: revisiting the iron hypothesis in a different light. Vasc Med 2016; 8:203-10. [PMID: 14989563 DOI: 10.1191/1358863x03vm493ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between iron status and atherosclerosis has long been a topic of debate in the literature. Despite more than 25 years of research, there is no consensus regarding a causal relationship. To date, the vast majority of studies have focused on iron burden with respect to a hypothesized role in the onset and progression of coronary artery disease. However, the effect of iron in the coronary arterial system may differ mechanistically and therefore clinically from its effect in the peripheral arterial system. This review will summarize the biochemical, pathologic, animal, and clinical research data with respect to iron and atherosclerosis. This background will be expanded upon to provide insights into ongoing studies and paths for future investigations into the role of iron and peripheral arterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Ramakrishna
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Bolz KD, Tveit K, Nordby A, Myhre HO, Gåserud K, Østrem G, Ommedal S, Angelsen BAJ. Intravascular Ultrasonographic Appearance of Angiographically Normal Arteries Related to Age and the Occurrence of Vascular Disease. Acta Radiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/028418519203300606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In 22 individuals (mean age 52 years) the ultrasonographic images of arteries defined as normal by arteriography were studied and related to the age and medical history of the patients. The series was divided into 2 groups: patients with clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis and patients without a history of arterial disease. The study included 6 young patients (mean age 14 years) referred for angiographic documentation of abolished intracranial circulation. A typical 3-layered appearance of the arterial wall was found in young healthy individuals as well as in adult and elderly subjects. There was no difference in the ultrasonograhic appearance of muscular and elastic arteries. In patients with extensive obstructive atherosclerosis affecting other parts of the arterial tree, a segment of the iliac artery can have the same appearance as seen in young healthy individuals. There are indications that severe hypertension can result in a thickening of the middle low-echogenic layer of the arterial wall. In patients with chronic renal insufficiency, small calcifications in the middle layer were a typical finding.
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Harada M, Tabako S. Carotid atherosclerosis is associated with left ventricular diastolic function. J Echocardiogr 2016; 14:120-9. [PMID: 27364492 DOI: 10.1007/s12574-016-0296-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) correlates with the risk of stroke or cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationships between echocardiographic findings and carotid atherosclerosis. METHODS A total of 234 patients (62 ± 15 years) were referred for echocardiography to evaluate the left ventricular (LV) function. The LV ejection fraction, the ratio of the peak velocity of early rapid filling and the peak velocity of atrial filling (E/A), and the peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity (e') were obtained by echocardiography. The maximum IMT (Max-IMT) and plaque score (PS) were measured by carotid ultrasonography within 1 month of the echocardiographic examination. RESULTS The mean values of Max-IMT and carotid PS were 2.41 ± 1.23 mm and 8.5 ± 6.3, respectively. The decreased mean E/A (0.94 ± 0.39) and mitral e' (5.5 ± 1.9 cm/s) indicated LV diastolic dysfunction. A good correlation was observed between Max-IMT and PS (r = 0.83, p < 0.0001). It was shown that 2.8 mm of Max-IMT was equivalent to 10.1 of carotid PS, which indicated severe carotid atherosclerosis. In multiple logistic stepwise regression analysis, among the echocardiographic parameters, only e' was independently associated with severe carotid atherosclerosis (Max-IMT ≥ 2.8 mm or PS ≥ 10.1). CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that decreased early diastolic mitral annular velocity relates to the parameter reflecting carotid atherosclerosis. Therefore, the presence of severe carotid atherosclerosis may affect LV diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Harada
- Department of Clinical Functional Physiology, Toho University Medical Center Omori Hospital, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Oota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Tabako
- Department of Clinical Functional Physiology, Toho University Medical Center Omori Hospital, 6-11-1 Omori-nishi, Oota-ku, Tokyo, 143-8541, Japan
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Deveer M, Deveer R, Basaran O, Turkcu UO, Akbaba E, Cullu N, Turhan N, Kucuk M, Kasap B. Serum Copeptin, Pentraxin 3, Anti-Mullerian Hormone Levels With Echocardiography and Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Adolescents With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Med Res 2015; 7:989-94. [PMID: 26566413 PMCID: PMC4625820 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2375w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of possible markers in the prediction of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-related metabolic alterations and cardiovascular events in adolescent PCOS cases and also to investigate the applicability of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels for the diagnosis of PCOS. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a total of 75 non-obese women (adolescent PCOS group, n = 25; adult PCOS group, n = 25; control group, n = 25) were included. Measurements of copeptin, pentraxin 3 (PTX3), and AMH serum levels were performed. RESULTS Serum copeptin, PTX3 and echocardiographic indices were not significantly different in PCOS subjects and they did not have higher common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) measurement. AMH levels were significantly higher in PCOS patients. There was a positive correlation between AMH and mean ovarian volume (r = 0.58, P < 0.001) and between AMH and total testosterone level (r = 0.63, P < 0.001). In order to predict a threshold value for the diagnosis of PCOS by using AMH, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method was used. Area under the curve was 0.820 and cut-off point was 6.66 ng/mL for AMH with a sensitivity of 62% and specificity of 76%. CONCLUSIONS Possible markers for PCOS-related metabolic alterations may not present in the adolescent years. Serum AMH may be useful as a diagnostic test for adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Deveer
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Ruya Deveer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Basaran
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Ummuhani Ozel Turkcu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Eren Akbaba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Nesat Cullu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Turhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Mert Kucuk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Burcu Kasap
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
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Association of carotid intima-media thickness with cardiovascular risk factors and patient outcomes in advanced chronic kidney disease: the RRI-CKD study. Clin Nephrol 2015; 84:10-20. [PMID: 26042415 PMCID: PMC4750113 DOI: 10.5414/cn108494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes. The relationships of intima-media thickness (IMT), a measure of subclinical atherosclerosis, with traditional and nontraditional risk factors and with adverse outcomes in CKD patients are not well-established. Methods: IMT, clinical characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, and clinical outcomes were measured in 198 subjects from the Renal Research Institute (RRI) CKD study, a four-center prospective cohort of patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤ 50 mL/min/1.73 m2 not requiring renal replacement therapy. Results: The patients averaged 61 ± 14 years of age; the mean eGFR was 29 ± 12 mL/min/1.73 m2. Maximum IMT was more closely associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors, including age, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and systolic blood pressure, than with nontraditional risk factors or with eGFR. Higher values of maximum IMT were also independently associated with clinical CVD and with other markers of subclinical CVD. Maximum IMT ≥ 2.6 mm was predictive of the composite endpoint of CVD events and death (hazard ratio (HR): 5.47 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.97 – 10.07, p < 0.0001)) but was not related to progression to end-stage renal disease (HR: 1.67 (95% CI: 0.74 – 3.76, p = 0.21)). Conclusion: In patients with advanced pre-dialysis CKD, higher maximum IMT was associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors, CVD, and other markers of subclinical CVD and was an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and death. Additional research is needed to examine the clinical utility of IMT in the risk stratification and clinical management of patients with CKD.
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Yazıcı D, Özben B, Toprak A, Yavuz D, Aydın H, Tarçın Ö, Deyneli O, Akalın S. Effects of restoration of the euthyroid state on epicardial adipose tissue and carotid intima media thickness in subclinical hypothyroid patients. Endocrine 2015; 48:909-15. [PMID: 25108389 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-014-0372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness is a novel cardiovascular risk indicator, whereas carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) is a known marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to measure EAT thickness and CIMT in subclinical hypothyroid (SCH) patients and to determine the effect of restoration of the euthyroid state on these variables. The study included 43 patients with SCH (mean age: 35.2±10.7 years; F-M ratio: 42:1) and 30 healthy controls (mean age: 34.5±8.2 years; F-M ratio: 25:5). EAT thickness and CIMT were measured via conventional echocardiography and ultrasonography. Among the patients, 23 were followed up with L-thyroxine replacement until restoration of the euthyroid state and re-evaluated 6 months after baseline. Basal EAT thickness was higher in the SCH patients than in the controls (3.2±0.7 vs. 2.3±0.3 mm-p<0.0001), whereas CIMT was similar in both groups (0.50±0.09 vs. 0.48±0.04 mm). EAT thickness was correlated with CIMT in the patient group (r=0.39, p=0.01), but this correlation was not evident based on multivariate analysis when corrected for age and body mass index (r2=0.47 and p=0.0001 for the model). In the follow-up patient subgroup, both EAT thickness and CIMT decreased significantly following L-thyroxine treatment, when normal TSH levels were attained (3.4±0.7 vs. 2.3±0.5 mm-p=0.007 and 0.51±0.09 vs. 0.46±0.07 mm-p=0.01, respectively). EAT thickness was greater in the SCH patients than in controls, whereas CIMT was similar in both groups. Restoration of the euthyroid state with L-thyroxine treatment was associated with significant decreases in EAT thickness and CIMT in the group of patients that received L-thyroxine treatment and, as such, might reduce the cardiovascular risk associated with SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Yazıcı
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Marmara University Medical School, İskele Sok. Hüseyin Ayaz Apt. No:22/8 Caddebostan/Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey,
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Poongothai S, Pradeepa R, Indulekha K, Surendar J, Mohan V. Association of depression with common carotid artery intima media thickness and augmentation index in a large Urban South Indian population- The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES - 138). Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2015; 19:136-142. [PMID: 25593841 PMCID: PMC4287758 DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.146869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to assess the relationship of depression with carotid intima media thickness and augmentation index in Asian Indians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS For this study, 1505 subjects were randomly selected from a population based study conducted in Chennai, South India. Right common carotid artery intima medial thickness [IMT] was determined using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. Augmentation index [AI] was measured using the Sphygmocor apparatus. Depressive symptoms were assessed using a previously validated instrument, the Patient Health Questionnaire -12 (PHQ -12). RESULTS Of the 1505 subjects included in this study, depressive symptoms were present in 16.6% (n = 250) of the subjects. The mean IMT and AI values among subjects with depression were significantly higher than those without depression [0.83 ± 0.43 mm vs 0.73 ± 0.12 mm, P < 0.001] and IMT was higher in females with depression while AI was higher in males with depression. However, both IMT and AI were higher among those with depression in both genders. In multiple logistic regression model, depressive symptoms were associated with IMT even after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, serum cholesterol and hypertension (Odds ratio [OR] =2.17, 95% Confidence intervals [CI]:1.01- 4.63, P = 0.047) but in the case of AI, the significance was lost in the adjusted model (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.991-1.02, P = 0.445). CONCLUSION Among Asian Indians, presence of depressive symptoms was associated with carotid intima media thickness and Augmentation index, even after adjusting for potential confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramani Poongothai
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Rajendra Pradeepa
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Karunakaran Indulekha
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Jayagopi Surendar
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Viswanathan Mohan
- Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Non Communicable Diseases Prevention and Control, International Diabetes Federation Centre of Education, Gopalapuram, Chennai, India
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Bastrikov OY, Belov VV, Grigoricheva EA. GENDER SPECIFICS OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL PARAMETERS OF VESSELS IN RELATION TO PSYCHOEMOTIONAL FACTORS IN ALMOST HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS. КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ И ПРОФИЛАКТИКА 2014. [DOI: 10.15829/1728-8800-2014-3-36-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim.To study gender specifics of structural and functional parameters of brachiocephal arteries with the relation to psychoemotional factors in almost healthy individuals.Material and Methods.Overall 107 almost healthy economically active individuals included from organized population (46 male, 61 female), with the average age 43,4±10,8 y. All participants underwent psychological testing that included questionnaires: Spolberger-Khanin test, depression evaluation scale by the Center for Epidemiological Studies, visualanalogue scale (modified Dembo-Rubinstein), the social frustration level, social adaptation test by Holmes-Rey, ultrasound scanning of brachiocephal arteries with evaluation of local rigidity parameters.Results.There were significant gender differences found for the vessel wall structural and functional parameters. Average values of systolic and diastolic diameters, total common carotid artery wall thickness were higher in males, but the rigidity index - in women. Prevalence of personal anxiety and clinically significant stress estimates by the Holmes-Rey scale was significantly higher in women, 75% and 36%, resp. In both groups the association of psycho-emotional factors and vessel parameters was found. But for men there was independent relation of reactive and personal anxiety with the thickness of “intima-media” and in women – correlation of depression and vessel wall compliance.Conclusion.The results direct to the need for further research of novel methods for complex primary prophylaxy of stress-induced remodeling of vessels with the connection to psychoemotional and gender specifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Yu. Bastrikov
- SBEI HPE “South-Ural State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health. Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - V. V. Belov
- SBEI HPE “South-Ural State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health. Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - E. A. Grigoricheva
- SBEI HPE “South-Ural State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health. Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Effoe VS, Rodriguez CJ, Wagenknecht LE, Evans GW, Chang PP, Mirabelli MC, Bertoni AG. Carotid intima-media thickness is associated with incident heart failure among middle-aged whites and blacks: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e000797. [PMID: 24815496 PMCID: PMC4309069 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Increased carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT) is associated with subclinical left ventricular myocardial dysfunction, suggesting a possible role of carotid IMT in heart failure (HF) risk determination. Methods and Results Mean far wall carotid IMT, measured by B‐mode ultrasound, was available for 13 590 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants aged 45 to 64 years and free of HF at baseline. HF was defined using ICD‐9 428 and ICD‐10 I‐50 codes from hospitalization records and death certificates. The association between carotid IMT and incident HF was assessed using Cox proportional hazards analysis with models adjusted for demographic variables, major CVD risk factors, and interim CHD. There were 2008 incident HF cases over a median follow‐up of 20.6 years (8.1 cases per 1000 person‐years). Mean IMT was higher in those with HF than in those without (0.81 mm±0.23 versus 0.71 mm±0.17, P<0.001). Unadjusted rate of HF for the fourth compared with the first quartile of IMT was 15.4 versus 3.9 per 1000 person‐years; P<0.001. In multivariable analysis, after adjustment, each standard deviation increase in IMT was associated with incident HF (HR 1.20 [95% CI: 1.16 to 1.25]). After adjustment, the top quartile of IMT was associated with HF (HR 1.60 [95% CI: 1.37 to 1.87]). Results were similar across race and gender groups. Conclusions Increasing carotid IMT is associated with incident HF in middle‐aged whites and blacks, beyond risks explained by major CVD risk factors and CHD. This suggests that carotid IMT may be associated with HF through mechanisms different from myocardial ischemia or infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery S Effoe
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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Baragetti A, Knoflach M, Cuccovillo I, Grigore L, Casula M, Garlaschelli K, Mantovani A, Wick G, Kiechl S, Willeit J, Bottazzi B, Catapano AL, Norata GD. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) plasma levels and carotid intima media thickness progression in the general population. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:518-523. [PMID: 24462365 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an essential component of the humoral arm of innate immunity and, like C-reactive protein, is independently associated with the risk of developing vascular events. Aim of this study was to investigate, in two large population-based surveys, the Bruneck Study and the PLIC Study, whether PTX3 plasma levels predict the progression of common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT), a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis, in the general population during 5 or 6 years of follow-up. RESULTS In the Bruneck Study, PTX3 plasma levels did not predict a faster progression of CCA-IMT either in the carotid artery or in the femoral artery. This finding was confirmed in the PLIC Study where subjects within the highest tertile of PTX3 did not show an increased progression of CCA-IMT. PTX3 plasma levels were also not associated with the fastest maximum IMT progression. In summary, in more than 2400 subjects from the general population, PTX3 plasma level is neither an independent predictor of progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in different arterial territories, including carotid and femoral arteries nor of incident cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION These findings support the relevance of investigating the predictive value of PTX3 plasma levels only in specific settings, like overt CVD, heart failure or acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Baragetti
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - M Knoflach
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - I Cuccovillo
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - L Grigore
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - M Casula
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
| | - K Garlaschelli
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
| | - A Mantovani
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Wick
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Biocenter, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - S Kiechl
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Willeit
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - B Bottazzi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - A L Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy.
| | - G D Norata
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy; The Blizard Institute, Centre for Diabetes, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK.
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Gallino A, Aboyans V, Diehm C, Cosentino F, Stricker H, Falk E, Schouten O, Lekakis J, Amann-Vesti B, Siclari F, Poredos P, Novo S, Brodmann M, Schulte KL, Vlachopoulos C, De Caterina R, Libby P, Baumgartner I. Non-coronary atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2014; 35:1112-9. [PMID: 24595865 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, the clinical and research interest in atherosclerosis has been mostly focused on coronary arteries. After the publications of the European Society Guidelines and AHA/ACC Guidelines on Peripheral artery diseases, and of the Registry REduction in Atherothrombosis for Continued Health Registry, there has been an increased interest in atherosclerosis of the lower extremity arteries and its presence in multifocal disease. However, awareness in the general population and the medical community of non-coronary artery diseases, and of its major prognostic implications remain relatively low. The aim of this general review stemming out of an ESC Working Group on Peripheral Circulation meeting in 2011 is to enhance awareness of this complex disease highlighting the importance of the involvement of atherosclerosis at different levels with respect to clinical presentation, diagnosis, and co-existence of the disease in the distinct arterial territories. We also emphasize the need of an interdisciplinary approach to face the broad and complex spectrum of multifocal disease, and try to propose a series of tentative recommendations and measures to be implemented in non-coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Gallino
- Division of Vascular Medicine, Ospedale San Giovanni, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Carotid atherosclerosis as a surrogate maker of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. ISRN ENDOCRINOLOGY 2013; 2013:979481. [PMID: 24319597 PMCID: PMC3844178 DOI: 10.1155/2013/979481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although it remains inconclusive whether assessment of carotid IMT is useful as a screening test for CVD in Japanese diabetic patients, a total of 271 patients (151 men aged 66 ± 10 (standard deviation) years and 220 women aged 71 ± 8 years) were divided into two groups based on the presence of CVD. We cross-sectionally assessed the ability of carotid IMT to identify CVD corresponding to treatment that was examined by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Among the 271 diabetic patients, 199 non-CVD and 72 CVD patients were examined. Multiple linear regression analysis using the presence of CVD as an objective variable showed that carotid IMT (β = 0.259, P < 0.001) as well as other confounding factors was a significant independent contributing factor. The ROC curve analysis showed that the best marker of CVD was carotid IMT, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.718 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.650–0.785). The greatest sensitivity and specificity were obtained when the cut-off value of mean carotid IMT was set at 0.95 mm (sensitivity = 0.71, specificity = 0.60, and accuracy = 0.627). Our study suggests that carotid IMT may be useful for screening diabetic patients with CVD.
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Singh AS, Atam V, Jain N, Yathish BE, Patil MR, Das L. Association of carotid plaque echogenicity with recurrence of ischemic stroke. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2013; 5:371-6. [PMID: 23923112 PMCID: PMC3731869 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.114170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is related to various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events like cerebral infarction. Recurrence of ischemic stroke is specifically related to atherosclerotic load as determined by the presence of carotid atheromatous plaques and its echogenicity. AIM This study was to evaluate the association of recurrence of stroke with echogenic characteristics of carotid plaque in ischemic stroke patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Carotid sonography using high-resolution 7.5 MHz along with gray-scale technique was done in each ischemic stroke patient to find the occurrence of plaque and its echogenicity according to Mannheim Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Consensus (2004-2006). Followup of patient done to know the recurrence of stroke during 6-month duration and its association with plaque echogenicity. RESULTS A significant association found between the presence of plaque and known cerebrovascular risk factors. Also significant association found between recurrence of stroke and echolucent character of carotid plaque in bivariate analysis (P = 0.0028). CONCLUSIONS Recurrence of stroke is related to advanced stage of atherosclerosis that is specified by carotid plaque and its characteristics. It will help us to identify groups of patients at different risk for stroke and planning better strategies to prevent such events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Shankar Singh
- Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Li MF, Tu YF, Li LX, Lu JX, Dong XH, Yu LB, Zhang R, Bao YQ, Jia WP, Hu RM. Low-grade albuminuria is associated with early but not late carotid atherosclerotic lesions in community-based patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:110. [PMID: 23883448 PMCID: PMC3725174 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low-grade albuminuria is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and mortality. Our aim was to investigate the association between low-grade albuminuria and carotid atherosclerotic lesions in community-based patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in 475 community-based patients with type 2 diabetes (190 males and 285 females) with normal urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratios (UACR) (< 3.5 mg/mmol) from Shanghai, China. The subjects were stratified into tertiles based on UACR levels (the lowest tertile was UACR ≤ 1.19 mg/mmol, and the highest tertile was UACR ≥ 2 mg/mmol). Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), carotid atherosclerotic plaque formation and stenosis were assessed and compared among the three groups based on ultrasonography. The urinary albumin excretion rate was determined as the mean of the values obtained from three separate early morning urine samples. Results Compared with the subjects with UACR in the lowest tertile, the subjects with UACR in the middle and highest tertiles had greater CIMT values (0.88 ± 0.35 mm, 0.99 ± 0.43 mm and 1.04 ± 0.35 mm, respectively; all p < 0.05) and a higher prevalence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques (25.3%, 39.0% and 46.2%, respectively; all p < 0.05) after adjusting for sex and age. Fully adjusted multiple linear regression and logistic regression analyses revealed that UACR tertiles were significantly associated with elevated CIMT (p = 0.007) and that, compared with the subjects in the first tertile of UACR, those in the second and third tertiles had 1.878- and 2.028-fold risk of carotid plaques, respectively. However, there was no statistical association between UACR tertile and the prevalence of carotid stenosis. Conclusions Higher UACR within the normal range was independently associated with early but not late carotid atherosclerotic lesions in community-based patients with type 2 diabetes. Low-grade albuminuria contributes to the risk of carotid atherosclerosis and may be used as an early marker for the detection of atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Long pentraxin 3: experimental and clinical relevance in cardiovascular diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:725102. [PMID: 23690668 PMCID: PMC3649691 DOI: 10.1155/2013/725102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an essential component of the humoral arm of innate immunity and belongs, together with the C-reactive protein (CRP) and other acute phase proteins, to the pentraxins' superfamily: soluble, multifunctional, pattern recognition proteins. Pentraxins share a common C-terminal pentraxin domain, which in the case of PTX3 is coupled to an unrelated long N-terminal domain. PTX3 in humans, like CRP, correlates with surrogate markers of atherosclerosis and is independently associated with the risk of developing vascular events. Studies addressing the potential physiopathological role of CRP in the cardiovascular system were so far inconclusive and have been limited by the fact that the sequence and regulation have not been conserved during evolution between mouse and man. On the contrary, the conservation of sequence, gene organization, and regulation of PTX3 supports the translation of animal model findings in humans. While PTX3 deficiency is associated with increased inflammation, cardiac damage, and atherosclerosis, the overexpression limits carotid restenosis after angioplasty. These observations point to a cardiovascular protective effect of PTX3 potentially associated with the ability of tuning inflammation and favor the hypothesis that the increased levels of PTX3 in subjects with cardiovascular diseases may reflect a protective physiological mechanism, which correlates with the immunoinflammatory response observed in several cardiovascular disorders.
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Yazici D, Yavuz DG, Toprak A, Deyneli O, Akalin S. Impaired diastolic function and elevated Nt-proBNP levels in type 1 diabetic patients without overt cardiovascular disease. Acta Diabetol 2013; 50:155-61. [PMID: 21072546 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-010-0235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is an important complication of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diastolic heart failure is an early manifestation of diabetic cardiac disease. Nt-proBNP is a valuable marker of ventricular dysfunction. The aim of this study was to determine Nt-proBNP concentrations in type 1 diabetic patients and determine their relationship with ventricular diastolic dysfunction (DD) and carotid artery intima media thickness (CIMT) measurements. Sixty-seven type 1 diabetic patients (30.2 ± 8.0 years; W/M: 24/43) without known cardiovascular disease and 48 healthy controls (30.5 ± 6.4 years; W/M: 19/29) were recruited. Nt-proBNP levels were measured. Conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography were used to evaluate left ventricular diastolic function and CIMT. Nt-proBNP in diabetic patients was significantly higher than in controls (38 ± 34.8 vs. 15.1 ± 12.7 pg/ml) (P = 0.004). Ea level was higher (12.3 ± 3 vs. 10.3 ± 4 cm/s, P = 0.003) and E/Ea ratio was lower in patients (6.6 ± 2.5 vs. 9.7 ± 5.9, P = 0.001) compared with controls. Ratio of DD was higher in patients than controls (11.1 vs. 2.1%, P = 0.01). CIMT measurements in diabetic patients were higher than controls (0.54 ± 0.11 vs. 0.48 ± 0.05 mm, P = 0.02). Logistic regression revealed age and HbA1c to be independently associated with the presence of DD. Nt-proBNP levels are elevated in type 1 diabetic patients without overt cardiovascular disease and the presence of DD is increased in diabetic patients in comparison with controls. Nt-proBNP levels do not seem to be related to the presence of DD and subclinical atherosclerosis in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Yazici
- Marmara University Medical School, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Abstract
Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) is a biomarker for cardiovascular disease that also predicts the risk of cardiovascular mortality. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition is a unique therapeutic modality because it both treats hypertension and improves arterial health and cardiovascular disease outcomes. Controversy exists regarding the role of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) in IMT regression. Our article provides an update on how ACE inhibitors and ARBs could play a role in decreasing IMT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke P. Brewster
- Assistant Professor of Vascular Surgery, Medical Director of Vascular Lab, Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA; Georgia Institute of Technology, Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA
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Affiliation(s)
- U. B. Andersen
- Clinical Physiology section, Department of Diagnostics; University of Copenhagen, Glostrup Hospital; Copenhagen; Denmark
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Use of carotid intima-media thickness regression to guide therapy and management of cardiac risks. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2012; 14:50-6. [PMID: 22139639 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-011-0158-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Although carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) has been broadly used as a tool to evaluate cardiovascular risk, its role as a surrogate endpoint is still debated. The main issue is the fact that no study has ever been powered to show a relationship between changes in carotid IMT during follow-up and cardiovascular events. A meta-analysis of existing clinical studies was performed to investigate this relationship but it failed to demonstrate a predictive role of regression in carotid IMT for cardiovascular events. The reasons for the lack of a clear evidence for a predictive role of IMT progression are unknown but are likely multifactorial. Firstly, it may depend on the fact that this index is not a pure atherosclerosis index. Second, carotid atherosclerosis does not always reflect coronary atherosclerosis. Furthermore, methodologic problems related to intra- and interobserver variability make this index not adequately reproducible when tracking the progression of carotid atherosclerosis. A further meta-analysis based on individual patient data, instead of published data, has been planned to better address the predictive role of IMT. Lastly, in the future, the variability of ultrasound measurements of carotid IMT are likely to be reduced by further development of automatic calculation of this index by magnetic resonance imaging.
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Alsagaff MY, Thaha M, Aminuddin M, Yogiarto RM, Yogiantoro M, Tomino Y. Asymmetric dimethylarginine: a novel cardiovascular risk factor in end-stage renal disease. J Int Med Res 2012; 40:340-9. [PMID: 22429374 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study explored the association between carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and the oxidative stress markers asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and homo cysteine in patients with end-stage renal disease who were on haemodialysis. METHODS A total of 30 patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis treatment were recruited to this study. Homocysteine and ADMA levels were determined using a fluorescence polarization immunoassay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. CIMT was measured as a marker of atherosclerosis using high-resolution ultrasonography and was performed after haemodialysis. RESULTS Significant positive correlations were found between CIMT and ADMA, and CIMT and duration of haemodialysis. Linear regression analysis showed that ADMA level and age were significant independent determinants of CIMT, whereas homo cysteine was not. CONCLUSIONS The relationship demonstrated between plasma ADMA and carotid artery thickening suggests that ADMA may be a novel marker of atherosclerosis in patients on haemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yusuf Alsagaff
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Airlangga University School of Medicine, Jalan Mayjen Prof. Dr Moestopo 6-8, Surabaya 60118, Indonesia.
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Robertson CM, Gerry F, Fowkes R, Price JF. Carotid intima–media thickness and the prediction of vascular events. Vasc Med 2012; 17:239-48. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x12445103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) has received interest as a predictor of cardiovascular events in recent years. Use of cIMT in a clinical setting is limited by the variability in measurement and the lack of evidence for its use in clinical risk prediction. This review examines the major studies that have assessed the relationship between cIMT and cardiovascular event risk and discusses the current role of IMT in cardiovascular risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Gerry
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R Fowkes
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jacqueline F Price
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Costanzo P, Cleland JG, Vassallo E, Perrone-Filardi P. Questioning the predictive role of carotid intima-media thickness. Future Cardiol 2012; 7:651-6. [PMID: 21929345 DOI: 10.2217/fca.11.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), as a tool to evaluate cardiovascular risk has been driven by studies that demonstrate a relationship between carotid IMT and the incidence of cardiovascular events. However, no study was designed and powered to demonstrate a relationship between changes in carotid IMT during follow-up and cardiovascular events. Therefore, a pooled analysis of existing clinical studies was performed to investigate this relationship. This analysis failed to demonstrate a predictive role of changes in carotid IMT for cardiovascular events. The reason for the lack of clear evidence for a predictive role for changes in IMT are uncertain but may reflect methodological problems related to intra- and inter-observer variability, as it seems unlikely that progression of carotid atherosclerosis would not predict outcome. A further meta-analysis based on individual patient-data has been planned, that may better address this issue. The variability of ultrasound measurements of carotid IMT are likely to be reduced by further development of automatic calculation of this index by MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Costanzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunological & Cardiovascular Science. Federico II University of Naples, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy.
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Chen L, Yang Z, Lu B, Li Q, Ye Z, He M, Huang Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Wen J, Liu C, Qu S, Hu R. Serum CXC ligand 5 is a new marker of subclinical atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 75:766-70. [PMID: 21609350 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between serum chemokine CXC ligand 5 (CXCL5) and intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery, a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS We measured the IMT (mean of three segments of both carotid arteries by ultrasonography), serum CXCL5, fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, serum urea, serum uric acid, HbA1c, serum CRP, adiponectin and lipid profile of 730 Chinese type 2 diabetic participants older than 30 years in a cross-sectional community-based study performed in downtown Shanghai. RESULTS Serum CXCL5 correlated with carotid IMT (r = 0·112, P = 0·019) after adjustment for age, gender, serum CRP and HbA1c. Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that age (P = 2·30 × 10(-7) ), gender (P = 2·70 × 10(-2) ), systolic blood pressure (P = 9·26 × 10(-3) ), serum CRP (P = 2·12 × 10(-2) ), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 2·40 × 10(-2) ), CXCL5 (P = 5·27 × 10(-3) ) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 3·80 × 10(-3) ) were independently associated with carotid IMT. CONCLUSIONS Serum CXCL5 is an important determinant of carotid artery IMT in patients with type 2 diabetes. The correlation is independent of inflammation and glucose control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Chen
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Keo HH, Baumgartner I, Hirsch AT, Duval S, Steg PG, Pasquet B, Bhatt DL, Roether J. Carotid plaque and intima-media thickness and the incidence of ischemic events in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. Vasc Med 2011; 16:323-30. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x11419997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate whether carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) or the presence of plaque can confer additional predictive value of future cardiovascular (CV) ischemic events in patients with pre-existing atherosclerotic vascular disease. We identified 2317 patients enrolled in the REduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry who had atherosclerotic vascular disease and baseline CIMT measurements. The entire range of CIMT was divided into quartiles and the fourth quartile (≥ 1.5 mm) was defined as carotid plaque. Mean ± standard deviation baseline CIMT was 1.31 ± 0.65 mm. Associated CV ischemic events and vascular-related hospitalizations were evaluated over a 2-year follow-up. There was a positive increase in adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality ( p = 0.04 for trend) and the quadruple endpoint (CV death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, hospitalization for CV events) with increasing quartiles of CIMT ( p = 0.0008 for trend), which was mainly driven by the fourth quartile (carotid plaque). HRs for all-cause mortality, CV death, CV death/MI/stroke and the quadruple endpoint comparing the highest (carotid plaque) with the lowest CIMT quartile were 2.09 (95% CI, 1.07–4.10; p = 0.03); 2.49 (1.10–5.67; p = 0.03); 1.71 (1.10–2.67; p = 0.02); and 1.73 (1.31–2.27; p = 0.0001). In conclusion, our analyses suggest that the presence of carotid plaque, rather than the thickness of intima-media, appears to be associated with increased risk of CV morbidity and mortality, but confirmation of these findings in other population and prospective studies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong H Keo
- Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Division of Angiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Iris Baumgartner
- Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Division of Angiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alan T Hirsch
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sue Duval
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation at Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ph Gabriel Steg
- INSERM U-698, Paris, France; Université Paris 7, Paris, France; Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Pasquet
- Département d’Epidemiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Deepak L Bhatt
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joachim Roether
- Department of Neurology, Asklepios Klinik Altona, Hamburg, Germany
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Mutlu B, Tigen K, Gurel E, Ozben B, Karaahmet T, Basaran Y. The predictive value of flow-mediated dilation and carotid artery intima-media thickness for occult coronary artery disease. Echocardiography 2011; 28:1141-7. [PMID: 21854440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT) is an attractive noninvasive alternative to assess overall coronary artery disease (CAD) burden and may reveal coronary plaques, which may be underestimated by conventional coronary angiography. The aim of this study was to determine whether brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) might accurately predict patients with occult coronary plaques whose conventional coronary angiographies revealed normal coronary arteries (NCA). METHODS Thirty-five patients with angiographically NCA were consecutively recruited into the study. They underwent MDCT and were divided into NCA group (18 patients; 8 male; 47 ± 9 years) and occult CAD group (17 patients; 11 male; 50 ± 10 years) according to presence of coronary plaque. Nineteen consecutive patients with evident CAD (16 male; 54 ± 7 years) and 19 healthy subjects (10 male; 50 ± 6 years) were included as control groups. FMD and CIMT were measured by brachial and carotid artery ultrasonography. RESULTS Occult CAD group had significantly lower FMD and insignificantly higher CIMT than NCA group whereas they had significantly higher FMD and insignificantly lower CIMT than evident CAD group. NCA group had significantly lower CIMT than evident CAD group. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated FMD < 8% (sensitivity: 94.4%; specificity: 73.0%; PPV: 77.3%; NPV: 93.1%) and CIMT ≥ 0.65 cm (sensitivity: 72.2%; specificity: 62.2%; PPV: 65.0%; NPV: 69.7%) could predict patients with CAD. FMD and CIMT were independent predictors of CAD (P < 0.001; OR: 45.630; 95%CI: 5.38-386.983 and P = 0.015; OR: 14.226; 95%CI: 1.666-121.467, respectively). CONCLUSION FMD and CIMT might predict patients with occult CAD and be helpful in selecting patients for MDCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Mutlu
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Serum uric acid level and its association with metabolic syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:72. [PMID: 21816063 PMCID: PMC3163178 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to investigate whether elevated serum uric acid concentrations are associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey in Shanghai, with a total of 395 men and 631 women age 41 to 92 years. The carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and carotid atherosclerotic plaques (PLQ) were measured by B-mode ultrasound. MetS was defined according to the updated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian Americans. Results Uric acid levels were negatively associated with duration of diabetes, fasting plasma glucose, glycohemoglobin, eGFR, HDL-cholesterol (all P < 0.001) and positively with BMI, CRP, waist circumference, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, ACR, HOMA-IR and IMT (all P < 0.05). In the highest quartile of uric acid levels, the risks were substantially higher for MetS [odds ratio 3.97, (95% confidence interval 2.58-6.13)] (P < 0.001 for trend) and PLQ [odds ratio 2.71 (95% confidence interval 1.62-4.47)] (p = 0.013 for trend) compared with that in the lowest quartile of uric acid levels after multiple adjustment. These associations remained significant after further adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusions Serum uric acid level is associated with MetS and is an independent risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Ryoo S, Berkowitz DE, Lim HK. Endothelial arginase II and atherosclerosis. Korean J Anesthesiol 2011; 61:3-11. [PMID: 21860744 PMCID: PMC3155133 DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2011.61.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. While it is a complex condition resulting from numerous genetic and environmental factors, it is well recognized that oxidized low-density lipoprotein produces pro-atherogenic effects in endothelial cells (ECs) by inducing the expression of adhesion molecules, stimulating EC apoptosis, inducing superoxide anion formation and impairing protective endothelial nitric oxide (NO) formation. Emerging evidence suggests that the enzyme arginase reciprocally regulates NO synthase and NO production by competing for the common substrate L-arginine. As oxidized LDL (OxLDL) results in arginase activation/upregulation, it appears to be an important contributor to endothelial dysfunction by a mechanism that involves substrate limitation for endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and NO synthesis. Additionally, arginase enhances production of reactive oxygen species by eNOS. Arginase inhibition in hypercholesterolemic (ApoE-/-) mice or arginase II deletion (ArgII-/-) mice restores endothelial vasorelaxant function, reduces vascular stiffness and markedly reduces atherosclerotic plaque burden. Furthermore, arginase activation contributes to vascular changes including polyamine-dependent vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and collagen synthesis. Collectively, arginase may play a key role in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Ryoo
- Division of Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Progression of carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Angiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02014915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Mahfouz RA, El Tahlawi MA, Ateya AA, Elsaied A. Early Detection of Silent Ischemia and Diastolic Dysfunction in Asymptomatic Young Hypertensive Patients. Echocardiography 2011; 28:564-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Extraction of instantaneous changes in arterial walls with sequential ultrasound images. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2011; 38:81-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10396-011-0299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Rubin MF, Rosas SE, Chirinos JA, Townsend RR. Surrogate markers of cardiovascular disease in CKD: what's under the hood? Am J Kidney Dis 2011; 57:488-97. [PMID: 21168944 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although clinical cardiovascular outcomes, such as heart attack, stroke, and sudden cardiac death, have a dramatic onset, they result from prolonged exposure to an ever-growing array of risk factors. Several noninvasive procedures are available to assess the cumulative effect of these exposures with the goal of more precisely estimating a person's cardiovascular risk. These include ankle-brachial index, which provides an estimation of obstruction in major-vessel lumen caliber; carotid ultrasound, which evaluates carotid intima-media thickness and plaque, visibly quantifying atherosclerotic burden; aortic pulse wave velocity, which provides a measure of large-artery stiffness; and echocardiography, which measures left ventricular mass, providing a measure of subclinical hypertensive heart disease. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of each of these measures, with a particular emphasis on patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Ryoo S, Berkowitz DE, Lim HK. Endothelial arginase II and atherosclerosis. Korean J Anesthesiol 2011. [DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2011.60.6.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Ryoo
- Division of Biology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Dan E. Berkowitz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hyun Kyo Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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