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Keller M, Cattaneo A, Spinazzè A, Carrozzo L, Campagnolo D, Rovelli S, Borghi F, Fanti G, Fustinoni S, Carrieri M, Moretto A, Cavallo DM. Occupational Exposure to Halogenated Anaesthetic Gases in Hospitals: A Systematic Review of Methods and Techniques to Assess Air Concentration Levels. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:514. [PMID: 36612837 PMCID: PMC9819674 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Objective During the induction of gaseous anaesthesia, waste anaesthetic gases (WAGs) can be released into workplace air. Occupational exposure to high levels of halogenated WAGs may lead to adverse health effects; hence, it is important to measure WAGs concentration levels to perform risk assessment and for health protection purposes. Methods A systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted on two different scientific databases (Scopus and PubMed). A total of 101 studies, focused on sevoflurane, desflurane and isoflurane exposures in hospitals, were included in this review. Key information was extracted to provide (1) a description of the study designs (e.g., monitoring methods, investigated occupational settings, anaesthetic gases in use); (2) an evaluation of time trends in the measured concentrations of considered WAGs; (3) a critical evaluation of the sampling strategies, monitoring methods and instruments used. Results Environmental monitoring was prevalent (68%) and mainly used for occupational exposure assessment during adult anaesthesia (84% of cases). Real-time techniques such as photoacoustic spectroscopy and infrared spectrophotometry were used in 58% of the studies, while off-line approaches such as active or passive sampling followed by GC-MS analysis were used less frequently (39%). Conclusions The combination of different instrumental techniques allowing the collection of data with different time resolutions was quite scarce (3%) despite the fact that this would give the opportunity to obtain reliable data for testing the compliance with 8 h occupational exposure limit values and at the same time to evaluate short-term exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Keller
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Letizia Carrozzo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Davide Campagnolo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rovelli
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Francesca Borghi
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giacomo Fanti
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Silvia Fustinoni
- IRCCS Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mariella Carrieri
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Moretto
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padua, 35122 Padova, Italy
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Marín P, Periago JF, Prado C. A new approach for diffusive sampling based on SPME for occupational exposure assessment. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2013; 10:132-142. [PMID: 23356408 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2012.755091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling is a well-established methodology for the evaluation of exposures to environmental volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The solid-phase microextraction (SPME) technique is a reliable means of sampling VOCs in air. SPME is also being applied as a passive sampler to determine time-weighted average exposure. The use of SPME as a diffusive sampler was evaluated. The passive sampler is based on the use of a cylindrical diffusion cell (porous hydrophobic polyethylene) with an 80 μm carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber to obtain radial diffusion of the analytes to the sorbent. Standard atmospheres of organic vapors in air were used to determine the experimental uptake rates for toluene and chlorobenzene. Toluene concentrations between 2 and 38 mg/m(3) with sampling times between 15 and 60 min were evaluated, as well as chlorobenzene concentrations between 2 and 47 mg/m(3) with sampling times between 30 and 60 min. The mean diffusive uptake rate was 2.14 mL/min for toluene and 2.57 mL/min for chlorobenzene, and no statistical significant effects of concentration and sampling time were observed under the studied conditions for the two compounds. Relative standard deviation ranged from 2.6 to 6.5%. The performance of the sampler under varying concentrations of toluene was also tested, showing that the sampler reflects the average exposure concentration. Effects of temperature, relative humidity, velocity of the air, back diffusion, competitive adsorption, and the stability of chlorobenzene in the sampler were also studied. Sampler behavior was tested in gas stations, and the results were successfully compared with a 3M-3500 diffusive sampler. The results are promising for using this new SPME device for diffusive monitoring for occupational exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marín
- Departamento de Ciencias Sociosanitarias, Universidad de Murcia, Facultad de Medicina, Murcia, Spain
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Kloskowski A, Chrzanowski W, Pilarczyk M, Namiesnik J. Modern Techniques of Sample Preparation for Determination of Organic Analytes by Gas Chromatography. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340600976663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kloskowski
- a Department of Physical Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Chrzanowski
- a Department of Physical Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Pilarczyk
- a Department of Physical Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namiesnik
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk, Poland
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Camel V, Caude M. Trace enrichment methods for the determination of organic pollutants in ambient air. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00080-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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