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Petersen CA, Sise CV, Dewing JX, Yun J, Zimmerman BK, Guo XE, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. Immature bovine cartilage wear is due to fatigue failure from repetitive compressive forces and not reciprocating frictional forces. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2023; 31:1594-1601. [PMID: 37633593 PMCID: PMC10841040 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wear of articular cartilage is not well understood. We hypothesize that cartilage wears due to fatigue failure in repetitive compression instead of reciprocating friction. DESIGN This study compares reciprocating sliding of immature bovine articular cartilage against glass in two testing configurations: (1) a stationary contact area configuration (SCA), which results in static compression, interstitial fluid depressurization, and increasing friction coefficient during reciprocating sliding, and (2) a migrating contact area configuration (MCA), which maintains pressurization and low friction while producing repetitive compressive loading in addition to reciprocating sliding. Contact pressure, sliding duration, and sliding distance were controlled to be similar between test groups. RESULTS SCA tests exhibited an average friction coefficient of μ=0.084±0.032, while MCA tests exhibited a lower average friction coefficient of μ=0.020±0.008 (p<10-4). Despite the lower friction, MCA cartilage samples exhibited clear surface damage with a significantly greater average surface deviation from a fitted plane after wear testing (Rq=0.125±0.095 mm) than cartilage samples slid in a SCA configuration (Rq=0.044±0.017 mm, p=0.002), which showed minimal signs of wear. Polarized light microscopy confirmed that delamination damage occurred between the superficial and middle zones of the articular cartilage in MCA samples. CONCLUSIONS The greatest wear was observed in the group with lowest friction coefficient, subjected to cyclical instead of static compression, implying that friction is not the primary driver of cartilage wear. Delamination between superficial and middle zones implies the main mode of wear is fatigue failure under cyclical compression, not fatigue or abrasion due to reciprocating frictional sliding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Petersen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - C V Sise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - J X Dewing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - J Yun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - B K Zimmerman
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States
| | - X E Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - C T Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - G A Ateshian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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Engelhardt JP, Schütte A, Hetjens S, Reisig G, Schwarz ML. Resilience to height loss of articular cartilage of osteoarthritic stifle joints of old pigs, compared with healthy cartilage from young pigs in a tribological pin-on-plate exposure, revealing similar friction forces. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250244. [PMID: 33891624 PMCID: PMC8064609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction We saw a lack of data on the biomechanical behavior of degenerated articular cartilage (OA) compared with that of healthy cartilage, even though the susceptibility to wear and tear of articular cartilage plays a key role in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, we performed a comparison between naturally occurring OA and healthy cartilage from pigs, before and after tribological stress. Aim The aim of the study was to compare OA-cartilage with healthy cartilage and to analyze the resilience to tribological shear stress, which will be measured as height loss (HL), and to friction forces of the cartilage layers. The findings will be substantiated in macro- and microscopical evaluations before and after tribological exposure. Methods We assessed stifle joints of fifteen old and sixteen young pigs from the local abattoir radiologically, macroscopically and histologically to determine possible OA alterations. We put pins from the femoral part of the joints and plates from the corresponding tibial plateaus in a pin-on-plate tribometer under stress for about two hours with about 1108 reciprocating cycles under a pressure of approximately 1 MPa. As a surrogate criterion of wear and tear, the HL was recorded in the tribometer. The heights of the cartilage layers measured before and after the tribological exposure were compared histologically. The condition of the cartilage before and after the tribological exposure was analyzed both macroscopically with an adapted ICRS score and microscopically according to Little et al. (2010). We assessed the friction forces acting between the surfaces of the cartilage pair–specimens. Results Articular cartilage taken from old pigs showed significant degenerative changes compared to that taken from the young animals. The macroscopic and microscopic scores showed strong alterations of the cartilage after the tribological exposure. There was a noticeable HL of the cartilage specimens after the first 100 to 300 cycles. The HL after tribological exposure was lower in the group of the old animals with 0.52 mm ± 0.23 mm than in the group of the young animals with 0.86 mm ± 0.26 mm (p < 0.0001). The data for the HL was validated by the histological height measurements with 0.50 mm ± 0.82 mm for the old and 0.79 mm ±0.53 mm for the young animals (p = 0.133). The friction forces measured at the cartilage of the old animals were 2.25 N ± 1.15 N and 1.89 N ± 1.45 N of the young animals (p = 0.3225). Conclusion Unlike articular cartilage from young pigs, articular cartilage from old pigs showed OA alterations. Tribological shear stress exposure revealed that OA cartilage showed less HL than healthy articular cartilage. Tribological stress exposure in a pin–on–plate tribometer seemed to be an appropriate way to analyze the mechanical stability of articular cartilage, and the applied protocol could reveal weaknesses of the assessed cartilage tissue. Friction and HL seemed to be independent parameters when degenerated and healthy articular cartilage were assessed under tribological exposure in a pin–on- plate tribometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P. Engelhardt
- Department of Experimental Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andy Schütte
- Department of Experimental Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Svetlana Hetjens
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medicine Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gregor Reisig
- Department of Experimental Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Markus L. Schwarz
- Department of Experimental Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Semi-degradable porous poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel scaffold for cartilage repair: Evaluation of the initial and cell-cultured tribological properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 68:163-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Trevino RL, Stoia J, Laurent MP, Pacione CA, Chubinskaya S, Wimmer MA. ESTABLISHING A LIVE CARTILAGE-ON-CARTILAGE INTERFACE FOR TRIBOLOGICAL TESTING. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 9:1-11. [PMID: 29242820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotri.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechano-biochemical wear encompasses the tribological interplay between biological and mechanical mechanisms responsible for cartilage wear and degradation. The aim of this study was to develop and start validating a novel tribological testing system, which better resembles the natural joint environment through incorporating a live cartilage-on-cartilage articulating interface, joint specific kinematics, and the application of controlled mechanical stimuli for the measurement of biological responses in order to study the mechano-biochemical wear of cartilage. The study entailed two parts. In Part 1, the novel testing rig was used to compare two bearing systems: (a) cartilage articulating against cartilage (CoC) and (b) metal articulating against cartilage (MoC). The clinically relevant MoC, which is also a common tribological interface for evaluating cartilage wear, should produce more wear to agree with clinical observations. In Part II, the novel testing system was used to determine how wear is affected by tissue viability in live and dead CoC articulations. For both parts, bovine cartilage explants were harvested and tribologically tested for three consecutive days. Wear was defined as release of glycosaminoglycans into the media and as evaluation of the tissue structure. For Part I, we found that the live CoC articulation did not cause damage to the cartilage, to the extent of being comparable to the free swelling controls, whereas the MoC articulation caused decreased cell viability, extracellular matrix disruption, and increased wear when compared to CoC, and consistent with clinical data. These results provided confidence that this novel testing system will be adequate to screen new biomaterials for articulation against cartilage, such as in hemiarthroplasty. For Part II, the live and dead cartilage articulation yielded similar wear as determined by the release of proteoglycans and aggrecan fragments, suggesting that keeping the cartilage alive may not be essential for short term wear tests. However, the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans was significantly higher due to live CoC articulation than due to the corresponding live free swelling controls, indicating that articulation stimulated cell activity. Moving forward, the cell response to mechanical stimuli and the underlying mechano-biochemical wear mechanisms need to be further studied for a complete picture of tissue degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Trevino
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Jonathan Stoia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Michel P Laurent
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Carol A Pacione
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Susan Chubinskaya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.,Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Markus A Wimmer
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Oungoulian SR, Chang S, Bortz O, Hehir KE, Zhu K, Willis CE, Hung CT, Ateshian GA. Articular cartilage wear characterization with a particle sizing and counting analyzer. J Biomech Eng 2013; 135:024501. [PMID: 23445072 DOI: 10.1115/1.4023456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative measurements of cartilage wear have been challenging, with no method having yet emerged as a standard. This study tested the hypothesis that latest-generation particle analyzers are capable of detecting cartilage wear debris generated during in vitro loading experiments that last 24 h or less, by producing measurable content significantly above background noise levels otherwise undetectable through standard biochemical assays. Immature bovine cartilage disks (4 mm diameter, 1.3 mm thick) were tested against glass using reciprocal sliding under unconfined compression creep for 24 h. Control groups were used to assess various sources of contamination. Results demonstrated that cartilage samples subjected to frictional loading produced particulate volume significantly higher than background noise and contamination levels at all tested time points (1, 2, 6, and 24 h, p < 0.042). The particle counter was able to detect very small levels of wear (less than 0.02% of the tissue sample by volume), whereas no significant differences were observed in biochemical assays for collagen or glycosaminoglycans among any of the groups or time points. These findings confirm that latest-generation particle analyzers are capable of detecting very low wear levels in cartilage experiments conducted over a period no greater than 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevan R Oungoulian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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Coles JM, Chang DP, Zauscher S. Molecular mechanisms of aqueous boundary lubrication by mucinous glycoproteins. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Katta J, Jin Z, Ingham E, Fisher J. Biotribology of articular cartilage--a review of the recent advances. Med Eng Phys 2008; 30:1349-63. [PMID: 18993107 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A brief review of the advances in the biotribology of articular cartilage in the last decade or so are presented. The review is limited to experimental friction and wear studies involving articular cartilage. The importance of developing in vitro models as tools not only to understand the cartilage tribological characteristics, but to evaluate current and future cartilage substitution and treatment therapies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanth Katta
- Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
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pH-induced conformational changes of loosely grafted molecular brushes containing poly(acrylic acid) side chains. POLYMER 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Benz M, Chen N, Israelachvili J. Lubrication and wear properties of grafted polyelectrolytes, hyaluronan and hylan, measured in the surface forces apparatus. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 71:6-15. [PMID: 15368250 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan is believed to have an important function in the boundary biolubrication of articular cartilage. Using a Surface Forces Apparatus, we tested the tribological properties of surface bound, rather than "free" hyaluronan. The grafting process of the polyelectrolyte included either a biological route via an HA-binding protein or a chemical reaction to covalently bind the polymer to a lipid bilayer coated surface. In another reaction, we constructed a surface with covalently grafted hylan (crosslinked hyaluronan). We studied the normal and shear forces between these surfaces. None of the systems demonstrated comparable lubrication to that found between cartilage surfaces except at very low loads. Both grafted hyaluronan and hylan generated coefficients of friction between 0.15 and 0.3. Thus, the polysaccharide, which is a constituent of the lamina splendens (outermost cartilage layer), is not expected to be the responsible molecule for the great lubricity of cartilage; however, it may contribute to the load bearing and wear protection of these surfaces. This was concluded from the results with hylan, where a thin gel layer was sufficient to shield the underlying surfaces from damage even at applied pressures of over 200 atmospheres during shear. Our study shows that a low coefficient of friction is not a requirement for, or necessarily a measure of, wear protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Benz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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Abstract
The present-day concept that osteoarthritis may be amenable to biological modification rather than a hopeless expression of old age or injury has historical roots in the period of 1935 through the early 1970s. One root was the structural and chemical delineation of the connective tissues: discovery of the proteoglycans and multiple molecular species of collagen. Another was the recognition of the ability of mature articular chondrocytes to replicate themselves rather than being terminally differentiated. A third was the elucidation of the engineering physiology of the joint: the role of matrix hydrophilia to the material properties of articular cartilage and biolubrication. Each root has direct relevance to ongoing therapeutic approaches to degenerative joint disease. The early epidemiological studies of Kellgren and Lawrence evolved into new techniques for testing their validity in clinical practice. Along the way there was a rich 2-way interaction between scientists and clinicians in arriving at these ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sokoloff
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Jay GD, Haberstroh K, Cha CJ. Comparison of the boundary-lubricating ability of bovine synovial fluid, lubricin, and Healon. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 1998; 40:414-8. [PMID: 9570073 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(19980605)40:3<414::aid-jbm11>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purified human umbilical hyaluronate and a commercial preparation of rooster comb hyaluronate (Healon) intended for intra-articular viscosupplementation did not demonstrate the same degree of boundary-lubricating ability as bovine synovial fluid or its purified lubricating mucin, lubricin (p < 0.01). Boundary lubrication was measured in vitro in an arthrotripsometer oscillating natural latex against polished glass under a load of 0.35 MPa with an entraining velocity of 0.37 mm/s. The two hyaluronate solutions possessed the same hyaluronate concentration as synovial fluid, but Healon was 4.5 times more viscous. Present practice of viscosupplementation therapy for degenerative joint disease is limited and fails to implicate the important role of synovial mucin. Boundary lubrication provided by synovial mucin, independent of its viscosity, is not replicated by hyaluronate hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Jay
- Department of Medicine, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, USA
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Abstract
An investigation of the effect of crystals in a lubricant on the wear of articular cartilage in vitro was carried out in order to examine the hypothesis that crystals present in synovial fluid could cause abrasive damage of the articular surface. Plugs of cartilage were worn against a stainless steel counterface in a pin-on-disc wear rig. The concentration of cartilage debris present in the lubricant was assessed by measuring the bound sulphate originating from the glycosaminoglycans by ion chromatography. Results indicated that the presence of crystals in the lubricant significantly increased the concentration of wear debris and that the crystal size and morphology influenced the type of damage sustained by the cartilage. Other experimental evidence suggested that cartilage scratched in vivo was no more susceptible to further in vitro damage in this experimental model than normal cartilage. These results implied that crystals present in the synovial fluid of arthritic joints have the potential to cause excessive wear of the articular surface, but that if such crystals are removed the scratched cartilage may not be susceptible to any further damage by abrasive wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hayes
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath
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Bland JH, Cooper SM. Osteoarthritis: a review of the cell biology involved and evidence for reversibility. Management rationally related to known genesis and pathophysiology. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1984; 14:106-33. [PMID: 6399624 DOI: 10.1016/0049-0172(84)90002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Tew WP, Hackett RP. Identification of cartilage wear fragments in synovial fluid from equine joints. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1981; 24:1419-24. [PMID: 7317120 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780241114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Synovial fluids from 72 equine joints were examined for the presence of cartilage debris, and these findings were compared to findings from visual inspection of the articular cartilage surfaces at necropsy. Synovial fluids from 25 joints with visual cartilage damage contained one or more large particles of articular cartilage. Cartilage fragments were not found in synovial fluids from 42 of the 47 apparently normal joints; thus, a correlation may exist between cartilage debris in the synovial fluid and lesions of the articular surfaces.
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Reimann I, Stougaard J, Northeved A, Johnsen SJ. Demonstration of boundary lubrication by synovial fluid. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA SCANDINAVICA 1975; 46:1-10. [PMID: 1136724 DOI: 10.3109/17453677508989186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An account is given of an oscillatory rotating friction measurement apparatus which can be used for demonstration of boundary lubrication by synovial fluid when rubber and glass are employed as rubbing surfaces. A technical description of the apparatus is given. The greatest importance is placed on getting the apparatus to demonstrate reproducible results when saline and normal bovine synovial fluid are used as lubricant. The greatest variations are caused by differences in the cleaning of the rubber and in its tension. On the basis of bovine synovial fluid from ten different hock joints investigations were made of individual variations and changes occurring during storage at 4 degrees C. The individual variations were found to be of no importance; a decrease in the lubricating effect was observed only after storage for two months. Addition of trypsin confirmed that boundary lubrication by synovial fluid can be related to the protein component. The conclusion is that the apparatus is considered suitable for clinical investigations of boundary lubrication in connection with different joint diseases.
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Gewebemechanisches Verhalten des hyalinen Knorpels unter zyklischen Deformationen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00522812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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