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Mahgoub MO, Ali II, Adeghate JO, Tekes K, Kalász H, Adeghate EA. An Update on the Molecular and Cellular Basis of Pharmacotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119328. [PMID: 37298274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic illness with an increasing global prevalence. More than 537 million cases of diabetes were reported worldwide in 2021, and the number is steadily increasing. The worldwide number of people suffering from DM is projected to reach 783 million in 2045. In 2021 alone, more than USD 966 billion was spent on the management of DM. Reduced physical activity due to urbanization is believed to be the major cause of the increase in the incidence of the disease, as it is associated with higher rates of obesity. Diabetes poses a risk for chronic complications such as nephropathy, angiopathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. Hence, the successful management of blood glucose is the cornerstone of DM therapy. The effective management of the hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes includes physical exercise, diet and therapeutic interventions (insulin, biguanides, second generation sulfonylureas, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, amylin mimetics, meglitinides, α-glucosidase inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and bile acid sequestrants). The optimal and timely treatment of DM improves the quality of life and reduces the severe burden of the disease for patients. Genetic testing, examining the roles of different genes involved in the pathogenesis of DM, may also help to achieve optimal DM management in the future by reducing the incidence of DM and by enhancing the use of individualized treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Omer Mahgoub
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Khawarizmi International College, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 25669, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ifrah Ismail Ali
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jennifer O Adeghate
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 635 W. 165th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Kalász H, Tekes K, Bátor G, Adeghate J, Adeghate E, Darvas F, Fűrész J, Karvaly G. Investigation of the Experimental Pharmacokinetics of the Bis-Chlorinated Bis-pyridinium Mono-aldoxime Cholinesterase Reactivator K-868 in Rats. TOMCJ 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874104502015010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The widespread use of organophosphorus compounds in agriculture and their existence in some military arsenals present continuous threats. Quaternary bis-pyridinium aldoximes are potent, highly polar cholinesterase reactivators and the most intensively studied candidate antidotes against poisoning with organophosphorus compounds.
Objective:
The in vivo experimental pharmacokinetic properties of K-868, a novel bis-chlorinated, bis-pyridinium mono-aldoxime are detailed and put in context with regard to similar compounds described earlier.
Methods:
Rats received 30 µmol K-868 i.m. and were sacrificed at various time points following treatment. Blood, cerebrospinal fluid and tear were collected, while the brains, eyes, kidneys, livers, lungs and testes were removed, dissected and homogenized. K-868 concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorption detection.
Results:
K-868 was detected in the eyes, kidneys, lungs and tear within 5 minutes in maximal serum concentrations attained 15 minutes following administration. Elimination was slow for K-868 which remained detectable at 120 minutes in the blood and the kidneys, and at 60 minutes in the eyes, lungs and tear following its administration. Nevertheless, its distribution was overall poor with areas under the 120-minute concentration curves (AUC120) showing close similarity in the blood and the kidneys, while reaching just approximately 5% of serum AUC120 in the eyes and lungs.
Conclusion:
K-868 is a potent candidate antidote against organophosphate poisoining with a prolonged presence in the circulation.
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Karvaly GB, Tekes K, Szimrók Z, FŰrÉsz J, KuČa K, Kalász H. A fieldable, high-throughput, cost-efficient high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet absorption detection (HPLC-UV) method for the quantitation of bispyridinium quaternary aldoxime cholinesterase reactivators in blood. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2020.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMono- and bis-pyridinium quaternary aldoximes (K-oximes) have long been employed as cholinesterase reactivator components of antidotes against lethal cholinesterase-inhibiting organophosphorous chemicals. Their positive charge poses difficulties in their chromatographic analysis, resulting in the publication of different approaches for each K-oxime. A multiplexed method is presented for the rapid quantitation of 10 K-oximes in blood with its utility demonstrated in vivo. Liquid chromatography with absorbance detection was employed. Reversed-phase separation was achieved on a highly nonpolar stationary phase. Method validation was based on the respective guideline of the European Medicines Agency. Times to peak concentrations and 120-min areas under the time–concentration curves were determined in rats following intraperitoneal administration. Adequate retention and separation of K-oximes with acceptable peak shapes in short isocratic runs was achieved by adjusting ionic strength, organic content and the concentration of the ion-pairing agent of the mobile phase. Chromatographic properties were governed by optimizing the concentration of dissolved ions. Accurate adjustment of the organic content was indispensable for avoiding peak drifting and splitting. Dose-adjusted exposure to K-347 and K-868 was exceptionally low, while exposure to K-48 was the highest. The method is suitable for screening systemic exposure to various K-oximes and can be extended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gellért Balázs Karvaly
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 4 Nagyvárad tér, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- 2Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, 4 Nagyvárad tér, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szimrók
- 3Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 4 Nagyvárad tér, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
| | - József FŰrÉsz
- 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 4 Nagyvárad tér, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
| | - Kamil KuČa
- 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, Hradec Králové, 500 03, Czech Republic
| | - Huba Kalász
- 3Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 4 Nagyvárad tér, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary
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Adeghate EA, Kalász H, Al Jaberi S, Adeghate J, Tekes K. Tackling type 2 diabetes-associated cardiovascular and renal comorbidities: a key challenge for drug development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 30:85-93. [PMID: 33327794 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1865914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Saeeda Al Jaberi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jennifer Adeghate
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Kornelia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
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Kalász H, Karvaly G, Szimrók F, Szabó D, Milánkovits M, Keglevich A, Adeghate J, Darvas F, Kuca K, Musilek K, Tekes K. Pharmacokinetics of a Mono-pyridinium-mono-aldoxime (K-347), a Potential Antidote in Organophosphate Poisoning. TOMCJ 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874104502014010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Our recent work has been treating the pharmacokinetics of pyridinium aldoximes of various structures including their time-dependent distribution in the body of male rats and also the extent of blood-brain-barrier penetration.
Objective:
Our overall aim was to find a proper antidote in organophosphate poisoning with fast elimination.
Methods:
White male Wistar rats were intramuscularly injected with the aqueous solution of 3 µmol of K-347. The animals were sacrificed at different time periods following treatment; various tissues and body fluids were taken and homogenised. The level of K-347 was determined using reversed-phase HPLC. Dose-dependence of tissue level was also determined by using various doses, 3 µmol through 100 µmol of K-347.
Results:
The serum level of K-347 showed a definitely fast decline. K347 did not have any effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that we tested.
Conclusion:
The kinetics of K-347 showed an extremely fast offset, even in comparison with several other pyridinium aldoximes in clinical practice and in developmental stages.
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Kalász H, Szimrók Z, Karvaly G, Adeghate J, Tekes K. Pharmacokinetics of Two Chlorine-Substituted Bis-Pyridinium Mono-Aldoximes with Regenerating Effect on Butyrylcholinesterase. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051250. [PMID: 32164301 PMCID: PMC7179459 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to find chlorine-substituted antidotes against organophosphate poisoning and compare their pharmacokinetics to their parent compound, K-203. White male Wistar rats were intramuscularly injected with K-203, K-867 or K-870. Serum, brain, kidneys, liver, lung, eyes, and testes tissues were taken after 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min and analyzed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. K-203, K-867, or K-870 was present in every tissue that was analyzed, including the serum, the eyes, testes, liver, kidneys, lungs, and the brain. The serum levels of K-867 and K-870 (chlorine-substituted derivatives of K-203) were nearly constant between 15 and 30 min, while their parent compound (K-203) showed peak level at 15 min after the administration of 30 µmol/rat. Neither K-203, nor K-867 or K-870 were toxic at a dose of 100 µmol/200 g in rats. Chlorine-substitution of K-867 and K-870 produced limited absorbance and distribution compared to their parent compound, K203.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.S.); (J.A.)
- Kalász Teaching and Research Co., Gvadányi utca 44-46, 1144 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Zoltán Szimrók
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.S.); (J.A.)
| | - Gellért Karvaly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Jennifer Adeghate
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.S.); (J.A.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Suite 820, Eye & Ear Building, 203 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary;
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Adeghate E, Mohsin S, Adi F, Ahmed F, Yahya A, Kalász H, Tekes K, Adeghate EA. An update of SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitors in early phase diabetes-type 2 clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:811-820. [PMID: 31402716 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1655539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: More than 424 million adults have diabetes mellitus (DM). This number is expected to increase to 626 million by 2045. The majority (90-95%) of people with DM has type 2-diabetes (T2DM). The continued prevalence of DM and associated complications has prompted investigators to find new therapies. One of the most recent additions to the anti-diabetic armamentarium are inhibitors of sodium-glucose co-transporters 1 and 2 (SGLT1, SGLT2). Areas covered: The authors review the status of SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of T2DM and place an emphasis on those agents in early phase clinical trials. Data and information were retrieved from American Diabetes Association, Diabetes UK, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, and Scopus websites. The keywords used in the search were T2DM, SGLT1, SGLT2, and clinical trials. Expert opinion: The benefits of SGLT inhibitors include reductions in serum glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight, blood pressure and cardiovascular and renal events. However, SGLT inhibitors increase the risk of genitourinary tract infections, diabetic ketoacidosis, and bone fractures. The development of SGLT inhibitors with fewer side effects and as combination therapies are the key to maximizing the therapeutic effects of this important class of anti-diabetic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Sahar Mohsin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Faisal Adi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Fares Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali Yahya
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Kornelia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
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Doležal R, Houdková I, Kalász H, Andrýs R, Novák M, Maltsevskaya NV, Karásková N, Kolář K, Novotná E, Kuča K, Žďárová Karasová J. Determination of Hypericin in Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort) Using Classical C18 and Pentafluorophenyl Stationary Phases: Contribution of Pi–Pi Interactions to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2019.1571076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Doležal
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Houdková
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Andrýs
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Novák
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | | | - Natálie Karásková
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kolář
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Novotná
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Žďárová Karasová
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Hradec Kralove, University of Defense, Brno, Czech Republic
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Tekes K, Karvaly G, Nurulain S, Kuca K, Musilek K, Adeghate E, Jung YS, Kalász H. Pharmacokinetics of K117 and K127, two novel antidote candidates to treat Tabun poisoning. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 310:108737. [PMID: 31279792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS K117 and K127 are bis-pyridinium aldoximes but K117 is a bis-pyridinium bis-aldoxime while K127 has only one single aldoxime in addition to its amide substituent. Is there any difference in pharmacokinetics in these compounds that otherwise have the same chemical structure? Both K117 and K127 are developed as antidotes in acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase poisoning in terrorist attacks or intoxication with other organophosphorous compounds. Their distributions have been scouted in the bodies of rats. MAIN METHODS White male Wistar rats were intramuscularly injected. The animals were sacrificed, tissue samples were homogenized, and either K117 or K127 concentrations were determined using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. KEY FINDINGS Both K117 and K127 were present in all tissues that were analyzed including blood (serum), the brains, cerebrospinal fluid, the eyes, livers, kidneys, lungs and testes. Their pharmacokinetics and body distributions are similar. SIGNIFICANCE Either K117 or K127 meets the essential requirements for antidotes. Dose dependence and kinetics of their distribution were compared to that of other pyridinium aldoximes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary.
| | - G Karvaly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary.
| | | | - K Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - K Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - E Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Y-S Jung
- Medicinal Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - H Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, H-1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary.
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Mohsin S, Baniyas MM, AlDarmaki RS, Tekes K, Kalász H, Adeghate EA. An update on therapies for the treatment of diabetes-induced osteoporosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:937-948. [PMID: 31079501 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1618266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Currently, 424 million people aged between 20 and 79 years worldwide are diabetic. More than 25% of adults aged over 65 years in North America have Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetes-induced osteoporosis (DM-OS) is caused by chronic hyperglycemia, advanced glycated end products and oxidative stress. The increase in the prevalence of DM-OS has prompted researchers to develop new biological therapies for the management of DM-OS. Areas covered: This review covered the current and novel biological agents used in the management of DM-OS. Data were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, American Diabetes Association and International Osteoporosis Foundation websites, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The keywords for the search included: DM, osteoporosis, and management. Expert opinion: Several biological molecules have been examined in order to find efficient drugs for the treatment of DM-OS. These biological agents include anti-osteoporosis drugs: net anabolics (parathyroid hormone/analogs, androgens, calcilytics, anti-sclerostin antibody), net anti-resorptive osteoporosis drugs (calcitonin, estrogen, selective estrogen receptor modulators, bisphosphonates, RANKL antibody) and anti-diabetic drugs (alpha glucosidase inhibitors, sulfonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors, sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, insulin). Biological medications that effectively decrease hyperglycemia and, at the same time, maintain bone health would be an ideal drug/drug combination for the treatment of DM-OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mohsin
- a Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - May Myh Baniyas
- a Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Reem Smh AlDarmaki
- a Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- b Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Huba Kalász
- c Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- a Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
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Kalász H, Karvaly G, Musilek K, Kuca K, Young-Sik J, Malawska B, Adeghate EA, Nurulain SM, Szepesy J, Zelles T, Tekes K. Dose-Dependent Tissue Distribution of K117, a Bis-pyridinium Aldoxime, in Rats. TOMCJ 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874104501913010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Bis-pyridinium aldoximes are reactivators of the paraoxon-inhibited butyrylcholinesterase enzyme. Paraoxon is the active product of parathion, a widely used insecticide.
Objective:
The objective of this study is to examine the dose-dependent distribution of K117, a bis-pyridinium aldoxime in rat tissues.
Materials and Methods:
White male Wistar rats were intramuscularly injected with various doses of K117; the animals were sacrificed 30 minutes after injections. The dose-dependent body distribution of K117 was determined using reversed-phase HPLC.
Results:
Dose-dependent distribution of K117 in body tissues was linear in the serum and other body tissues throughout the whole range of the concentrations studied. However, the of distribution was not observed in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, especially with high doses.
Conclusion:
The body distribution of K117 significantly depends on doses used, the p-value is: 500 nmol, i.m., when applied in the range of 100 to 10,000 nmol.
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Adeghate E, Saeed Z, D'Souza C, Tariq S, Kalász H, Tekes K, Adeghate EA. Effect of nociceptin on insulin release in normal and diabetic rat pancreas. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:517-529. [PMID: 30112574 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2903-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nociceptin (NC), also known as Orphanin FQ, is a brain peptide involved in the regulation of pain, but its role in the endocrine pancreas is poorly understood. The present study examines the pattern of distribution of NC and its effect on insulin and glucagon secretion after the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM). Male Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were made diabetic with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally). Four weeks after the induction of DM, pancreatic tissues were retrieved and processed for immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, and insulin and glucagon secretion. Isolated islets from non-diabetic and diabetic rats were used to determine the effect of NC on insulin release. NC was discerned in islet cells of non-diabetic control and diabetic rat pancreata. NC co-localized only with insulin in pancreatic beta cells. NC did not co-localize with either glucagon or somatostatin or pancreatic polypeptide. The number of NC-positive cells was markedly (p < 0.001) reduced after the onset of DM. Electron microscopy study showed that NC is located with insulin in the same secretory granules of the beta cells of both non-diabetic and diabetic rat pancreas. NC inhibits insulin release markedly (p < 0.05) from pancreatic tissue fragments of non-diabetic and diabetic rats. In contrast, NC at 10-12 M stimulates insulin release in isolated islets of DM rats. In conclusion, NC co-localizes with insulin only in the islet of Langerhans. The co-localization of NC with insulin suggests a role for NC in the regulation of pancreatic beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Crystal D'Souza
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Kalász H, Ojha S, Tekes K, Szőke É, Mohanraj R, Fahim M, Adeghate E, Adem A. Pharmacognostical Sources of Popular Medicine To Treat Alzheimer's Disease. Open Med Chem J 2018; 12:23-35. [PMID: 29515678 PMCID: PMC5827296 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501812010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of classical and recently discovered plants are indicated in preventing and/or treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE Name of plants with their anti-AD effects are important for their further use and investigation. METHOD A short overview of AD is given; anti-Alzheimer plants are given in a Table. RESULTS Various medicinal plants are listed here as sources of popular medicines to be used in cases when patients are afraid of developing and/or suffer from AD. Some of these plants have been used for centuries. The major sources in the literature, over one hundred of references are given for plants that show beneficial effect on the progress of AD. CONCLUSION Plant extracts are widely used addition to the synthetic drugs approved by various administrative authorities to stop/slow down the progress of symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O.Box 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Üllői út 26, Hungary
| | - Rajesh Mohanraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O.Box 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Fahim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O.Box 17666, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Kalász H, Thuróczy J, Karvaly G, Balogh L, Gyertyán I, Tóth-Molnár E, Adeghate E, Tekes K. Effects on Sperms' Quality of Selegiline in Aged Rats. Open Med Chem J 2017; 11:138-145. [PMID: 29387272 PMCID: PMC5748828 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501711010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Selegiline is used to treat Parkinsonian patients. Other indications of its use have recently been discovered. Objective Scouting special and beneficial side effects of selegiline treatment. Method Two-year old male Wistar rats were daily treated with 0.25 mg/kg of selegiline s.c. (subcutaneous injection). The rats were sacrificed following a four-weeks' treatment. Results Mass of testes, number of sperms, progressive motility of sperms, and their viability definitely increased. Conclusion Selegiline can successfully be used to stop/counterbalance certain symptoms of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Julianna Thuróczy
- Animal Health Center Budafok, H-1221 Budapest, Kossuth Lajos Str. 52. Hungary
| | - Gellért Karvaly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Lajos Balogh
- National "FJC" Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohigiene, H-1221 Budapest, Anna Str. 5. Hungary
| | - István Gyertyán
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Edit Tóth-Molnár
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Korányi fasor 10- 11, Hungary
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, United Arab Emirates University, P.O.Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
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Affiliation(s)
- Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Attila Hunyadi
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
| | - Rafael Dolesal
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, Czech Republic
| | - Gellért Karvaly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary
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Kalász H, Tekes K, Faigl EB, Pöstényi Z, Berekméri E, Karvaly G, Adeghate E. Monitoring the Level of 14C-Labelled Selegiline Following Oral Administration. Open Med Chem J 2017; 11:1-8. [PMID: 28567124 PMCID: PMC5418945 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501711010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Selegiline [(-)-deprenyl] is widely used for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease in humans. Objective: Time-dependence of tissue distribution of selegiline following per os administration to rats. Method: Oral administration of radiolabeled selegiline to rats resulted in a pattern of tissue distribution similar to that following intraperitoneal injection. Analyses were done using both reversed-phase HPLC and also by counting radioactivity in various body compartments of rats. Results: As a consequence of oral administration of 30 mg/kg of selegiline, its level in the stomach was extremely high (179.57 µg/g tissue through 54.67 µg/g at 15 min to 120 min), that is one magnitude higher than that in the serum level. High selegiline concentrations were also detected in the lacrimal glands (7.45 µg/g), kidneys (6.87 µg/g), livers (6.01 µg/g) and lungs (3.47 µg/g) after 30 minutes of application, which were higher than after intraperitoneal injections. Conclusion: The relatively high tissue levels remained for 120 min monitoring. Selegiline levels in the brain (1.69 µg/g) and in the testes (1.88 µg/g) were also considerably higher than following intraperitoneal administration during the entire period of observation (15 to 120 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet B Faigl
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Institute of Isotopes, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zita Pöstényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Berekméri
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gellért Karvaly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The number of people with diabetes mellitus (DM) is estimated to exceed 640 million by the year 2040. Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a debilitating illness that affects more than 2% of DM patients. DFU is caused by DM-induced neural and vascular lesions leading to a reduced sensation and microcirculation. The increase in the prevalence of DFU has prompted researchers to find new therapies for the management of DFU. Areas covered: This review presents the current status of novel biological therapies used in the treatment of DFU. Literature information and data analysis were collected from PubMed, the website of the American Diabetes Association, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The keywords used in the search were: DM, DFU, complications of DM. Expert opinion: Many biological agents have been investigated in a bid to find an effective therapy for DFU. These include growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor etc), stem cells (epithelial progenitor-, adipose-derived stem cells etc), anti-diabetic drugs (insulin, exendin-4), herbs, urokinase, dalteparin, statins and bio-agents such as acid peptide matrix. Biological agents that can reduce hyperglycaemia, increase sensation, microcirculation and oxygenation and repair lost tissue are the most ideal for the treatment of DFU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Adeghate
- a Department of Anatomy , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Syed Nurulain
- b COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Islamabad , Pakistan
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- c Department of Pharmacodynamics , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Fehér
- a Department of Anatomy , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Huba Kalász
- d Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Ernest Adeghate
- e Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
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Nurulain S, Ojha S, Dhanasekaran S, Kuča K, Nalin N, Sharma C, Adem A, Kalász H. HPLC determination of K027 in the body of pregnant mice. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2017.29.1.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tekes K, Pöstényi Z, Faigl EB, Magyar K, Polyák A, Trencsényi G, Balogh L, Kalász H. Distribution of N-methyl-(14)C-labeled selegiline in the rat. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 111:147-52. [PMID: 25886391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue distribution of selegiline including N-methyl-(14)C-selegiline was studied with three different techniques. Whole body autoradiography of labeled selegiline in rats completed the former results obtained in mice. Counting radioactivity by liquid scintillation method in various body compartments gave an in-depth numerical estimation of distribution, while RP-HPLC determination of selegiline determined the fate of intact, non-metabolized parent compound. Whole body autoradiography following 15 and 60 min of intraperitoneal application of N-methyl-(14)C-selegiline verified definite and time-dependent blood-brain penetration of selegiline. Quantitative determination of tissue concentrations by liquid scintillation and RP-HPLC methods following 5, 15, 60 and 180 min of intraperitoneal administration of selegiline unanimously verified both blood-brain and blood-testis penetration of the compound through the barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zita Pöstényi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygenie, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet B Faigl
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Institute of Isotopes, Co., Ltd. Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Magyar
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - György Trencsényi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Lajos Balogh
- National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygenie, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Pöstényi Z, Tekes K, Tóth-Molnár E, Kalász H. HPLC analysis of blood–brain barrier penetration of 4-fluorodeprenyl. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 102:529-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kalász H, Nurulain SM, Veress G, Antus S, Darvas F, Adeghate E, Adem A, Hashemi F, Tekes K. Mini review on blood-brain barrier penetration of pyridinium aldoximes. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:116-23. [PMID: 25291712 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration of newly developed pyridinium aldoximes. Pyridinium aldoximes are highly charged hydrophilic compounds used in the treatment of subjects exposed to organophosphonates because they are effective as acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Pyridinium aldoximes have antidotal effects against poisoning with cholinesterase inhibitors, a frequent problem affecting people working with organophosphate-based insecticides and pesticides. Toxic organophosphonate products such as sarin and tabun can be used by terrorists as chemical warfare agents. This poses a severe challenge to all innocent and peace-loving people worldwide. This review gives a brief summary of BBB transporters and description of the current in vitro and in vivo methods for the characterization of BBB penetration of established and novel pyridinium aldoximes. The authors provide a putative mechanism of penetration, outline some future ways of formulation and discuss the possible advantages and disadvantages of increasing BBB penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Hungary; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CMHS, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O.Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
Introduction: The worldwide number of patients suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM) is projected to approach 552 million by the year 2030. As diabetic neuropathy (DN) is present in 8% of new diabetic patients at the time of diagnosis and occurs in ∼ 50% of all patients with established DM, the number of patients who will develop painful DN will also increase. The suboptimal efficacies of currently approved drugs have prompted investigators to develop new therapeutic agents for the management of painful DN. Areas covered: In this review, the authors present and elucidate the current status of drugs under investigation for the treatment of painful DN. A short synopsis of currently approved drugs is also given. Literature information and data analysis were retrieved from PubMed, the American Diabetes and Neurological Associations Websites and ClinicalTrials.gov. The keywords used in the search included: DM, DN, painful diabetic neuropathy. Expert opinion: In addition to treating the pain associated with DN, the actual causes of the disease should also be targeted for improved management. It is hoped that drugs which improve vascular blood flow, induce neural regeneration, reduce hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and inflammation can be more effective for the overall treatment of painful DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Adeghate
- United Arab Emirates University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy , P.O Box 17666, Al Ain , UAE +971 3 7672033 ;
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Hashemi F, Laufer R, Szegi P, Csomor V, Kalász H, Tekes K. HPLC determination of brain biogenic amines following treatment with bispyridinium aldoxime K203. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 101:40-6. [DOI: 10.1556/aphysiol.101.2014.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kalász H, Petroianu G, Hosztafi S, Darvas F, Csermely T, Adeghate E, Siddiq A, Tekes K. Medicinal Chemistry of Drugs with Active Metabolites Following Conjugation. Mini Rev Med Chem 2013; 13:1550-63. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557511313110002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Nurulain SM, Petroianu G, Shafiullah M, Kalász H, Oz M, Saeed T, Adem A, Adeghate E. Sub-chronic exposure to paraoxon neither induces nor exacerbates diabetes mellitus in Wistar rat. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:1036-43. [PMID: 22886793 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing belief that organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) impair glucose homeostasis and cause hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. The present study was undertaken to investigate the putative diabetogenic effect of sub-lethal and sub-chronic exposure to paraoxon (POX), an extremely hazardous OPC used in pesticides. The effect of paraoxon on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was also examined. Each rat was injected with 100 nmol of POX 5 days per week for 6 weeks. Blood glucose levels and red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity were measured weekly. Biochemical analysis and morphological studies were performed at the end of the experiment. The results revealed that POX neither induces nor exacerbates diabetes mellitus in experimental rats. Liver and kidney/body weight ratios revealed statistically insignificant differences when compared with controls. Biochemical analysis of urine samples showed a small but not significant increase in protein level in all groups. Urine bilirubin was significantly higher in the diabetes + POX group when compared with the control group. The number of blood cells in urine was significantly higher in the POX-treated group compared with the control group. Hyperglycemia was noted in the diabetes and diabetes + POX groups, but neither in the saline control nor in POX-treated normal rats. Electron microscopy of POX-treated pancreas did not show any morphological changes in beta cells. These results suggest that POX does not cause diabetes mellitus at sub-lethal sub-chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M Nurulain
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, UAE
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Lotfy M, Singh J, Kalász H, Tekes K, Adeghate E. Medicinal Chemistry and Applications of Incretins and DPP-4 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Open Med Chem J 2011; 5:82-92. [PMID: 21966329 PMCID: PMC3174521 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501105010082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major metabolic disorder currently affecting over 200 million people worldwide. Approximately 90% of all diabetic patients suffer from Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The world's economy coughs out billions of dollars annually to diagnose, treat and manage patients with diabetes. It has been shown that the naturally occurring gut hormones incretins, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) can preserve the morphology and function of pancreatic beta cell. In addition, GIP and GLP-1 act on insulin receptors to facilitate insulin-receptor binding, resulting in optimal glucose metabolism. This review examines the medicinal chemistry and roles of incretins, specifically, GLP-1 and drugs which can mimic its actions and prevent its enzymatic degradation. The review discussed GLP-1 agonists such as exenatide, liraglutide, taspoglutide and albiglutide. The paper also identified and reviewed a number of inhibitors, which can block dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), the enzyme responsible for the rapid degradation of GLP-1. These DPP-4 inhibitors include sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vildagliptin and many others which are still in the experimental phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Lotfy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, UAE University
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Adeghate E, Kalász H. Amylin analogues in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: medicinal chemistry and structural basis of its function. Open Med Chem J 2011; 5:78-81. [PMID: 21966328 PMCID: PMC3174573 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501105010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Amylin, (islet amyloid polypeptide) or diabetes-associated peptide is co-secreted with insulin in the islet of Langerhans of diabetic patients in approximately 1:100, amylin-insulin ratio. The soluble form of amylin, an analogue of amylin, is used as a supplement to insulin in the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Co-administration of amylin analogue with insulin to patients with type 1 diabetes induced a larger reduction in proprandial hyperglycemia, with a concomitant reduction in the level of glucagon when compared to insulin monotherapy. The actions of amylin analogues appear to be synergistic to insulin, with which it is co-released from insulin-producing beta cells after a meal. Amylin analogues such as pramlintide has been shown to significantly reduce body weight, HbA1c values and even the dosage of insulin. A moderate weight loss can also be achieved in obese patients with or without diabetes. A major side effect of some amylin analogues includes nausea and excitation of the area postrema. This review examines the medicinal chemistry of amylin and its analogues and their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Kalász H, Musílek K, Tekes K. Penetration of polar organic compounds through the blood-brain barrier. BMC Pharmacol 2011. [PMCID: PMC3194287 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-11-s2-a51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Kalász H, Adem A, Hasan MY, Adeghate E, Ram N, Gulyás Z, Tekes K. Medicinal chemistry of antiviral/anticancer prodrugs subjected to phosphate conjugation. Mini Rev Med Chem 2010; 10:822-45. [PMID: 20491651 DOI: 10.2174/138955710791608307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Certain xenobiotics are given in the "prodrug" form. Either the human body, or one compartment of the body, or the targeted virus itself metabolizes the prodrug into its active form. The bioprecursor form of drugs is used for a wide variety of reasons, namely: to make drug penetration into the target organ (mainly to the brain through the blood-brain-barrier) possible, eliminate unpleasant taste, alter (either increasing or decreasing) the half life of the active component or supply more than one active components to the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huba Kalász
- a Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Nazila Ram
- a Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine , Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kamil Kuca
- c Center of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Military Health Sciences , Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Petroianu G, Szoke E, Kalász H, Szegi P, Laufer R, Benko B, Darvas F, Tekes K. Monitoring by HPLC of chamomile flavonoids exposed to rat liver microsomal metabolism. Open Med Chem J 2009; 3:1-7. [PMID: 19707521 PMCID: PMC2729991 DOI: 10.2174/1874104500903010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Three major flavonoid chamomile components (quercetin, apigenin-7-O-glucoside and rutin) were subjected to oxidative metabolism by cytochrome P-450 of rat liver microsomal preparations. Changes over time in their respective concentrations were followed using reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection. No clean-up had to be applied as only the specific flavonoid had to be separated from the background components originating from the rat liver microsome. Neither the concentration of apigenin-7-O-glucoside nor that of the diglycoside rutin decreased during one hour of exposure to rat microsomal treatment. In contrast, the concentration of quercetin, a lipophilic aglycon, decreased. Our analytical HPLC results complement the in silico calculated lipophilicity (logP) of these compounds; the relatively high lipophilicity of quercetin appears to predispose it to oxidative metabolism in order to decrease its fat solubility. In contrast the much less lipophilic compounds apigenin-7-O-glucoside and rutin were resistant in vitro to microsomal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Petroianu
- Department of Cell Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Abstract
After administration of various amounts of pralidoxime to rats, the levels in serum, brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured using capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). The calibration curves were established using spiked samples. The calibration covers the ranges from 0.3 - 200 microg/mL, 0.3 - 7 microg/mL and 0.1 - 7 microg/mL for serum, brain and CSF, respectively. The CZE measurement opens the way to the fast and reliable determination of pyridinium aldoxime concentrations in serum, cerebrospinal fluid and brain, thereby monitoring blood-brain and blood-CSF penetration of pyridinium aldoxime-type antidotes clinically used in organophosphate poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Kalász
- a Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy , Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - B. Benkő
- b Gedeon Richter Pharmaceutical Works , Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - K. Tekes
- d Department of Pharmacodynamics , Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Csermely
- a Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy , Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Huba Kalász
- a Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy , Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Deák
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mohammed Y. Hasan
- c Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Georg Petroianu
- c Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Hunyadi A, Kalász H, Báthori M. Dynamic On-Column Eluent Modification: A Novel Strategy for Peak Resolution Enhancement. Application to the Preparative Separation of Ecdysteroid Isomers. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Adeghate E, Sótonyi Jr P, Kalász H. Chronic experimental diabetes accelerates urinary elimination of deprenyl and its metabolites. Open Med Chem J 2008; 2:1-5. [PMID: 19662137 PMCID: PMC2709476 DOI: 10.2174/1874104500802010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 12/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many diabetic patients take several medications to treat diabetes-associated complications and other ailments. The mode of elimination of these drugs and their metabolites are poorly understood. The elimination of deprenyl, a MAO-B inhibitor, used for the treatment of the early stage of Parkinson's disease and senile dementia was investigated using thin layer chromatography.Male Wistar rats (180-200 g) were rendered diabetic by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment (60 mg/kg, i.v.). Rats having at least three times higher plasma glucose level than the normal were considered diabetic. Rats were treated with a single oral dose of 5 mg/kg (14)C-(methyl)-labeled (-)-deprenyl, 98 microCi/mg. Diabetic rats excreted the majority of urinary radioactivity in 8 hours, while control rats did it in 16 hours. The approximate ratio of major metabolites as determined using thin-layer chromatography did not change. In conclusion, diabetic rats excreted radiolabelled-deprenyl more rapidly compared to control animals. Increased elimination of deprenyl should be taken into account in the management of patients suffering from diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Péter Sótonyi Jr
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Semmelwies University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, P.O. Box 370, Hungary 1445
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Benko B, Kalász H, Ludányi K, Petroianu G, Kuca K, Darvas F, Tekes K. In vitro and in vivo metabolisms of K-48. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 389:1243-7. [PMID: 17768608 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2007] [Revised: 07/03/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic pathways of the oxime K-48 have been elucidated by means of in vitro and in vivo experiments. K-48 exposure to rat liver microsomal fraction resulted in the formation of a hydroxylated derivative, in addition to a small molecular fragment. The in vivo metabolism in rats was investigated after intramuscular administration of 50 mumol oxime. K-48 was present in the rat serum in unchanged form. Similarly, the analysis of rat cerebrospinal fluid indicated the sole occurrence of unchanged K-48. In contrast, unchanged K-48 was not found in the rat urine, where only the metabolite generated by epoxidation on the alkyl chain connecting the two pyridinium rings was present. The presence of unchanged K-48 in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid facilitates quantitative determination using HPLC separation and ultraviolet absorbance detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Benko
- Division of Pharmacology and Drug Safety, Richter Gedeon Rt, Gyömroi út 21, 1475, Budapest, Hungary
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46
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Gyenge M, Kalász H, Petroianu GA, Laufer R, Kuca K, Tekes K. Measurement of K-27, an oxime-type cholinesterase reactivator by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection from different biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1161:146-51. [PMID: 17603065 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
K-27 is a bisquaternary asymmetric pyridinium aldoxime-type cholinesterase reactivator of use in the treatment of poisoning with organophosphorous esterase inhibitors. A sensitive, simple and reliable reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection was developed for the measurement of K-27 concentrations in rat brain, cerebrospinal fluid, serum and urine samples. Male Wistar rats were treated intramuscularly with K-27 and the samples were collected 60 min later. Separation was carried out on an octadecyl silica stationary phase and a disodium phosphate solution (pH 3.7) containing citric acid, octane sulphonic acid and acetonitrile served as mobile phase. Measurements were carried out at 30 degrees C at E(ox) 0.65 V. The calibration curve was linear through the range of 10-250 ng/mL. Accuracy, precision and the limit of detection calculated were satisfactory according to internationally accepted criteria. Limit of quantitation was 10 ng/mL. The method developed is reliable and sensitive enough for monitoring K-27 levels from different biological samples including as little as 10 microL of cerebrospinal fluid. The method--with slight modification in the composition of the mobile phase--can be used to measure a wide range of other related pyridinium aldoxime-type cholinesterase reactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Gyenge
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, Hungary
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Laufer R, Báthori M, Csermely T, Petroianu G, Kuca K, Tóth N, Kalász H. TLC Determination of Hydrophilicity Parameter of Some Pyridinium Aldoximes. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070701451738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Laufer
- a Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy , Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Báthori
- b Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csermely
- c Department of Anesthesiology , Hospital of Hungarian Defense Forces , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Georg Petroianu
- d Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics , United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kamil Kuca
- e Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology , University of Defence , Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Noémi Tóth
- f Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Huba Kalász
- g Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy , Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
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Szilágyi A, Barta C, Boór K, Székely A, Demetrovics Z, Csorba J, Kalász H, Sasvári-Székely M. [The potential role of childhood ADHD in the development of heroin dependence at a young age]. Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2007; 9:69-75. [PMID: 17970529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Several studies suggested a possible link between substance use disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity syndrome (ADHD). The ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS) completed by parents is a tool for diagnosing ADHD in childhood. We adapted this questionnaire for a self-report retrospective scale to estimate the presence of childhood ADHD symptoms in adults. This retrospective questionnaire was completed by 121 heroin dependent patients and 85 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The ADHD Rating Scale Retrospective Questionnaire is a novel tool for assessing ADHD symptoms that demonstrated high validity. Our results showed strong gender difference in the prevalence of ADHD symptoms, since male subjects obtained higher mean scores of both attention-deficit and hyperactivity scales than females in both the control and the heroin dependent population. Besides, mean score of both scales were higher in the clinical population as a higher portion of substance abusers reported symptoms of childhood ADHD than controls. These results support the hypothesis that untreated childhood ADHD could be a risk factor for developing substance use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Szilágyi
- Farmakológai es Farmakoterápiás Intézet, Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest
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Kalász H, Petroianu G, Tekes K, Klebovich I, Ludányi K, Gulyás Z. Metabolism of moexipril to moexiprilat: determination of in vitro metabolism using HPLC-ES-MS. Med Chem 2007; 3:101-6. [PMID: 17266629 DOI: 10.2174/157340607779317490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Moexipril is a long-acting, non-sulfhydryl angiotensine-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used for treatment of arterial hypertension. Moexipril is the prodrug, yielding moexiprilat by hydrolysis of an ethyl ester group. Moexiprilat is the metabolite responsible for the pharmacological effect after moexipril administration. Samples of rat and human microsomal preparations exposed to moexipril treatment were analyzed by HPLC using octyl silica stationary phase and isocratic elution. To detect moexipril and moexiprilat the separation was monitored by both ultraviolet and mass specific detection. The rat liver microsomal preparation was more effective to in producing moexiprilat than the similar one derived from human liver cell lines. While additional potential metabolites of moexipril were suggested by computer-modeling, moexiprilat was the sole metabolite detected after microsomal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Huba Kalász
- a Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , United Arab Emirates University , Al Aim
| | - Erika Liktor‐Busa
- b Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Janicsák
- c Economical and Botanical Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Science , Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Mária Báthori
- b Department of Pharmacognosy , University of Szeged , Szeged, Hungary
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