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Schmidt F, Noejovich L, Chakalos G, Phillips F. Perceptual plausibility of exaggerated realistic motion. Cognition 2024; 251:105880. [PMID: 39018638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The informal heuristic practices of the fine arts have much to offer to our understanding of the appearance of phenomenological reality. One interesting example is the use of exaggeration to enhance the illusion of liveliness in both living and nonliving subjects. This further eases the uncomfortable sense that the motion is somehow uncanny - especially with inanimate objects. We performed a series of experiments to test the effects of exaggeration on the phenomenological perception of simple animated objects - bouncing balls. A physically plausible model of a bouncing ball was augmented with a frequently used form of exaggeration known as squash and stretch. Observers were shown a series of animated balls, depicted using systematic parameterizations of the exaggeration model, and asked to rate their plausibility. A range of rendering styles provided varying levels of information as to the type of ball. In all cases, balls with small amounts of exaggeration were seen as plausible as those without any exaggeration (e.g., with veridical motion). Furthermore, when the type of ball was not specified, observers tolerated a large amount of exaggeration before judging them as implausible. When the type of ball was indicated, observers narrowed the range of acceptable exaggeration somewhat but still tolerated exaggeration well beyond that which would be physically possible. We contend that, in this case, exaggeration acts to bridge the so-called uncanny valley for artificial depictions of physical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipp Schmidt
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany; Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Universities of Marburg, Giessen, and Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Laura Noejovich
- Skidmore College Neuroscience & Psychology, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
| | - George Chakalos
- Skidmore College Neuroscience & Psychology, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA.
| | - Flip Phillips
- Skidmore College Neuroscience & Psychology, Saratoga Springs, NY, USA; Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
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2
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Papic C, Andersen J, Naemi R, Hodierne R, Sanders RH. Augmented feedback can change body shape to improve glide efficiency in swimming. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:898-917. [PMID: 33821747 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1900355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Curvatures of the body can disrupt fluid flow and affect hydrodynamic resistance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a feedback intervention on glide performance and torso morphology. Eleven male and female national swimmers performed glides before and after augmented feedback. Feedback consisted of self-modelling visual feedback and verbal cuing, to manipulate body curvatures that affect hydrodynamic resistance. Two-dimensional landmark position data (knee, hip and shoulder) were used to enable computation of glide factor and glide coefficient as indicators of glide efficiency; posture (trunk incline and hip angle); and performance (horizontal velocity). Underwater images of the swimmers were manually traced to derive transverse and sagittal diameters, cross-sectional areas, and continuous form outlines (anterior and posterior) of the torso. Maximum rate of change in cross-sectional area and form gradient progressing caudally, were calculated for torso segments: shoulder-chest, chest-waist, waist-hip. Mean velocity, glide factor and glide coefficient values significantly (p< 0.001) improved due to the intervention, with large effect size (d) changes 0.880 (p= 0.015), 2.297 and 1.605, respectively. Significant changes to form gradients were related to reductions in lumbar lordosis and chest convexity. The study provides practical cuing phrases for coaches and swimmers to improve glide efficiency and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Papic
- Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jordan Andersen
- Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Roozbeh Naemi
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Life Science and Education, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Ryan Hodierne
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ross H Sanders
- Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Psycharakis SG, Coleman SGS. Which Phases of the Stroke Cycle Are Propulsive in Front Crawl Swimming? RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:325-333. [PMID: 37440758 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2203724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was fourfold: (1) to quantify acceleration, velocity, and phase overlap for each phase of the stroke cycle (SC) during 200 m front crawl; (2) for each variable, to identify any differences between the four SC phases; (3) to investigate changes in variables during the 200 m; (4) to explore any association between performance and each variable. Methods: Ten swimmers performed a 200 m maximum swim. Four SCs were analyzed, one for each 50 m, using three-dimensional methods. Each SC was split into four phases: entry, pull, push, and recovery. Center of mass (CM) acceleration; maximum, minimum, and average CM velocity; phase duration, and, overlap of a phase of one arm with each phase of the opposite arm were calculated. Results and Conclusion: Phase velocities were positively correlated with performance and decreased during the 200 m. The acceleration data showed high within and between-swimmer variability. When the entry of one arm overlapped with the pull, and sometimes push, phase of the opposite arm, it was propulsive for the whole body. The pull was the slowest phase and overlapped predominantly with the opposite arm's recovery. The push phase was often propulsive for the whole body, regardless of the overlaps with the other arm, and together with the entry were the fastest phases. The recovery of each arm was mostly resistive for the whole body, except the short period of overlap with the opposite arm's push phase.
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Otmani S, Michon G, Watier B. Use of adult anthropometric tables to estimate children body segment inertial parameters. Int Biomech 2023; 10:18-28. [PMID: 38014806 PMCID: PMC11072689 DOI: 10.1080/23335432.2023.2268686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of knowledge in the literature concerning Body Segment Inertial Parameters (BSIP) for children aged 4 to 15 years. Nevertheless, these data are fundamental for studying the dynamics of the healthy and pathological musculoskeletal system. One common method for obtaining BSIP is to use regression equations derived from anthropometric tables. However, the majority of these equations are based on adult data. In this study, we compared certain BSIP (segment mass, center of mass position, and transverse moment of inertia) derived from adult anthropometric tables with the corresponding BSIP extracted from a pediatric anthropometric table. The goal of this study was to determine the accuracy of using adult anthropometric tables to calculate pediatric BSIP. For this comparison, we assessed the proximity of several adult anthropometric tables to a pediatric anthropometric table by Jensen (1986) for each BSIP. Our results revealed differences between the BSIP obtained using adult tables and the BSIP obtained with the pediatric table used as a reference. When considering all the tables, the mean relative difference was 12% for segment mass, 12% for center of mass position, and 25% for transverse moment of inertia. Notably, the greatest relative differences were observed for the head, hand, and foot segments. Additionally, the relative difference in female data was higher compared to males. This result could be attributed to the predominant use of male subjects in the adult tables considered in this study. Finally, the adult anthropometric tables by Dumas and Wojtsuch (2018) and De Leva (1996) provided results that were closer in comparison to Jensen (1986).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Otmani
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPS, Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, ICA, ISAE-SUPAERO, Toulouse, France
| | - Guilhem Michon
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, ICA, ISAE-SUPAERO, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Watier
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Information Technology and Human Factors of the AIST, CNRS-AIST JRL (Joint Robotics Laboratory) IRL, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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5
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Gonjo T, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP, Sanders R. Differences in the rotational effect of buoyancy and trunk kinematics between front crawl and backstroke swimming. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1590-1601. [PMID: 34009106 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1921835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate differences between front crawl and backstroke swimming in hydrodynamic (produced by swimmers) and buoyant torque around the transverse axis. Ten swimmers performed 50 m front crawl and backstroke at four selected velocities (same velocities for both techniques). All trials were recorded by four underwater and two above-water cameras to collect data for three-dimensional whole-body motion during one stroke cycle (defined as a period between two consecutive wrist entries to the water). The inverse dynamics approach was applied to obtain buoyant and hydrodynamic torque around the transverse axis. The differences between front crawl and backstroke techniques across four levels of velocity were assessed with a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. There was a main effect of technique on the mean buoyant and hydrodynamic torque, with 30-40 % larger leg-raising buoyant torque and leg sinking hydrodynamic torque in front crawl than in backstroke (p ≤ 0.001). The time-series data revealed that the hydrodynamic leg-sinking torque had its peaks during the first half of the underwater upper-limb motion in front crawl, but that was not observed in backstroke, implying that the strategy of counterbalancing the buoyant torque is different between the techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Gonjo
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education & Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ross Sanders
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Yeadon MR, Pain MTG. Fifty years of performance-related sports biomechanics research. J Biomech 2023; 155:111666. [PMID: 37263075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past fifty years there has been considerable development in motion analysis systems and in computer simulation modelling of sports movements while the relevance and importance of functional variability of sports technique has become increasingly recognised. Technical developments for experimental work have led to increased, and still increasing, subject numbers. Increased subjects per study give better statistical power, the ability to utilise different data analyses, and thus the determination of more subtle and nuanced factors. The overall number of studies has also increased massively. Most actions in sport can, and have, been studied at some level with even the more challenging ones, such as player on player impacts, having some developing research. Computer simulation models of sports movements have ranged from simple (one or two segment) models to very complex musculoskeletal models and have used parameters ranging from the generic to individual-specific. Simple models have given insights into the key mechanics of movement while individual-specific model optimisations have been used to improve athlete performance. Our depth of understanding of the mechanics of sports techniques has increased across a wide range of sports. In the future there is likely to be more development and use of markerless motion capture, individual-specific model parameters, and more consideration of motor control aspects in the analysis of sports technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Yeadon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - M T G Pain
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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7
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Gonjo T, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP, Sanders R. Is the use of the coefficient of variation a valid way to assess the swimming intra-cycle velocity fluctuation? J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00084-1. [PMID: 37271700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Swimming intra-cycle velocity fluctuation has often been assessed using the coefficient of variation, which requires a mathematical assumption of a positive linear relationship between the velocity mean and standard deviation. As this assumption has never been tested, the current study aimed to investigate the within-participant relationship between the mean and standard deviation of the intra-cycle velocity. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS The intra-trial mean and standard deviation of one stroke cycle centre of mass velocity (vCMmean and vCMSD, respectively) were obtained from 80 front crawl trials (10 participants × eight swimming speeds) using whole-body three-dimensional motion analysis. The linear mixed-effect model and intra-class correlation analysis were used to test the linear relationship between vCMmean and vCMSD (n = 80) and the absolute agreement between vCMmean and vCMSD relative to those during the fastest trial (n = 70). RESULTS Neither the linear regression model (95 % confidence interval range of the fixed effect of vCMmean: -0.003-0.031) nor the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.07; p = 0.26) verified linear relationships between vCMmean and vCMSD, which violated the background assumption of coefficient of variation calculation. CONCLUSIONS When investigating the intra-cycle velocity fluctuation, the coefficient of variation should not be used alone. Researchers and practitioners should always interpret/report the obtained results together with the mean and standard deviation to avoid misleading conclusions and feedback because the coefficient of variation obtained from one cycle velocity data is likely biased by mean velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Gonjo
- Department of Rehabilitation & Sport Sciences, Bournemouth University, UK; Institute for Sport, Physical Education & Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | | | - Ross Sanders
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
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8
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Marcotte JV, Robert-Lachaine X, Denis D, Muller A, Plamondon A, Corbeil P. Biomechanical differences in experts' and novices' footstep patterns during a palletizing task. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 106:103880. [PMID: 36063564 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Very few studies have examined differences between experts' and novices' foot positioning and movements during manual materials handling tasks. The impact of footstep patterns on low back loading needs to be better understood. The goals of this study were to characterize foot placement and movements in novices and experts and to assess their impact on back loading considering the height of grasp. The task consisted in transferring 24 15 kg boxes from a pallet to another. Foot placement and movements were classified with a recently developed taxonomy. Results show that experts' feet remained static more often than novices' feet during the lifting phase. Positioning the feet towards the deposit site during lifting increased asymmetrical moments, especially for novices. Positioning one foot forward increased asymmetrical moments for novices. Overall, footstep strategies are an effective indicator of low back exposure and should be considered in ergonomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Vallée Marcotte
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale (CIRRIS), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de La Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Québec, Canada.
| | - Xavier Robert-Lachaine
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale (CIRRIS), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de La Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Québec, Canada; Institut de Recherche Robert Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité Du Travail (IRSST), 505 Boul. De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H3A 3C2, Canada
| | - Denys Denis
- Université Du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Antoine Muller
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Univ Gustave Eiffel, LBMC UMR_T 9406, F-69622, Lyon, France
| | - André Plamondon
- Institut de Recherche Robert Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité Du Travail (IRSST), 505 Boul. De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H3A 3C2, Canada
| | - Philippe Corbeil
- Department of Kinesiology, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Réadaptation et Intégration Sociale (CIRRIS), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de La Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Québec, Canada.
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Kinematic Factors Associated with Hitting Hurdles During the Initial Phase of a 110-m Hurdle Race. J Hum Kinet 2022; 83:5-12. [PMID: 36157946 PMCID: PMC9465757 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2022-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the kinematic factors for the cause and effect of hitting hurdles during the initial phase of a 110-m hurdle run. Nine experienced male hurdlers participated in this study (body height: 1.74 ± 0.04 m, body mass: 67.4 ± 5.9 kg, age: 20.2 ± 1.4 years, personal best: 15.21 ± 0.47 s, seasonal best: 15.33 ± 0.55 s). Hurdlers undertook 12 trials of the initial phase of hurdling from the start to the second hurdle landing. Dual-sided sagittal plane motion was obtained from images from two high-speed cameras operating at 120 Hz. One ‘hit’ trial which had the largest horizontal displacement of markers fixed on the hurdle and one ‘non-hit’ trial which had the fastest time of hurdle clearance were extracted for each participant. Kinematic variables were compared between the two trials. Significantly lower height of the whole-body centre of mass at the take-off was found as a possible cause of hitting hurdles, caused by insufficient swing-up of the lead leg thigh. In contrast to conventional understanding, take-off velocity, take-off distance and the take-off angle were comparable between the ‘hit’ trial and ‘non-hit’ trial. Regarding the effect of hitting hurdles, it was observed that running velocity during hurdling was not substantially reduced. However, several characteristic movements were identified that might induce inefficient motion to re-accelerate running velocity during the following landing steps.
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10
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Minetti AE, Ruggiero L. Inertial biometry from commercial 3D body meshes. Biol Open 2022; 11:274863. [PMID: 35343571 PMCID: PMC8988050 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Body segments inertial parameters (or, more generally encompassing humans and animal species, inertial biometry), often necessary in kinetics calculations, have been obtained in the past from cadavers, medical 3D imaging, 3D scanning, or geometric approximations. This restricted the inertial archives to a few species. The methodology presented here uses commercial 3D meshes of human and animal bodies, which can be further re-shaped and 'posed', according to an underlying skeletal structure, before processing. The sequence of steps from virtually chopping the mesh to the estimation of inertial parameters of body segments is described. The accuracy of the method is tested by comparing the estimated results to real data published for humans (male and female), horses, and domestic cats. The proposed procedure opens the possibility of remarkably expanding biomechanics research when body size and shape change, or when external tools, such as prosthesis and sport material, take part in biological movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto E Minetti
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ruggiero
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
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11
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Kudzia P, Jackson E, Dumas G. Estimating body segment parameters from three-dimensional human body scans. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262296. [PMID: 34986175 PMCID: PMC8730461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Body segment parameters are inputs for a range of applications. Participant-specific estimates of body segment parameters are desirable as this requires fewer prior assumptions and can reduce outcome measurement errors. Commonly used methods for estimating participant-specific body segment parameters are either expensive and out of reach (medical imaging), have many underlying assumptions (geometrical modelling) or are based on a specific subset of a population (regression models). Our objective was to develop a participant-specific 3D scanning and body segmentation method that estimates body segment parameters without any assumptions about the geometry of the body, ethnic background, and gender, is low-cost, fast, and can be readily available. Using a Microsoft Kinect Version 2 camera, we developed a 3D surface scanning protocol that enabled the estimation of participant-specific body segment parameters. To evaluate our system, we performed repeated 3D scans of 21 healthy participants (10 male, 11 female). We used open source tools to segment each body scan into 16 segments (head, torso, abdomen, pelvis, left and right hand, forearm, upper arm, foot, shank and thigh) and wrote custom software to estimate each segment’s mass, mass moment of inertia in the three principal orthogonal axes relevant to the center of the segment, longitudinal length, and center of mass. We compared our body segment parameter estimates to those obtained using two comparison methods and found that our system was consistent in estimating total body volume between repeated scans (male p = 0.1194, female p = 0.2240), estimated total body mass without significant differences when compared to our comparison method and a medical scale (male p = 0.8529, female p = 0.6339), and generated consistent and comparable estimates across a range of the body segment parameters of interest. Our work here outlines and provides the code for an inexpensive 3D surface scanning method for estimating a range of participant-specific body segment parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kudzia
- Department of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Erika Jackson
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Genevieve Dumas
- Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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12
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Liu T, Khalaf K, Hebela N, Westover L, Galbusera F, El-Rich M. Prediction of human male trunk mass distribution using anthropometric measurements: A feasibility study. J Biomech 2021; 122:110437. [PMID: 33962329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The current study proposes a new method to predict the body shape and mass distribution of the trunk (Tl-L5) of a human male using 15 anthropometric measurements acquired at various locations of the body. Trunk cross-sectional images adopted from the Visible Human male project database were segmented into fat, bone, and lean tissue. Assuming that all male subjects have similar cross-sectional composition at a given body height percentile, areas of the segmented cross-sectional images of the Visible Human male along the trunk were scaled to match those of the predicted body shape. The trunk mass distribution of the target subject can then be computed using the density values of fat, bone, and lean tissue. Comparison of the predicted body shape circumference with ground truth values measured using digital and actual measurements yielded maximum mean error of 13.3 mm and 30.3 mm, respectively. The accuracy of the image segmentation was evaluated, and the results showed a high Jaccard index (>0.95). The proposed method was able to predict the trunk mass distribution of two volunteers with a maximum deviation of 384 g at T4 level and a minimum deviation of 12 g at L4 level and the corresponding centers of mass fell within the experimental data at most levels. Thus, our method can be considered as a feasible option to calculate subject-specific trunk mass distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kinda Khalaf
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nader Hebela
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lindsey Westover
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Fabio Galbusera
- Laboratory of Biological Structures Mechanics, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Marwan El-Rich
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
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13
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Gonjo T, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP, Sanders R. Body roll amplitude and timing in backstroke swimming and their differences from front crawl at the same swimming intensities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:824. [PMID: 33436944 PMCID: PMC7804020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated body roll amplitude and timing of its peak in backstroke and compared them with front crawl swimming. Nineteen anatomical landmarks were digitised using 80 swimming trial videos (ten swimmers × two techniques × four intensities) recorded by two above- and four below-water cameras. One upper-limb cycle was analysed for each trial, and shoulder and hip roll, whole-body roll (WBR), and WBR due to the buoyant torque (WBRBT) were obtained. Main effects of intensity and technique on the amplitude and timing to reach the peak in those variables were assessed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Swimmers decreased their WBRBT amplitude with an increase in the intensity in both techniques (p ≤ 0.005). The same result was observed for the amplitude of WBR, shoulder roll, and hip roll only in front crawl (p ≤ 0.017). Swimmers maintained the timing of peak WBRBT in both techniques, while they shifted the timing of WBR and hip roll peak toward the beginning of the cycle when increasing the intensity in front crawl (p ≤ 0.017). In conclusion, swimmers maintain the amplitude of WBR, shoulder roll, and hip roll in backstroke when the intensity increases, whereas they reduce the amplitude of all rolls in front crawl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Gonjo
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway. .,Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Faculty of Sport, CIFI2D, and LABIOMEP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ross Sanders
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Whittaker RL, Vidt ME, Lockley RME, Mourtzakis M, Dickerson CR. Upper extremity and trunk body segment parameters are affected by BMI and sex. J Biomech 2021; 117:110230. [PMID: 33493714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Although body mass index (BMI) relates to body segment parameters (BSPs), unknowns persist over whether: 1) BSPs relate to BMI group classifications, 2) sex influences BMI/BSP relationships, and 3) simple anthropometric measures sufficiently predict BSPs. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans and anthropometric measures were obtained from 76 participants (33M, 43F) of varying body composition. Trunk, neck and head (TNH), arm, forearm and hand masses were obtained from DXA scans and center of mass locations (COM) estimated from geometric models. Groups with larger BMIs had lesser hand and forearm mass (%total body mass; p<0.001) and greater TNH mass (p=0.014). Males had greater hand, forearm, and arm masses (p<0.05). TNH COM was inferior in groups with larger BMI (p<0.01) and in males (p=0.006). In females, arm COM was distal in Obese II/III versus Normal (p=0.024). Two sets of linear models were created to predict BSPs; a simplified set with only BMI, height, weight, sex and mass potential predictors and a complex set with additional anthropometric measures. Complex arm and TNH mass models (arm R2=0.43, TNH R2=0.61) explained more variance than simplified models (arm R2=0.1, TNH R2=0.33). Complex hand mass, forearm mass and TNH COM models had smaller R2 increases versus simplified models (hand=0.05, forearm=0.06, TNH=0.08). Explained variance in forearm COM (R2=0.2) and arm COM (R2=0.27) complex models was low, suggesting a constant may provide reasonable estimates. Certain BSPs can be estimated using simplified measures, whereas prediction of other BSPs markedly improves if additional anthropometric measures are included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meghan E Vidt
- Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, 331 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | | | - Clark R Dickerson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
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15
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Anatomical and principal axes are not aligned in the torso: Considerations for users of geometric modelling methods. J Biomech 2020; 114:110151. [PMID: 33307355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy and accessibility of methods to calculate body segment inertial parameters are a key concern for many researchers. It has recently been demonstrated that the magnitude and orientation of principal moments of inertia are crucial for accurate dynamic models. This is important to consider given that the orientation of principal axes is fixed for the majority of geometric and regression body models. This paper quantifies the effect of subject specific geometry on the magnitude and orientation of second moments of volume in the trunk segment. The torsos of 40 male participants were scanned using a 3D imaging system and the magnitude and orientation of principal moments of volume were calculated from the resulting geometry. Principal axes are not aligned with the segment co-ordinate system in the torso segment, with mean Euler angles of 11.7, 1.9 and 10.3 in the ZXY convention. Researchers using anatomical modelling techniques should try and account for subject specific geometry and the mis-alignment of principal axes. This will help to reduce errors in simulation by mitigating the effect of errors in magnitude of principal moments.
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16
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Development of the Biomechanical Technologies for the Modeling of Major Segments of the Human Body: Linking the Past with the Present. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110399. [PMID: 33202728 PMCID: PMC7696826 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The procedures of body measurement are as old as the inception of the scientific method. The human being has always had the necessity to shape the environment to its own needs, to care for the body and to improve quality of life. Over the centuries, several methods have been developed to measure body size. With the development of measurement sciences, technological tools as well as computational tools have become increasingly precise. This review paper aims to historically review the development of methods for the measurement of body segments from a biomechanical point of view, highlighting the link with the technologies available today. Abstract The knowledge of human body proportions and segmental properties of limbs, head and trunk is of fundamental importance in biomechanical research. Given that many methods are employed, it is important to know which ones are currently available, which data on human body masses, lengths, center of mass (COM) location, weights and moment of inertia (MOI) are available and which methods are most suitable for specific research purposes. Graphical, optical, x-ray and derived techniques, MRI, laser, thermography, has been employed for in-vivo measurement, while direct measurements involve cadaveric studies with dissection and various methods of acquiring shape and size of body segments. The present review examines the literature concerning human body segments’ properties for biomechanical purposes starting with a historical examination. It emerges that data obtained in studies on cadaveric specimens are still accurate in comparison to more recent technologies, whilst technological tools currently available are manifolds, each one with proper advantages and disadvantages. Classical studies were focused mainly on white men, while in recent years, the available data on body segments have been extended to children, women, and other races. Additionally, data on special populations (obese, pregnant women) are starting to appear in the scientific literature.
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17
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Gonjo T, Narita K, McCabe C, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP, Takagi H, Sanders R. Front Crawl Is More Efficient and Has Smaller Active Drag Than Backstroke Swimming: Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison Between the Two Techniques at the Same Swimming Speeds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:570657. [PMID: 33072727 PMCID: PMC7543982 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.570657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in Froude efficiency (η F ) and active drag (D A ) between front crawl and backstroke at the same speed. η F was investigated by the three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis using 10 male swimmers. The swimmers performed 50 m swims at four swimming speeds in each technique, and their whole body motion during one upper-limb cycle was quantified by a 3D direct linear transformation algorithm with manually digitized video footage. Stroke length (SL), stroke frequency (SF), the index of coordination (IdC), η F , and the underwater body volume (UWV body ) were obtained. D A was assessed by the measuring residual thrust method (MRT method) using a different group of swimmers (six males) due to a sufficient experience and familiarization required for the method. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (trials and techniques as the factors) and a paired t-test were used for the outcomes from the 3D motion analysis and the MRT method, respectively. Swimmers had 8.3% longer SL, 5.4% lower SF, 14.3% smaller IdC, and 30.8% higher η F in front crawl than backstroke in the 3D motion analysis (all p < 0.01), which suggest that front crawl is more efficient than backstroke. Backstroke had 25% larger D A at 1.2 m⋅s-1 than front crawl (p < 0.01) in the MRT trial. A 4% difference in UWV body (p < 0.001) between the two techniques in the 3D motion analysis also indirectly showed that the pressure drag and friction drag were probably larger in backstroke than in front crawl. In conclusion, front crawl is more efficient and has a smaller D A than backstroke at the same swimming speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Gonjo
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Kenzo Narita
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Coaching of Sports and Budo, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Carla McCabe
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Antrim, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport at Faculty of Sport, Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport at Faculty of Sport, Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hideki Takagi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ross Sanders
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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18
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Papic C, McCabe C, Gonjo T, Sanders R. Effect of torso morphology on maximum hydrodynamic resistance in front crawl swimming. Sports Biomech 2020:1-15. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1773915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Papic
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Carla McCabe
- School of Sport, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland
| | - Tomohiro Gonjo
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ross Sanders
- Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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19
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A Three-Dimensional Parametric Biomechanical Rider Model for Multibody Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10134509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bicycles and motorcycles are characterized by large rider-to-vehicle mass ratios, thus making estimation of the rider’s inertia especially relevant. The total inertia can be derived from the body segment inertial properties (BSIP) which, in turn, can be obtained from the prediction/regression formulas available in the literature. Therefore, a parametric multibody three-dimensional rider model is devised, where the four most-used BSIP formulas (herein named Dempster, Reynolds-NASA, Zatsiorsky–DeLeva, and McConville–Young–Dumas, after their authors) are implemented. After an experimental comparison, the effects of the main posture parameters (i.e., torso inclination, knee distance, elbow distance, and rider height) are analyzed in three riding conditions (sport, touring, and scooter). It is found that the elbow distance has a minor effect on the location of the center of mass and moments of inertia, while the effect of the knee distance is on the same order magnitude as changing the BSIP data set. Torso inclination and rider height are the most relevant parameters. Tables with the coefficients necessary to populate the three-dimensional rider model with the four data sets considered are given. Typical inertial parameters of the whole rider are also given, as a reference for those not willing to implement the full multibody model.
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20
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Arroyave-Tobón S, Rao G, Linares JM. A multivariate statistical strategy to adjust musculoskeletal models. J Biomech 2020; 104:109724. [PMID: 32156444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In musculoskeletal modelling, adjusting model parameters is challenging. This paper proposes a multivariate statistical methodology to adjust muscle force-generating parameters optimally. Dynamic residuals are minimized as muscle force-generating parameters are varied (maximal isometric force, optimal fiber length, tendon slack length and pennation angle).First, a sensitivity and a Pareto analyses are carried out in order to sort out and screen the set of parameters having the greatest influence regarding the dynamic residuals. These parameters are then used to create a response surface following a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. Finally, this surface is used to determine the optimum levels of the design variables (muscle force-generating parameters). The proposed methodology is illustrated by the adjustment of a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model of a sheep forelimb. After adjustment, the reserve actuator values of the elbow and wrist joints were reduced, on average, by 18%, and 16%, respectively. These results demonstrate that the use of multivariate statistical strategies is an effective way to adjust model parameters optimally while reducing dynamic inconsistencies. This study constitutes a step towards a more robust methodology in musculoskeletal modelling, focusing on muscular parameter tuning.
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21
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Haddox AG, Hausselle J, Azoug A. Changes in segmental mass and inertia during pregnancy: A musculoskeletal model of the pregnant woman. Gait Posture 2020; 76:389-395. [PMID: 31927359 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One in four pregnant women falls at least once during her pregnancy. During pregnancy, the body undergoes tremendous vascular, hormonal, physiological, and psychological changes to accommodate the growing fetus. The pregnancy-induced mass gain of 10 to 25 kg is not evenly distributed and results in a large change in mass distribution and shift in segmental centers of mass. To accurately understand how the change in mass distribution leads to an increase in fall events, a musculoskeletal model of the pregnant body is necessary. Generic musculoskeletal models cannot accurately represent the morphology of pregnant women and the study of postural stability of pregnant women is limited by the lack of adapted musculoskeletal models. RESEARCH QUESTION Could a model reflecting the change in segmental inertia during pregnancy explain the pregnancy-related risk of falling? METHODS We built a musculoskeletal model of the pregnant women, combining literature anthropomorphic measurements with generic models. We optimized the dimensions of the anthropomorphic model shapes to fit the average measurements of 25 pregnant women. The mass, center of mass, and inertia of each segment are then computed throughout pregnancy. Finally, the stance phase of a gait cycle was modeled using the pregnancy-specific and the generic models. The ankle, knee, hip and lumbar joint moments during gait were compared between the two models. RESULTS The built musculoskeletal model of the pregnant woman includes changes in mass and geometry of the thorax, pelvis, thighs, and legs. The model reproduces the change in lumbar curvature during pregnancy. Gait simulation results show a limited impact of pregnancy on the ankle, knee, and hip moment, but a large impact on the lumbar moment. SIGNIFICANCE Such a musculoskeletal model will help elucidate the mechanisms leading to falls or low back pain during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Haddox
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - J Hausselle
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - A Azoug
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States.
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22
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Gonjo T, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP, Sanders R. Upper body kinematic differences between maximum front crawl and backstroke swimming. J Biomech 2019; 98:109452. [PMID: 31708239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate why front crawl is faster than backstroke from a kinematic perspective. Three-dimensional kinematics were obtained from one upper-limb cycle of ten male competitive swimmers performing 50 m front crawl and backstroke trials at maximum speed. Swimmers achieved faster centre of mass velocity in front crawl than backstroke (1.70 ± 0.04 vs 1.54 ± 0.06 m·s-1; p < 0.01) with no difference in stroke length (2.00 ± 0.25 vs 2.07 ± 0.17 m·cycle-1), while stroke frequency in front crawl was higher than that in backstroke (51.67 ± 6.38 vs 44.81 ± 4.68 cycles·min-1; p < 0.01). Maximum shoulder roll angle in front crawl was larger than that in backstroke (52.88 ± 4.89 vs 49.73 ± 5.73°; p < 0.05), while swimmers had smaller maximum hip roll in front crawl than backstroke (33.79 ± 6.07 vs 39.83 ± 7.25°; p < 0.05). Absolute duration of the release phase (from the last backward movement to the exit from the water of the wrist) and relative duration of the recovery phase were shorter in front crawl than backstroke (0.07 ± 0.03 vs 0.26 ± 0.08 s; p < 0.01, and 28.69 ± 2.50 vs 33.21 ± 1.43%; p < 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, front crawl is faster than backstroke because of its higher stroke frequency due to the shorter absolute release phase and relative recovery phase durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Gonjo
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Sport, Physical Education & Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Faculty of Sport, CIFI2D, and LABIOMEP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Ross Sanders
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Merrill Z, Perera S, Cham R. Predictive regression modeling of body segment parameters using individual-based anthropometric measurements. J Biomech 2019; 96:109349. [PMID: 31615644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Body segment parameters such as segment mass, center of mass, and radius of gyration are used as inputs in static and dynamic ergonomic and biomechanical models used to predict joint and muscle forces, and to assess risks of musculoskeletal injury. Previous work has predicted body segment parameters (BSPs) in the general population using age and obesity levels as statistical predictors (Merrill et al., 2017). Estimated errors in the prediction of BSPs can be as large as 40%, depending on age, and the prediction method employed (Durkin and Dowling, 2003). Thus, more accurate and representative segment parameter inputs are required for attempting to predict modeling outputs such as joint contact forces, muscle forces, and injury risk in individuals. This study aims to provide statistical models for predicting torso, thigh, shank, upper arm, and forearm segment parameters in working adults using whole body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan data along with a set of anthropometric measurements. The statistical models were developed on a training data set, and independently validated on a separate test data set. The predicted BSPs in validation data were, on average, within 5% of the actual in vivo DXA-based BSPs, while previously developed predictions (de Leva, 1996) had average errors of up to 60%, indicating that the new models greatly increase the accuracy in predicting segment parameters. These final developed models can be used for calculating representative BSPs in individuals for use in modeling applications dependent on these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Merrill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Subashan Perera
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rakié Cham
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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24
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Sanders RH, Button C, McCabe CB. Variability of upper body kinematics in a highly constrained task - sprint swimming. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:624-632. [PMID: 31537166 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1658808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Before examining the effect of changing constraints on skill adaptation, it is useful to know the tolerable variability of a movement pattern for optimal performance. Tolerable variability may vary throughout the period of task performance as some parts of the movement pattern may be more important than others. The purpose of this study was to quantify the inter-trial variability of performance variables, and hand path as the task-relevant parameter, of skilled front crawl swimmers during 25 m sprints. It was hypothesised that the wrist paths would have smaller inter-trial variability during the below water phase than during the above water phase. Twelve skilled swimmers performed four 25 m front crawl sprints which were recorded by six phased locked video cameras for three-dimensional analysis. Standard deviations and time series repeatability (R 2) of the right and left wrist displacement were determined. On average, swimmers varied their sprint speed between trials by <1.5%. The spatio-temporal patterns of wrist paths varied by <3 cm in all directions (horizontal, vertical & lateral). There was no significant difference in inter-trial variability between above and below water phases. Swimmers increased wrist path consistency at the critical events of water entry in the horizontal and lateral directions and at exit for the horizontal direction. This study established levels of variability in spatio-temporal movement patterns of the paths of the wrist in sprint swimming and provided evidence that swimmers minimise variability for key events, in this case, the position of the wrists at water entry and exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross H Sanders
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris Button
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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25
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Age and body mass index associations with body segment parameters. J Biomech 2019; 88:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Gonjo T, McCabe C, Coleman S, Soares S, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP, Sanders R. Do swimmers conform to criterion speed during pace-controlled swimming in a 25-m pool using a visual light pacer? Sports Biomech 2019; 20:651-664. [PMID: 30893017 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1572781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether swimmers follow the instructed speed (vtarget) accurately with the aid of a commercial visual light pacer during front crawl and backstroke swimming in a 25 m pool. Ten male swimmers performed 50 m front crawl and backstroke at different speeds (controlled by a visual light pacer) in a 25 m pool. The mean speed during the 50 m swimming (vS) was quantified from the time measured by a stopwatch. The mean speed of the centre of mass during a stroke cycle in the middle of the pool (vCOM) was calculated from three-dimensional coordinates obtained from Direct Linear Transformation of two-dimensional digitised coordinates of 19 segment endpoints for each of six cameras. Swimmers achieved accurate vS in front crawl and backstroke (ICC = 0.972 and 0.978, respectively). However, vCOM for the single mid-pool sample had lower correlations with vtarget (ICC = 0.781 and 0.681, respectively). In backstroke, vCOM was slower by 4.1-5.1% than vtarget. However, this was not the case in front crawl (1.0-2.7%). With the use of a visual light pacer, swimmers can achieve accurate mean speed overall but are less able to achieve the target speed stroke by stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Gonjo
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Institute for Sport, Physical Education & Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carla McCabe
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Antrim, UK
| | - Simon Coleman
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education & Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Susana Soares
- Faculty of Sport, Centro de Investigação, Formação, Intervenção e Inovação em Desporto, and Laboratório de Biomecânica do Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Faculty of Sport, Centro de Investigação, Formação, Intervenção e Inovação em Desporto, and Laboratório de Biomecânica do Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Faculty of Sport, Centro de Investigação, Formação, Intervenção e Inovação em Desporto, and Laboratório de Biomecânica do Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ross Sanders
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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27
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Corbeil P, Plamondon A, Handrigan G, Vallée-Marcotte J, Laurendeau S, Ten Have J, Manzerolle N. Biomechanical analysis of manual material handling movement in healthy weight and obese workers. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 74:124-133. [PMID: 30487091 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The risk of back injury during work remains high today for manual materials handler. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential presence of compensatory strategies in obese and non-obese handlers and evaluate the impact these strategies have on trunk kinematics and kinetics. The biomechanical and ergonomic impacts in 17 obese and 20 healthy-weight handlers were evaluated. The task studied consisted in moving boxes from a conveyor to a hand trolley and back. The results show that the anthropometric characteristics of obese handlers are linked to a significant increase in peak lumbar loading during lifting and lowering of boxes. Few postural differences between the two groups were observed. These results suggest that the excess weight of an obese worker has a significant added effect on the musculoskeletal structures of the back, which exposes obese handlers to a higher risk of developing a musculoskeletal disorder during load handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Corbeil
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale (CIUSSS-CN), Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - André Plamondon
- Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauvé en Santé et en Sécurité du Travail (IRSST), Montreal, Canada
| | - Grant Handrigan
- School of Kinesiology and Leisure Studies, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | | | - Simon Laurendeau
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Jasmin Ten Have
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Manzerolle
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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28
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Hemmerich A, Geens E, Diesbourg T, Dumas GA. Determining loads acting on the pelvis in upright and recumbent birthing positions: A case study. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2018; 57:10-18. [PMID: 29886345 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biomechanics of mothers' birthing positions and their impact on maternal and newborn health outcomes are poorly understood. Our objectives were to determine the loads applied to the female pelvis during dynamic movement that may occur during childbirth; findings are intended to inform clinical understanding and further research on birth positioning mechanics. METHODS An optical motion capture system and force platforms were used to collect upright and supine movement data from two pregnant and three non-pregnant participants. Using an inverse dynamics approach, normalized three-dimensional hip and sagittal plane lumbosacral joint moments were estimated during squatting, all-fours, and supine activities. FINDINGS During squatting, peak hip abduction moments were greater for our pregnant (compared with non-pregnant) participants and lumbosacral extension moments substantially exceeded those during walking. The all-fours activity, conversely, generated flexion moments at the L5/S1 joint throughout most of the cycle. In supine, the magnitude of the ground reaction force reached 100% body weight with legs and upper body raised (McRoberts' position); the centre of pressure remained cranial to the sacrum. INTERPRETATION Squatting generated appreciable moments at the hip and lumbosacral joints that could potentially affect pelvic motion during childbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hemmerich
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, 130 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Emily Geens
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division St., Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Midwifery Education Program, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, Ontario M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Tara Diesbourg
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division St., Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Geneviève A Dumas
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Queen's University, 130 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Nauwelaerts S, Clayton HM. Evaluation of a pictorial method to obtain subject-specific inertial properties in equine limb segments. J Morphol 2018; 279:997-1007. [PMID: 29717500 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Data describing segmental masses and moments of inertia (MOI) of limb segments are required for inverse dynamic calculations. In horses, these values are usually calculated using regression equations that have been developed from a limited number of horses representing a small number of breeds. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of a scaling method and a pictorial method for estimating of the values of segmental masses, lengths, and MOI in the equine limb segments by comparing their output with the standard technique involving direct measurements. Limbs of 30 horses of various breeds and sizes were disarticulated post mortem. Segmental masses, lengths, and MOI were determined using a standard method based on weighing the segments, measuring their length with calipers, and estimating the MOI from the rotational frequency of a trifilar pendulum. The scaling method used a jack-knifing procedure to avoid the need for two data sets. The pictorial method was based on digitization of two orthogonal photographs to determine segmental volumes, which were combined with published values for average segment densities to determine the inertial parameters. Scaling method and pictorial method provided comparable estimation of segmental messes and lengths, but the scaling method performed better in estimating segmental MOI. The scaling method worked well enough in the majority of horses but there were a few horses in which it was less effective. The pictorial method sometimes showed a bias correctable by regression equations but it may not warrant the additional effort unless for specific cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Nauwelaerts
- College of Veterinary Medicine, McPhail Equine Performance Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Department Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hilary M Clayton
- College of Veterinary Medicine, McPhail Equine Performance Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.,Center for research and Conservation Zoo Antwerp, Astridplein, Antwerp, Belgium
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A Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry Validated Geometric Model for the Calculation of Body Segment Inertial Parameters of Young Females. J Appl Biomech 2018; 34:89-95. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2016-0307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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31
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Differences in kinematics and energy cost between front crawl and backstroke below the anaerobic threshold. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:1107-1118. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3841-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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32
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Higuma T, Kiguchi K, Arata J. Low-Profile Two-Degree-of-Freedom Wrist Exoskeleton Device Using Multiple Spring Blades. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2017.2739802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Benedetti MG, Beghi E, De Tanti A, Cappozzo A, Basaglia N, Cutti AG, Cereatti A, Stagni R, Verdini F, Manca M, Fantozzi S, Mazzà C, Camomilla V, Campanini I, Castagna A, Cavazzuti L, Del Maestro M, Croce UD, Gasperi M, Leo T, Marchi P, Petrarca M, Piccinini L, Rabuffetti M, Ravaschio A, Sawacha Z, Spolaor F, Tesio L, Vannozzi G, Visintin I, Ferrarin M. SIAMOC position paper on gait analysis in clinical practice: General requirements, methods and appropriateness. Results of an Italian consensus conference. Gait Posture 2017; 58:252-260. [PMID: 28825997 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gait analysis is recognized as a useful assessment tool in the field of human movement research. However, doubts remain on its real effectiveness as a clinical tool, i.e. on its capability to change the diagnostic-therapeutic practice. In particular, the conditions in which evidence of a favorable cost-benefit ratio is found and the methodology for properly conducting and interpreting the exam are not identified clearly. To provide guidelines for the use of Gait Analysis in the context of rehabilitation medicine, SIAMOC (the Italian Society of Clinical Movement Analysis) promoted a National Consensus Conference which was held in Bologna on September 14th, 2013. The resulting recommendations were the result of a three-stage process entailing i) the preparation of working documents on specific open issues, ii) the holding of the consensus meeting, and iii) the drafting of consensus statements by an external Jury. The statements were formulated based on scientific evidence or experts' opinion, when the quality/quantity of the relevant literature was deemed insufficient. The aim of this work is to disseminate the consensus statements. These are divided into 13 questions grouped in three areas of interest: 1) General requirements and management, 2) Methodological and instrumental issues, and 3) Scientific evidence and clinical appropriateness. SIAMOC hopes that this document will contribute to improve clinical practice and help promoting further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ettore Beghi
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Aurelio Cappozzo
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Cereatti
- POLCOMING Department, Bioengineering unit, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Rita Stagni
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Verdini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Mario Manca
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Fantozzi
- Department of Electric, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzà
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Insigneo Institute for in silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Valentina Camomilla
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy
| | - Isabella Campanini
- Motion Analysis Laboratory - Rehab. Dept, AUSL Reggio Emilia and Dept. of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Ugo Della Croce
- POLCOMING Department, Bioengineering unit, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Gasperi
- Ospedale Riabilitativo Villa Rosa, Azienda Provinciale Servizi Sanitari di Trento, Italy
| | - Tommaso Leo
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pia Marchi
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Zimi Sawacha
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Fabiola Spolaor
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Tesio
- Università degli Studi and Istituto Auxologico Italiano-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vannozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Italy
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Chiu CY, Pease DL, Sanders RH. The effect of pose variability and repeated reliability of segmental centres of mass acquisition when using 3D photonic scanning. ERGONOMICS 2016; 59:1673-1678. [PMID: 27004589 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2016.1161245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) photonic scanning is an emerging technique to acquire accurate body segment parameter data. This study established the repeated reliability of segmental centres of mass when using 3D photonic scanning (3DPS). Seventeen male participants were scanned twice by a 3D whole-body laser scanner. The same operators conducted the reconstruction and segmentation processes to obtain segmental meshes for calculating the segmental centres of mass. The segmental centres of mass obtained from repeated 3DPS were compared by relative technical error of measurement (TEM). Hypothesis tests were conducted to determine the size of change required for each segment to be determined a true variation. The relative TEMs for all segments were less than 5%. The relative changes in centres of mass at ±1.5% for most segments can be detected (p < 0.05). The arm segments which are difficult to keep in the same scanning pose generated more error than other segments. Practitioner Summary: Three-dimensional photonic scanning is an emerging technique to acquire body segment parameter data. This study established the repeated reliability of segmental centres of mass when using 3D photonic scanning and emphasised that the error for arm segments need to be considered while using this technique to acquire centres of mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang-Yuan Chiu
- a Centre for Aquatics Research and Education, Institute for Sport, Physical Education & Health Sciences , The University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - David L Pease
- b Australian Institute of Sport , Canberra , Australia
| | - Ross H Sanders
- c Faculty of Health Sciences , The University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
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Kulic D, Venture G, Yamane K, Demircan E, Mizuuchi I, Mombaur K. Anthropomorphic Movement Analysis and Synthesis: A Survey of Methods and Applications. IEEE T ROBOT 2016. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2016.2587744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Amabile C, Choisne J, Nérot A, Pillet H, Skalli W. Determination of a new uniform thorax density representative of the living population from 3D external body shape modeling. J Biomech 2016; 49:1162-1169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Díaz-Rodríguez M, Valera A, Page A, Besa A, Mata V. Dynamic Parameter Identification of Subject-Specific Body Segment Parameters Using Robotics Formalism: Case Study Head Complex. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:051009. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4032997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Accurate knowledge of body segment inertia parameters (BSIP) improves the assessment of dynamic analysis based on biomechanical models, which is of paramount importance in fields such as sport activities or impact crash test. Early approaches for BSIP identification rely on the experiments conducted on cadavers or through imaging techniques conducted on living subjects. Recent approaches for BSIP identification rely on inverse dynamic modeling. However, most of the approaches are focused on the entire body, and verification of BSIP for dynamic analysis for distal segment or chain of segments, which has proven to be of significant importance in impact test studies, is rarely established. Previous studies have suggested that BSIP should be obtained by using subject-specific identification techniques. To this end, our paper develops a novel approach for estimating subject-specific BSIP based on static and dynamics identification models (SIM, DIM). We test the validity of SIM and DIM by comparing the results using parameters obtained from a regression model proposed by De Leva (1996, “Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's Segment Inertia Parameters,” J. Biomech., 29(9), pp. 1223–1230). Both SIM and DIM are developed considering robotics formalism. First, the static model allows the mass and center of gravity (COG) to be estimated. Second, the results from the static model are included in the dynamics equation allowing us to estimate the moment of inertia (MOI). As a case study, we applied the approach to evaluate the dynamics modeling of the head complex. Findings provide some insight into the validity not only of the proposed method but also of the application proposed by De Leva (1996, “Adjustments to Zatsiorsky-Seluyanov's Segment Inertia Parameters,” J. Biomech., 29(9), pp. 1223–1230) for dynamic modeling of body segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Díaz-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Tecnología y Diseño, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela e-mail:
| | - Angel Valera
- Institute Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de Valencià, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Alvaro Page
- Grupo de Tecnología Sanitaria del IBV, CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Antonio Besa
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería Mecánica, Universitat Politècnica de Valencià, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Vicente Mata
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería Mecánica, Universitat Politècnica de Valencià, Valencia 46022, Spain
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38
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Damavandi M, Allard P, Rivard CH. Head and trunk moments of inertia of able-bodied and unbraced scoliotic girls. HUMAN FACTORS 2015; 57:557-566. [PMID: 25977318 DOI: 10.1177/0018720814555401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were to estimate head and trunk's (HT) radii of gyration (K) and moments of inertia (I) in able-bodied and unbraced scoliotic girls using an angular momentum method, to test if the use of mean ratios calculated in this study and given by de Leva present similar values compared to the experimental data, and to determine how these methods behave in estimation of scoliotic HT's K and I with variable Cobb angles. BACKGROUND Scoliotic HT's I estimated from anthropometric tables can lead to error in joint muscle moment calculations. METHOD Twenty-one unbraced scoliotic and 20 able-bodied girls participated. HT's I values were calculated using an angular momentum method. RESULTS Angular momentum method provided greater HT's I for the scoliotic group compared with the able-bodied girls. HT's I obtained by the mean ratios calculated from this study were close to the measured values. Compared with the experimental I, de Leva method provided significantly lower I in the scoliotic group. Scoliotic HT's K and I obtained from angular momentum method showed greater correlations with the Cobb angles. CONCLUSION The use of mean ratios obtained in this study to estimate HT's K values in unbraced scoliotic girls could overcome the drawbacks of current anthropometric methods. APPLICATION These results can be used to calculate more precise moments of force during daily activities in scoliotic girls with mild scoliosis and to improve the design of corrective flexible body braces prescribed in cases of rapid interventions in young patients of moderate spinal deformities.
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39
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Peyer KE, Morris M, Sellers WI. Subject-specific body segment parameter estimation using 3D photogrammetry with multiple cameras. PeerJ 2015; 3:e831. [PMID: 25780778 PMCID: PMC4359122 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inertial properties of body segments, such as mass, centre of mass or moments of inertia, are important parameters when studying movements of the human body. However, these quantities are not directly measurable. Current approaches include using regression models which have limited accuracy: geometric models with lengthy measuring procedures or acquiring and post-processing MRI scans of participants. We propose a geometric methodology based on 3D photogrammetry using multiple cameras to provide subject-specific body segment parameters while minimizing the interaction time with the participants. A low-cost body scanner was built using multiple cameras and 3D point cloud data generated using structure from motion photogrammetric reconstruction algorithms. The point cloud was manually separated into body segments, and convex hulling applied to each segment to produce the required geometric outlines. The accuracy of the method can be adjusted by choosing the number of subdivisions of the body segments. The body segment parameters of six participants (four male and two female) are presented using the proposed method. The multi-camera photogrammetric approach is expected to be particularly suited for studies including populations for which regression models are not available in literature and where other geometric techniques or MRI scanning are not applicable due to time or ethical constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin E. Peyer
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Morris
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William I. Sellers
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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40
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A personalized method for estimating centre of mass location of the whole body based on differentiation of tissues of a multi-divided trunk. J Biomech 2015; 48:65-72. [PMID: 25443883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There are several methods for obtaining location of the centre of mass of the whole body. They are based on cadaver data, using volume and density of body parts, using radiation and image techniques. Some researchers treated the trunk as a one part only, while others divided the trunk into few parts. In addition some researchers divided the trunk with planes perpendicular to the longitudinal trunk's axis, although the best approach is to obtain trunk parts as anatomical and functional elements. This procedure was used by Dempster and Erdmann. The latter elaborated personalized estimating of inertial quantities of the trunk, while Clauser et al. gave similar approach for extremities. The aim of the investigation was to merge both indirect methods in order to obtain accurate location of the centre of mass of the whole body. As a reference location a direct method based on reaction board procedure, i.e. with a body lying on a board supported on a scale was used. The location of the centre of mass using Clauser's and Erdmann's method appeared almost identical with the location obtained with a direct method. This approach can be used for several situations, especially for people of different morphology, for the bent trunk, and for asymmetrical movements.
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41
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Dembia C, Moore JK, Hubbard M. An object oriented implementation of the Yeadon human inertia model. F1000Res 2014; 3:223. [PMID: 25717365 PMCID: PMC4329601 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.5292.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
We present an open source software implementation of a popular mathematical method developed by M.R. Yeadon for calculating the body and segment inertia parameters of a human body. The software is written in a high level open source language and provides three interfaces for manipulating the data and the model: a Python API, a command-line user interface, and a graphical user interface. Thus the software can fit into various data processing pipelines and requires only simple geometrical measures as input.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason K. Moore
- Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Mont Hubbard
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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42
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Abstract
We present an open source software implementation of a popular mathematical method developed by M.R. Yeadon for calculating the body and segment inertia parameters of a human body. The software is written in a high level open source language and provides three interfaces for manipulating the data and the model: a Python API, a command-line user interface, and a graphical user interface. Thus the software can fit into various data processing pipelines and requires only simple geometrical measures as input.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason K. Moore
- Mechanical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Mont Hubbard
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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43
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Nagahara R, Matsubayashi T, Matsuo A, Zushi K. Kinematics of transition during human accelerated sprinting. Biol Open 2014; 3:689-99. [PMID: 24996923 PMCID: PMC4133722 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20148284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated kinematics of human accelerated sprinting through 50 m and examined whether there is transition and changes in acceleration strategies during the entire acceleration phase. Twelve male sprinters performed a 60-m sprint, during which step-to-step kinematics were captured using 60 infrared cameras. To detect the transition during the acceleration phase, the mean height of the whole-body centre of gravity (CG) during the support phase was adopted as a measure. Detection methods found two transitions during the entire acceleration phase of maximal sprinting, and the acceleration phase could thus be divided into initial, middle, and final sections. Discriminable kinematic changes were found when the sprinters crossed the detected first transition-the foot contacting the ground in front of the CG, the knee-joint starting to flex during the support phase, terminating an increase in step frequency-and second transition-the termination of changes in body postures and the start of a slight decrease in the intensity of hip-joint movements, thus validating the employed methods. In each acceleration section, different contributions of lower-extremity segments to increase in the CG forward velocity-thigh and shank for the initial section, thigh, shank, and foot for the middle section, shank and foot for the final section-were verified, establishing different acceleration strategies during the entire acceleration phase. In conclusion, there are presumably two transitions during human maximal accelerated sprinting that divide the entire acceleration phase into three sections, and different acceleration strategies represented by the contributions of the segments for running speed are employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Nagahara
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | | | - Akifumi Matsuo
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kagoshima 891-2311, Japan
| | - Koji Zushi
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
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Virmavirta M, Isolehto J. Determining the location of the body׳s center of mass for different groups of physically active people. J Biomech 2014; 47:1909-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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A new geometric-based model to accurately estimate arm and leg inertial estimates. J Biomech 2014; 47:1869-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Smith JD, Ferris AE, Heise GD, Hinrichs RN, Martin PE. Oscillation and reaction board techniques for estimating inertial properties of a below-knee prosthesis. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24837164 PMCID: PMC4174037 DOI: 10.3791/50977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) demonstrate a technique that can be used to directly estimate the inertial properties of a below-knee prosthesis, and (2) contrast the effects of the proposed technique and that of using intact limb inertial properties on joint kinetic estimates during walking in unilateral, transtibial amputees. An oscillation and reaction board system was validated and shown to be reliable when measuring inertial properties of known geometrical solids. When direct measurements of inertial properties of the prosthesis were used in inverse dynamics modeling of the lower extremity compared with inertial estimates based on an intact shank and foot, joint kinetics at the hip and knee were significantly lower during the swing phase of walking. Differences in joint kinetics during stance, however, were smaller than those observed during swing. Therefore, researchers focusing on the swing phase of walking should consider the impact of prosthesis inertia property estimates on study outcomes. For stance, either one of the two inertial models investigated in our study would likely lead to similar outcomes with an inverse dynamics assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D Smith
- School of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado;
| | - Abbie E Ferris
- School of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado
| | - Gary D Heise
- School of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Northern Colorado
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Plamondon A, Delisle A, Bellefeuille S, Denis D, Gagnon D, Larivière C. Lifting strategies of expert and novice workers during a repetitive palletizing task. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2014; 45:471-481. [PMID: 23891462 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Thirty manual material handlers (15 experts and 15 novices) were invited to perform series of box transfers under conditions similar to those of large distribution centers. The objective of the present study was to verify whether multiple box transfers leading to fatigue would also lead to differences between expert and novice workers in joint motions and in back loading variables (L5/S1 moments). The task consisted in transferring 24 15-kg boxes from one pallet to another (4 layers of boxes; 6 boxes/layer: 3 in the front row, 3 in the back) at a self-determined pace and then at an imposed pace of 9 lifts/min for a total of 240 lifts. The underlying idea was to set a challenging task that would force the experts to use their skills. Full-body 3D kinematic data were collected as well as external foot forces. A dynamic 3D linked segment model was used to estimate the net moments at L5/S1. The results clearly show that the experts bent their lumbar spine less (10° less) and were closer (4 cm) to the box than novice workers. Knee flexions were similar in both groups except when the box was lifted from ground level (expert ≈ 71°, novice ≈ 48°). The peak resultant moment was not statistically different (expert = 168 Nm, novice = 184 Nm) although experts had lower values on average than novices when lifting heights (and deposit heights) of the boxes increased. Therefore, experts differed from novice workers mostly in the posture-related variables. These differences are especially important to consider when the box is located on the ground, as the back posture and back loading are then at their greatest magnitude and could have a major impact on the distribution of internal forces on the spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Plamondon
- Institut de recherche Robert Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 Boul. De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 3C2.
| | - A Delisle
- Faculté d'éducation physique et sportive, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - S Bellefeuille
- Institut de recherche Robert Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 Boul. De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 3C2
| | - D Denis
- Institut de recherche Robert Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 Boul. De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 3C2
| | - D Gagnon
- Faculté d'éducation physique et sportive, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - C Larivière
- Institut de recherche Robert Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), 505 Boul. De Maisonneuve Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3A 3C2
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Corbeil P, Plamondon A, Teasdale N, Handrigan G. Biomechanical differences between obese and healthy-weight workers in manual materials handling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1541931213571213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the work strategies of obese and healthy-weight workers in manual materials handling. Seventeen obese and 20 healthy-weight manual materials handlers participated in this laboratory study. The tasks consisted of transferring four boxes between a hand trolley and a conveyor. The weight of the box (15 vs. 23 kg), the handling height and the working configuration were modified to see what impact these changes had on the participants’ manual materials handling. Biomechanical measures included net moments, expressed in the pelvic system (flexion–extension, lateral bending and torsion moments), kinematics of body segments and box displacements. The results indicated that trunk and knee postures and horizontal hand distances from L5/S1 were not significantly different between the two groups. Peak moments of force around the transverse, sagittal and longitudinal axes at L5/S1 were 13.3% to 59.0% higher during box lifting and lowering for the obese than for the non-obese workers. The individuals’ body weight explained 57% of the variability in the maximal transverse moments of force at L5/S1 during the lifting of the boxes from the ground. These results suggest that the extra mass of an obese worker causes additional stress for the musculoskeletal structures of the back. These biomechanical differences potentially place obese workers at a greater risk of developing musculoskeletal problems during manual materials handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Corbeil
- Kinesiology department, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - André Plamondon
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montreal, Canada
| | - Normand Teasdale
- Kinesiology department, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Grant Handrigan
- Kinesiology department, Faculty of Medecine, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
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HO WEIHUA, SHIANG TZYYYUANG, LEE CHANCHIN, CHENG SHIOUYUAN. Body Segment Parameters of Young Chinese Men Determined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1759-66. [PMID: 23514700 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182923b2a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Head and trunk mass and center of mass position estimations in able-bodied and scoliotic girls. Med Eng Phys 2013; 35:1607-12. [PMID: 23777637 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Anthropometric tables are not applicable to calculate the scoliotic trunk mass and center of mass (COM). The purposes of this study were: (1) to estimate the head and trunk mass and COM in able-bodied and scoliotic girls using a force plate method, (2) to estimate head and trunk COM offset compared to those of the body, and (3) the use of mean ratios to estimate the head and trunk COM calculated in this study and that calculated according to a conventional three-dimensional (3D) method compared to the measured values. Twenty-one scoliotic and twenty able-bodied girls participated. The subjects stood upright with arms beside the trunk on a force plate that collected data at 60 Hz for a period of 5s. The anteroposterior and mediolateral positions of the body COM were obtained from the mean center of pressure values. The height of the body COM was estimated by the reaction board method. Afterwards a body segment was displaced and changes in force plate readings were recorded and applied to estimate the head and trunk mass and COM. Trunk offset was defined as the difference between the COM of the body and head and trunk. The measured head and trunk COM was compared to values obtained by the mean ratios calculated from this study and given by the conventional 3D method. The relative head and trunk mass and the anteroposterior trunk offset were larger in scoliotic girls. The force plate method gave similar results to measured COM values for both groups underlying its capability to provide a more accurate estimation of COM related values. Thus, the use of mean ratios of 0.5538 and 0.6438 obtained in this study to estimate the head and trunk mass and COM position in scoliotic girls can overcome the main drawbacks of current anthropometric methods, if direct measurements cannot be taken.
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