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Arif Y, Singh P, Bajguz A, Hayat S. Phytoecdysteroids: Distribution, Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Activity, and Crosstalk with Phytohormones. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158664. [PMID: 35955797 PMCID: PMC9369314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoecdysteroids (PEs) are naturally occurring polyhydroxylated compounds with a structure similar to that of insect molting hormone and the plant hormone brassinosteroids. PEs have a four-ringed skeleton composed of 27, 28, 29, or 30 carbon atoms (derived from plant sterols). The carbon skeleton of ecdysteroid is known as cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene and has a β-sidechain on C-17. Plants produce PEs via the mevalonate pathway with the help of the precursor acetyl-CoA. PEs are found in algae, fungi, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms; more than 500 different PEs are found in over 100 terrestrial plants. 20-hydroxyecdysone is the most common PE. PEs exhibit versatile biological roles in plants, invertebrates, and mammals. These compounds contribute to mitigating biotic and abiotic stresses. In plants, PEs play a potent role in enhancing tolerance against insects and nematodes via their allelochemical activity, which increases plant biological and metabolic responses. PEs promote enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, which decrease reactive oxygen species in the form of superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals and reduce malondialdehyde content. PEs also induce protein biosynthesis and modulate carbohydrate and lipid synthesis. In humans, PEs display biological, pharmacological, and medicinal properties, such as anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, and tissue differentiation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamshi Arif
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Andrzej Bajguz
- Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-7388361
| | - Shamsul Hayat
- Plant Physiology Section, Department of Botany, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Głazowska J, Kamiński MM, Kamiński M. Chromatographic separation, determination and identification of ecdysteroids: Focus on Maral root (Rhaponticum carthamoides, Leuzea carthamoides). J Sep Sci 2018; 41:4304-4314. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Głazowska
- Department of Chemical and Process EngineeringFaculty of ChemistryGdańsk University of Technology Gdańsk Poland
| | - Marcin M. Kamiński
- Department of Chemical and Process EngineeringFaculty of ChemistryGdańsk University of Technology Gdańsk Poland
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of ChemistrySt. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis USA
| | - Marian Kamiński
- Department of Chemical and Process EngineeringFaculty of ChemistryGdańsk University of Technology Gdańsk Poland
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Blais C, Blasco T, Maria A, Dauphin-Villemant C, Lafont R. Characterization of ecdysteroids in Drosophila melanogaster by enzyme immunoassay and nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:925-32. [PMID: 20303327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ecdysteroids are polyhydroxylated steroids that function as molting hormones in insects. 20-Hydroxyecdysone (a 27C-ecdysteroid) is classically considered as the major steroid hormone of Drosophilamelanogaster, but this insect also contains 28C-ecdysteroids. This arises from both the use of several dietary sterols as precursors for the synthesis of its steroid hormones, and its inability to dealkylate the 28C-phytosterols to produce cholesterol. The nature of Drosophila ecdysteroids has been re-investigated using both high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to enzyme immunoassay and a particularly sensitive nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology, while taking advantage of recently available ecdysteroid standards isolated from plants. In vitro incubations of the larval steroidogenic organ, the ring-gland, reveals the synthesis of ecdysone, 20-deoxy-makisterone A and a third less polar compound identified as the 24-epimer of the latter, while wandering larvae contain the three corresponding 20-hydroxylated ecdysteroids. This pattern results from the simultaneous use of higher plant sterols (from maize) and fungal sterols (from yeast). The physiological relevance of all these ecdysteroids, which display different affinities to the ecdysteroid receptors, is still a matter of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Blais
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 7622, Equipe Biogenèse des signaux hormonaux, Case 29, 7 Quai Saint Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Lapenna S, Dinan L. HPLC and TLC characterisation of ecdysteroid alkyl ethers. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2996-3002. [PMID: 19648067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Semi-synthetic ecdysteroid alkyl ethers have increased potential over natural ecdysteroids as actuators of ligand-inducible gene-expression systems based on the ecdysteroid receptor for in vivo applications. However, a scalable synthesis of these compounds has yet to be developed. We report a set of reversed-phase (RP; C(18) and C(6)) and normal-phase (NP; diol) HPLC systems which can be used to analyse and separate ecdysteroid ethers with single or multiple O-methyl substitutions at the 2alpha-, 3beta-, 14alpha-, 22- and 25-positions. The elution order of methyl ether analogues of the prototypical ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) was 3-methyl<2-methyl<14-methyl<25-methyl<22-methyl with both C(18)- and C(6)-RP-HPLC, when eluted with methanol/water mixtures. Further, the elution order of 20E 22-O-alkyl ethers was methyl<ethyl<allyl<n-propyl<benzyl<n-butyl with both C(18)- and C(6)-RP-HPLC. Moreover, the ecdysteroid alkyl ethers can also be adequately resolved by NP-HPLC and silica HPTLC. On the latter, detection of ecdysteroid O-alkyl ethers with the p-anisaldehyde/sulphuric acid reagent distinguishes 22-O-alkyl ethers from non-22-O-alkyl ether analogues by the colour of the resulting spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lapenna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, EX4 4PS, Exeter, UK.
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Wang YH, Avula B, Jadhav AN, Smillie TJ, Khan IA. Structural characterization and identification of ecdysteroids from Sida rhombifolia L. in positive electrospray ionization by tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:2413-2422. [PMID: 18634126 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seven ecdysteroids isolated from Sida rhombifolia L. were studied by electrospray ionization multi-stage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)) in the positive ion mode using an ion trap analyzer and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode-array detector (HPLC/DAD). The HPLC experiments were performed by means of a reversed-phase C(18) column and a binary mobile phase system consisting of water (containing 0.05% formic acid) and acetonitrile (containing 0.05% formic acid) under gradient elution conditions. According to mass spectral features and the substitution at C-2, C-20, C-24 and C-25, ecdysteroids in S. rhombifolia were classified into three sub-groups. Structural identification of these three sub-groups of ecdysteroids was established by LC/multi-stage ion trap mass spectrometry on-line or off-line. The fragmentation patterns of ecdysteroids yielded ions of successive loss of 1-4 water molecules. Furthermore, ions corresponding to the complete loss of the side chain at C-17 will help to identify the sub-groups of ecdysteroids in addition to containing a hydroxyl moiety at one of the above-mentioned positions. Based on the HPLC retention behavior, the diagnostic UV spectra and the molecular structural information provided by ESI-MS(n) spectra, a total of nine naturally occurring ecdysteroids were identified, of these two are identified for the first time in S. rhombifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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Hunyadi A, Kalász H, Báthori M. Dynamic On-Column Eluent Modification: A Novel Strategy for Peak Resolution Enhancement. Application to the Preparative Separation of Ecdysteroid Isomers. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kalász H, Liktor‐Busa E, Janicsák G, Báthori M. Role of Preparative Rotation Planar Chromatography in the Isolation of Ecdysteroids. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600759967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huba Kalász
- a Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , United Arab Emirates University , Al Aim
| | - Erika Liktor‐Busa
- b Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Janicsák
- c Economical and Botanical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Science , Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Mária Báthori
- b Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
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Li Y, Warren JT, Boysen G, Gilbert LI, Gold A, Sangaiah R, Ball LM, Swenberg JA. Profiling of ecdysteroids in complex biological samples using liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:185-92. [PMID: 16345130 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive method using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization source (HPLC/ESI-MS) was developed for detection of ecdysteroids in biological samples. We report here for the first time that ecdysteroids can be classified into three groups based on ESI full-scan mass spectra: group 1 (ecdysone (E), 2-deoxyecdysone (2dE), 2,22-dideoxyecdysone (3beta5beta-KT), and 3alpha5alpha[H]-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (3alpha5alpha-KD)), in which loss of one molecule of water from the protonated molecular ion ([M+H](+)) represents the dominant ion; group 2 (20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), makisterone A (MakA), 3beta5beta-KD, and 3beta5alpha-KD), in which [M+H](+) is a major ion but some water loss is observed; and group 3 (muristerone A (MurA) and ponasterone A (PonA)), in which [M+H](+) is the dominant ion with no water loss observed. Based on the analytical procedure in combination with structural information from the group classification and with the application of source-induced dissociation, we identified free ecdysteroids in biological samples: 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone and ecdysonic acid in the larval hemolymph, and the progressive metabolism of 26-hydroxyecdysone (26E) to 3alpha-26E from day-1 to day-3 embryos of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutai Li
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Báthori M, Hunyadi A, Janicsák G, Máthé I. TLC of ecdysteroids with four mobile phases and three stationary phases. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2004. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.17.2004.5.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
In this review, we consider the general principles and specific methods for the purification of different classes of phytosteroids which have been isolated from plant sources: brassinosteroids, bufadienolides, cardenolides, cucurbitacins, ecdysteroids, steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids, vertebrate-type steroids and withanolides. For each class we give a brief summary of the characteristic structural features, their distribution in the plant world and their biological effects and applications. Most classes are associated with one or a few plant families, e.g., the withanolides with the Solanaceae, but others, e.g., the saponins, are very widespread. Where a compound class has been extensively studied, a large number of analogues are present across a range of species. We discuss the general principles for the isolation of plant steroids. The predominant methods for isolation are solvent extraction/partition followed by column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography/HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dinan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Hatherly Laboratories, Devon, UK.
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