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Spycher S, Kalf D, Lahr J, Gönczi M, Lindström B, Pace E, Botta F, Bougon N, Staub PF, Hitzfeld KL, Weisner O, Junghans M, Kroll A. Linking chemical surface water monitoring and pesticide regulation in selected European countries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:43432-43450. [PMID: 38862805 PMCID: PMC11222191 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The progress in chemical analytics and understanding of pesticide dynamics in surface waters allows establishing robust data on compounds with frequent exceedances of quality standards. The current chemical, temporal, and spatial coverage of the pesticide monitoring campaigns differs strongly between European countries. A questionnaire revealed differences in monitoring strategies in seven selected European countries; Nordic countries prioritize temporal coverage, while others focus on spatial coverage. Chemical coverage has increased, especially for non-polar classes like synthetic pyrethroids. Sweden combines monitoring data with agricultural practices for derived quantities, while the Netherlands emphasizes spatial coverage to trace contamination sources. None of the EU member states currently has established a process for linking chemical surface water monitoring data with regulatory risk assessment, while Switzerland has recently established a legally defined feedback loop. Due to their design and objectives, most strategies do not capture concentration peaks, especially 2-week composite samples, but also grab samples. Nevertheless, for substances that appear problematic in many data sets, the need for action is evident even without harmonization of monitoring programs. Harmonization would be beneficial, however, for cross-national assessment including risk reduction measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis Kalf
- Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, PO Box 17, 8200 AA, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Lahr
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mikaela Gönczi
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, SLU Centre for Pesticides in the Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bodil Lindström
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, SLU Centre for Pesticides in the Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emanuela Pace
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Botta
- Unit of Pesticidovigilance, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nolwenn Bougon
- French Biodiversity Agency-OFB, 94300, Vincennes, France
| | | | | | - Oliver Weisner
- German Environment Agency (UBA), 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Marion Junghans
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Kroll
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Kormosh ZA, Zhurba ES, Antal IP, Kormosh AZ, Bazel YR. Spectrophotometric Determination of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Using Extraction with Astrafloxin. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934820070114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Comtois-Marotte S, Chappuis T, Vo Duy S, Gilbert N, Lajeunesse A, Taktek S, Desrosiers M, Veilleux É, Sauvé S. Analysis of emerging contaminants in water and solid samples using high resolution mass spectrometry with a Q Exactive orbital ion trap and estrogenic activity with YES-assay. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:400-411. [PMID: 27705827 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Trace emerging contaminants (ECs) occur in both waste and surface waters that are rich in particulates that have been found to sorb several organic contaminants. An analytical method based on off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis was developed for the detection and quantification of 31 ECs from surface water, wastewater, suspended particulate matter (SPM) as well as sediments. Lyophilized sediments and air-dried SPM were subjected to ultrasonic extraction. Water samples and extracts were then concentrated and cleaned-up by off-line SPE. Quantification was realized using a Q Exactive mass spectrometer in both full scan (FS) and MS2 modes. These two modes were optimized and compared to determine which one was the most suitable for each matrix studied. Yeast estrogen screen assay (YES-assay) adapted from the direct measurement of estrogenic activity without sample extraction was tested on filtered wastewater samples. An endocrine disrupting effect was detected in all effluent samples analyzed with estradiol equivalent concentrations ranging from 4.4 to 720 ng eq E2 L-1 for the WWTP-1 and 6.5-42 ng eq E2 L-1 for the WWTP-2. The analytical methods were also applied on six samples of surface water, the corresponding SPM, the sediments and thirty-nine effluent samples from two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) sampled over a period of five months (February to June 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Chappuis
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Gilbert
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - André Lajeunesse
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Salma Taktek
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Desrosiers
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Éloïse Veilleux
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Borisova DR, Statkus MA, Tsysin GI, Zolotov YA. On-line coupling of solid-phase extraction of phenols on porous graphitic carbon and LC separation on C18 silica gel column via subcritical water desorption. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1199571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Rashidovna Borisova
- Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Grigory Il’yich Tsysin
- Moscow State University, Department of Chemistry, Division of Analytical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Tsizin GI, Statkus MA, Zolotov YA. Adsorption and extraction preconcentration of trace components in flow analytical systems. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815110167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Fayad PB, Prévost M, Sauvé S. On-line solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry optimized for the analysis of steroid hormones in urban wastewaters. Talanta 2013; 115:349-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Ciofi L, Fibbi D, Chiuminatto U, Coppini E, Checchini L, Del Bubba M. Fully-automated on-line solid phase extraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric analysis at sub-ng/L levels of selected estrogens in surface water and wastewater. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1283:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Statkus MA, Sokhranyaeva AS, Tsysin GI, Zolotov YA. Subcritical water for the desorption of 2-chlorophenol in on-line solid-phase extraction–HPLC analysis. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Statkus MA, Kadomtseva EN, Tsizin GI. On-line adsorption—liquid-chromatographic determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions: Selection of preconcentration conditions. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934810020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Characterisation and quantification of organic phosphorus and organic nitrogen components in aquatic systems: A Review. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 624:37-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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11
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Oliferova LA, Statkus MA, Tsisin GI, Wang J, Zolotov YA. On-line coupling of sorption preconcentration to liquid-chromatographic methods of analysis. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934806050029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Electrocatalytical of chlorophenoxycarboxylic acids at a protoporphyrin IX cobalt(III) chloride modified glassy carbon electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Maleki N, Safavi A, Shahbaazi H. Electrochemical determination of 2,4-D at a mercury electrode. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Abstract
On-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (LC-GC) is a powerful technique that combines the best features of LC and GC and is ideal for the analysis of complex samples. This review describes the unique features of on-line coupled LC-GC. The different interfaces and evaporation techniques are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines are given for selecting a suitable LC-GC technique and representative applications are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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15
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16
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Rosales-Conrado N, León-González M, Pérez-Arribas L, Polo-Dı́ez L. Determination of chlorophenoxy acid herbicides and their esters in soil by capillary high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, using large volume injection and temperature gradient. Anal Chim Acta 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(02)00763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Geerdink RB, Niessen WMA, Brinkman UAT. Trace-level determination of pesticides in water by means of liquid and gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2002; 970:65-93. [PMID: 12350103 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The trace-level determination of pesticides and their transformation products (TPs) in water by means of liquid and gas chromatography (LC and GC) is reviewed. Special attention is given to the use of (tandem) mass spectrometry for identification and confirmation purposes. The complementarity of LC- and GC-based techniques and the potential of comprehensive GCXGC are discussed, and also the impressive performance of time-of-flight mass spectrometry. It is also indicated that, in the near future, the TPs rather than the parent compounds should receive most attention--with a better understanding of matrix effects and eluent composition on the ionization efficiency of analytes being urgently required. Finally, the merits of using much shorter LC columns, or even no column at all (flow-injection analysis) in target analysis are shown, and a more cost-efficient and sophisticated strategy for monitoring programmes is briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Geerdink
- Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, RIZA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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18
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Poole CF. Chapter 12 Principles and practice of solid-phase extraction. SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR FIELD AND LABORATORY 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(02)80049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Steen RJCA, Evers EHG, Van Hattum B, Cofino WP, Brinkman UAT. Net fluxes of pesticides from the Scheldt Estuary into the North Sea: a model approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2002; 116:75-84. [PMID: 11817363 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A hydrological model was constructed with the commercially available modelling environment ECoS for the calculation of mixing plots of dissolved pesticide concentrations in the Scheldt Estuary. The model was based on a one-dimensional advection-dispersion equation and dispersion coefficients were calculated from measured salinity profiles. The model could correctly predict the movement of water masses within the estuary. Nominal flushing times of the estuary were calculated with the fraction-of-freshwater method and ranged between 25 and 95 days, depending on the freshwater discharge. Model calculations demonstrated that the application-related time profiles of pesticide input may well induce curvature in the calculated estuarine mixing plot even if the pesticide behaves conservatively. Calculated mixing plots were compared with experimental data and good agreement was obtained between the measurements and the conservative mixing plot of atrazine. For metolachlor an additional direct emission had to be modelled to explain the differences between the experimental data and the conservative mixing plot. For dichlorvos and simazine. on the other hand, an estuarine loss constant had to be included in the model. Using a least-squares procedure the estuarine loss constants for dichlorvos and simazine were estimated at half-lives of five and 26 days, respectively. Because mixing plots were strongly influenced by the time profiles of pesticide input, standard procedures in which net fluxes are calculated from mixing plots, were not applicable. Therefore, net fluxes were calculated with a newly developed procedure in which the estuarine loss constants and the estuarine flushing time were combined. For the non-conservative compounds dichlorvos and simazine, the net fluxes to the North Sea were found to be 96 and 64%, respectively, lower than the gross fluxes transported by the River Scheldt.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J C A Steen
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije, Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Determination of triazine herbicides by capillary liquid chromatography with on-column focusing and temperature gradient. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Steen RJ, van der Vaart J, Hiep M, Van Hattum B, Cofino WP, Brinkman UA. Gross fluxes and estuarine behaviour of pesticides in the Scheldt estuary (1995-1997). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2001; 115:65-79. [PMID: 11586774 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(01)00085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As part of the Fluxes of Agrochemicals into the Marine Environment (FAME) project, the gross fluxes of selected pesticides (i.e. the herbicides atrazine, simazine, alachlor and metolachlor, the atrazine degradation product desethylatrazine, the insecticide dichlorvos and the antifouling agent Irgarol 1051) transported by the river Scheldt and the Canal Ghent-Terneuzen were determined from March 1995 through February 1997. In general, the observed temporal trends were related to the application period of the pesticides, except for metolachlor for which elevated concentrations were observed in the winter of 1995-1996. Relatively large gross fluxes were found for desethylatrazine compared with its parent compound. A study on the estuarine behaviour of pesticides showed distinct differences between the compound classes. The mixing plots of the organophosphorus insecticides dichlorvos and diazinon revealed clear evidence of estuarine loss processes which agrees with their low DT50 values reported for water/sediment systems, their relatively high Henry's law constants and, for diazinon, its relatively high Koc value. The mixing plots of the acetanilides alachlor and metolachlor were strongly influenced by an additional direct emission into the estuary, which was evident from a maximum in dissolved concentration near a salinity of 10@1000. An apparent conservative behaviour was observed for the triazine compounds atrazine and Irgarol 1051. This was in contrast to simazine, which showed an apparent non-conservative behaviour. However, the time profiles of the riverine concentrations of simazine did not exclude that the observed curvature was solely caused by estuarine losses; therefore, additional modelling is required. In a follow-up study a suitable hydrological model of the Scheldt estuary was constructed; the results will be presented in a forthcoming paper (Steen, R.J.C.A., Evers, E.H.G., Van Hattum, B., Cofino, W.P. and Brinkman, U.A.Th. Net fluxes of pesticides from the Scheldt estuary into the North Sea: a model approach. Environmental Pollution, submitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Steen
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit, de Boelelaan 1115, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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22
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Carabias-Martínez R, Rodríguez-Gonzalo E, Moreno-Cordero B, Pérez-Pavón JL, García-Pinto C, Fernández Laespada E. Surfactant cloud point extraction and preconcentration of organic compounds prior to chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2000; 902:251-65. [PMID: 11192158 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00837-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of preconcentration steps based on phase separation by the cloud point technique offers a convenient alternative to more conventional extraction systems. It has been used successfully for the preconcentration of species of widely differing character and nature, such as metal ions, proteins and other biomaterials, or organic compounds of strongly differing polarity. Here we address the most recent analytical applications of this methodology when used as an isolation and trace enrichment step prior to the analysis of organic compounds (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated compounds, pesticides, phenolic derivatives, aromatic amines, vitamins, etc.) via liquid and gas chromatography or capillary electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Carabias-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, School of Chemistry, University of Salamanca, Spain.
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23
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Poole CF, Gunatilleka AD, Sethuraman R. Contributions of theory to method development in solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr A 2000; 885:17-39. [PMID: 10941665 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic and retention properties of solid-phase extraction devices are reviewed from the perspective of method development strategies. Models based on frontal analysis are used to correct retention properties of solid-phase extraction devices to account for the fact that too few theoretical plates are provided for retention to be independent of kinetic factors. The available pressure drop for the sampling device largely dictates the choice of useful particle sizes and maximum bed length. The use of octanol--water partition coefficients and extrapolated values of the retention factor obtained by liquid chromatography are poor empirical models for the estimation of breakthrough volumes with water as the sample solvent. The solvation parameter model provides an adequate description of sorbent retention for the estimation of breakthrough volumes, rinse solvent volume and composition, and elution solvent volume and composition. Combining the frontal analysis and solvation parameter models offers a comprehensive approach to computer-aided method development in solid-phase extraction. This is the first step in the development of a structure-driven approach to method development in solid-phase extraction that should be more reliable and less tedious than traditional trial and error approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Poole
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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24
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Hogenboom AC, Hofman MP, Jolly DA, Niessen WM, Brinkman UA. On-line dual-precolumn-based trace enrichment for the determination of polar and acidic microcontaminants in river water by liquid chromatography with diode-array UV and tandem mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 2000; 885:377-88. [PMID: 10941685 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Dual-pre-column-based trace enrichment combined on-line with liquid chromatography-diode-array UV and tandem mass spectrometric detection was used to determine a wide polarity range of organic microcontaminants in river water. Various sorbents were studied for their extraction efficiency of (highly) polar and acidic compounds and their ability to selectively remove humic substances, which are normally co-extracted and interfere in the UV detection of polar microcontaminants. An optimised on-line dual-pre-column set-up with PLRP-S in the first pre-column and Hysphere-1 in the second pre-column was used to study the analytical performance of the procedure. Tandem MS was used for confirmation purposes and to quantify the organic microcontaminants in river water at the low-ng/l level. In addition, the influence of the type of sample (drinking and river water) on suppression of analyte responses in electrospray ionization MS was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hogenboom
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Perez M, Alario J, Vazquez A, Villén J. Pesticide residue analysis by off-line SPE and on-line reversed-phase LC-GC using the through-oven-transfer adsorption/desorption interface. Anal Chem 2000; 72:846-52. [PMID: 10701272 DOI: 10.1021/ac990438l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new method to determine pesticide residue in water is presented. The described method includes using off-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) and on-line reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (RPLC-GC). An interface, based on a modified programmed temperature vaporizer (PTV) injector, packed with a suitable trapping material, is used for on-line RPLC-GC. The changes made in the PTV injector affect the pneumatic system, sample introduction, and solvent elimination. The new interface is easily capable of automation. Methanol/wate (70/30) is used as the eluent in the LC preseparation step. The LC column flow during elution is different from the flow during the transfer step. The transferred volumes range from 500 to 1400 microL (volume of the fractions of interest). Solvent elimination is almost 100% before the sample reaches the GC column. The described system does not show any variation of the peak retention times. The detection limit for real samples ranges from 0.04 to 1.5 ng/L, using NP detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Perez
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
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26
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Hennion MC. Solid-phase extraction: method development, sorbents, and coupling with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:3-54. [PMID: 10526783 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 659] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this review is to provide updated information about the most important features of the new solid-phase extraction (SPE) materials, their interaction mode and their potential for modern SPE. First, the recent developments are given in formats, phases, automation, high throughput purpose and set-up of new types of procedures. Emphasis is then placed on the large choice of sorbents for trapping analytes over a wide range of polarities, such as highly cross-linked copolymers, functionalized copolymers, graphitized carbons or some specific n-alkylsilicas. The method development is given which is based on prediction from liquid chromatographic retention data or solvation parameters in order to determine the main parameters of any sequence (type and amount of sorbent, sample volume which can be applied without loss of recovery, composition and volume of the clean-up solution, composition and volume of the desorption solution). Obtaining extracts free from matrix interferences in a few steps--one step when possible--is now included in the development of SPE procedure. New selective phases such as mixed-mode and restricted access matrix sorbents or emerging phases such as immunosorbents or molecularly imprinted polymers are reviewed. Selectivity obtained by combining two sorbents is described with the use of ion-exchange or ion-pair sorbents. Special attention is given to complete automation of the SPE sequence with its on-line coupling with liquid chromatography followed by various detection modes. This represents a fast, modern and reliable approach to trace analysis. Many examples illustrate the various features of modern SPE which are discussed in this review. They have been selected in both biological and environmental areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Hennion
- Laboratoire Environnement et Chimie Analytique, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie de Paris, France.
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Perez M, Alario J, Vazquez A, Vill�n J. On-line reversed phase LC-GC by using the new TOTAD (Through Oven Transfer Adsorption Desorption) interface: Application to parathion residue analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-667x(1999)11:8<582::aid-mcs3>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Vill�n J, Se�or�ns FJ, Herraiz M. Very large volume sample introduction in capillary gas chromatography using a programmed temperature injector for pesticide analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-667x(1999)11:2<89::aid-mcs1>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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29
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Ibáñez M, Picó Y, Mañes J. Improving the solid-phase extraction of "quat" pesticides from water samples. Removal of interferences. J Chromatogr A 1998; 823:137-46. [PMID: 9818401 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy, based on the addition of a cationic surfactant, for preventing the interferences associated with a diminution in the efficacy of solid-phase extraction (SPE) with silica cartridges of diquat, paraquat and difenzoquat in water is developed. Conditions for extraction are optimised with respect to pH, cationic surfactant and its concentration. Humic acids, anionic surfactants, inorganic salts and other organic contaminants like pesticides, phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls produce the studied interferences. The best performance is shown in the improvement of the "quats" recovery from waters with high levels of humic acids and anionic surfactants (recovery is increased from ca. 30% to more than 80%). Unfortunately, the strong interference from inorganic salts remains. The presence in the water sample of other organic contaminants only affected the extraction efficiency of difenzoquat at high concentrations (more than 1 mg/l). Analytic utility is illustrated by selective measurements of the three herbicides, in real water samples. Overall, the results show that in spite of its drawbacks, SPE is a useful technique that allows the detection and quantification of the "quats" at limits below 100 ng/l as established by the European Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ibáñez
- Laboratori de Bromatologia i Toxicologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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30
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31
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Hogenboom AC, Niessen WM, Brinkman UA. Rapid target analysis of microcontaminants in water by on-line single-short-column liquid chromatography combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1998; 794:201-10. [PMID: 9491561 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01139-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of trace enrichment and separation of microcontaminants on a single 10 x 2 mm I.D. high-pressure-packed liquid chromatography (LC) column, combined on-line with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) instrument was studied for the target analysis of herbicides in river water. The total analysis time was 15-20 min. With the on-line short-column LC-MS-MS method, detection limits of 0.1-1 microgram/l can be achieved using only 4 ml of river water. However, the results obtained for a mixture of six triazines were considerably better than those for a mixture of eight phenylureas. An attempt is made to explain this difference on the basis of various processes that occur within the ion trap and the measurement procedure itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hogenboom
- Free University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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32
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Jáuregui O, Moyano E, Galceran MT. Liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of chloro- and nitrophenolic compounds in tap water and sea water. J Chromatogr A 1997; 787:79-89. [PMID: 9408995 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric-pressure ionization mass spectrometry (LC-API-MS) with negative ion detection was studied for the determination of a variety of phenolic compounds in environmental waters. An isocratic mobile phase of 0.05% acetic acid-acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) was used. The influence of post-column addition of different bases on the sensitivity of the detection in electrospray (ES) was studied. The [M-H]-ion was the base peak for all the compounds using both ES and atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization (APCI) ion sources. Moreover, abundant structural information was obtained by increasing the extraction voltage. Detection limits for standard solutions ranging from 2 to 13 ng injected for LC-ES-MS and from 0.02 to 20 ng for LC-APCI-MS were obtained. Good reproducibilities (day-to-day and run-to-run) were observed. The optimum LC-ES-MS and LC-APCI-MS conditions thus determined were used for a quantitative analysis of some phenolic compounds in spiked tap water and sea water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Jáuregui
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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33
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Hogenboom AC, Speksnijder P, Vreeken RJ, Niessen WM, Brinkman UA. Rapid target analysis of microcontaminants in water by on-line single-short-column liquid chromatography combined with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1997; 777:81-90. [PMID: 9297841 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00558-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of trace enrichment and separation of microcontaminants on a 10 mm x 2 mm I.D. high-pressure packed (8 microns C18 bonded silica or 10-15 microns PLRP-S) column combined on-line with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization MS-MS system is demonstrated for the target analysis of herbicides in river water. Tailor-made procedures are obtained for a limited number of analytes by tuning the chromatographic efficiency of the short LC column and the specificity of tandem MS, in order to minimize the analysis time. With the on-line short-column LC-MS-MS method, good linearity is obtained for the herbicides in the range of 0.1-10 micrograms/l. The relative standard deviations of peak areas are less than 5% and, with only 4-ml samples, detection limits of 0.01-0.1 microgram/l can be achieved. The total analysis time is 10-15 min. The 10 mm x 2 mm I.D. LC columns packed with 8 microns particles show good stability and can be used for at least 40 analyses. Target compound analyses of river water allowed the confirmation of the presence of herbicides such as diuron, simazine, atrazine and terbutylazine at sub-microgram/l levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Hogenboom
- Free University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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34
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Jime´nez J, Bernal J, del Nozal M, Rivera J. Determination of pesticide residues in waters from small loughs by solid-phase extraction and combined use of gas chromatography with electron-capture and nitrogen-phosphorus detection and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Sample Handling Techniques (Extraction and Clean-up of Samples). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(97)80005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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36
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On-Line Sample Handling Strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(97)80006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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37
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Hogenboom A, Malmqvist U, Nolkrantz K, Vreuls J, Brinkman U. Rapid analysis of organic microcontaminants in environmental water samples by trace enrichment and liquid chromatography on a single short column. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)00755-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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38
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Careri M, Mangia A. Multidimensional detection methods for separations and their application in food analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(96)00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Guenu S, Hennion MC. Evaluation of new polymeric sorbents with high specific surface areas using an on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatographic system for the trace-level determination of polar pesticides. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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40
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Careri M, Mangia A, Musci M. Applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry interfacing systems in food analysis: pesticide, drug and toxic substance residues. J Chromatogr A 1996; 727:153-84. [PMID: 8919666 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)01173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews applications of different LC-MS techniques for the determination of xenobiotic substances in foods. Specific examples of contaminants discussed are pesticides, herbicides, insecticides and drugs; concerning toxic substances, mycotoxins, phycotoxins, cyanobacterial toxins, mutagenic and heterocyclic amines and beta-carbolines, arsenic, tin and inorganic halogen compounds, packaging materials and various epoxy resins are considered. Advantages and limitations are outlined for the different LC-MS interfacing systems (particle beam, thermospray, atmospheric pressure ionization with electrospray, ionspray and heated pneumatic nebulizer). The impact of developments in instrumental analysis on methodology and the limitations of the various LC-MS methods are discussed. Further, the coupling of LC with element-selective detection systems such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is discussed, with emphasis on speciation of trace toxic elements in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Careri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale ed Inorganica, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy
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