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Lotfy M, Khattab A, Shata M, Alhasbani A, Khalaf A, Alsaeedi S, Thaker M, Said H, Tumi H, Alzahmi H, Alblooshi O, Hamdan M, Hussein A, Kundu B, Adeghate EA. Melatonin increases AKT and SOD gene and protein expressions in diabetic rats. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28639. [PMID: 38586324 PMCID: PMC10998142 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease marked by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or insulin resistance leading to many chronic complications. It is thus important to manage diabetes effectively in order to prevent and or delay these complications. Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland and regulates the wake-sleep circadian rhythm. Existing evidence suggests that melatonin may be effective in the management of DM. However, the evidence on the mechanism of the beneficial effect melatonin as a treatment for DM is limited. In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin treatment on blood glucose, insulin (INS), AKT and superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene levels in diabetic rats. Non-diabetic and diabetic rats were treated orally for 4 weeks with either 25 mg or 50 mg/kg body weight of melatonin. At the end of the study, pancreatic and liver tissues morphology, glucose homeostasis, serum insulin and SOD levels, hepatic gene and protein expression of SOD as protecting antioxidant enzyme and AKT as central element involved in PI3K/AKT insulin signaling pathway were estimated. Melatonin treated diabetic rats showed reduced hyperglycemia, and increased serum insulin and SOD levels. In addition, melatonin induced an increased gene and protein expression of SOD and AKT. In conclusion, melatonin may play a role in treating diabetic rats via stimulation of insulin secretion, insulin signaling and reduction in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Lotfy
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aalaa Khattab
- Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Shata
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Alhasbani
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdallah Khalaf
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Alsaeedi
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahdi Thaker
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hazza Said
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Harun Tumi
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan Alzahmi
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omar Alblooshi
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamad Hamdan
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amjad Hussein
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Biduth Kundu
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ernest A. Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Adeghate EA. GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of diabetic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2024; 25:223-232. [PMID: 38458647 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2024.2328796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic disease affecting almost 30% of the world population. Approximately 25% of people with NAFLD develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the fulminant version of the disease. Diabetes mellitus is present in 22.5% of people with NAFLD and 44.60% of individuals with NASH. This review was undertaken to examine the current contribution of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists to the pharmacotherapy of diabetic nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. AREAS COVERED The author analyzed the current status of GLP-1 receptor agonists for pharmacotherapy of diabetic NASH. Research data and literature reports were taken from the database and or websites of Diabetes UK, American Diabetes Association, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, and Scopus. The keywords utilized included type 2 diabetes, GLP-1, NASH, NAFLD, and clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Since diabetic NASH is associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and inflammation, drugs capable of mitigating all of these conditions simultaneously, are most ideal for the treatment of diabetic NASH. These drugs include (in order of relevance), GLP-1 receptor agonists, GLP-1 and GIP dual receptor agonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and pioglitazone. The future, FDA-approved drug for diabetic NASH treatment will likely be GLP-1 agonist, which could be used as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Mohsin S, Elabadlah H, Alotaiba MK, AlAmry S, Almehairbi SJ, Harara MMK, Almuhsin AMH, Tariq S, Howarth FC, Adeghate EA. High-Density Lipoprotein Is Located Alongside Insulin in the Islets of Langerhans of Normal and Rodent Models of Diabetes. Nutrients 2024; 16:313. [PMID: 38276551 PMCID: PMC10818677 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated pre-beta and beta lipoproteins (VLDL and LDL) in the etiopathogenesis of complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). In contrast, alpha lipoprotein (HDL) is protective of the beta cells of the pancreas. This study examined the distribution of HDL in the islets of Langerhans of murine models of type 1 diabetic rats (streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DM in Wistar rats) and type 2 models of DM rats (Goto-Kakizaki (GK), non-diabetic Zucker lean (ZL), and Zucker diabetic and fatty (ZDF)). The extent by which HDL co-localizes with insulin or glucagon in the islets of the pancreas was also investigated. Pancreatic tissues of Wistar non-diabetic, diabetic Wistar, GK, ZL, and ZDF rats were processed for immunohistochemistry. Pancreatic samples of GK rats fed with either a low-fat or a high-fat diet were prepared for transmission immune-electron microscopy (TIEM) to establish the cytoplasmic localization of HDL in islet cells. HDL was detected in the core and periphery of pancreatic islets of Wistar non-diabetic and diabetic, GK, ZL, and ZDF rats. The average total of islet cells immune positive for HDL was markedly (<0.05) reduced in GK and ZDF rats in comparison to Wistar controls. The number of islet cells containing HDL was also remarkably (p < 0.05) reduced in Wistar diabetic rats and GK models fed on high-fat food. The co-localization study using immunofluorescence and TIEM techniques showed that HDL is detected alongside insulin within the secretory granules of β-cells. HDL did not co-localize with glucagon. This observation implies that HDL may contribute to the metabolism of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mohsin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Haba Elabadlah
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
- Cambridge Medical and Rehabilitation Center, Al Ain P.O. Box 222297, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mariam K. Alotaiba
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Suhail AlAmry
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Shamma J. Almehairbi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Maha M. K. Harara
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Aisha M. H. Almuhsin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
| | - Frank Christopher Howarth
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ernest A. Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (S.M.)
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Mahgoub MO, Ali II, Adeghate JO, Tekes K, Kalász H, Adeghate EA. An Update on the Molecular and Cellular Basis of Pharmacotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119328. [PMID: 37298274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic illness with an increasing global prevalence. More than 537 million cases of diabetes were reported worldwide in 2021, and the number is steadily increasing. The worldwide number of people suffering from DM is projected to reach 783 million in 2045. In 2021 alone, more than USD 966 billion was spent on the management of DM. Reduced physical activity due to urbanization is believed to be the major cause of the increase in the incidence of the disease, as it is associated with higher rates of obesity. Diabetes poses a risk for chronic complications such as nephropathy, angiopathy, neuropathy and retinopathy. Hence, the successful management of blood glucose is the cornerstone of DM therapy. The effective management of the hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes includes physical exercise, diet and therapeutic interventions (insulin, biguanides, second generation sulfonylureas, glucagon-like peptide 1 agonists, dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, amylin mimetics, meglitinides, α-glucosidase inhibitors, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and bile acid sequestrants). The optimal and timely treatment of DM improves the quality of life and reduces the severe burden of the disease for patients. Genetic testing, examining the roles of different genes involved in the pathogenesis of DM, may also help to achieve optimal DM management in the future by reducing the incidence of DM and by enhancing the use of individualized treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Omer Mahgoub
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Khawarizmi International College, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 25669, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ifrah Ismail Ali
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jennifer O Adeghate
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W. 168th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 635 W. 165th St., New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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Adeghate EA, Kalász H, Al Jaberi S, Adeghate J, Tekes K. Tackling type 2 diabetes-associated cardiovascular and renal comorbidities: a key challenge for drug development. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 30:85-93. [PMID: 33327794 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1865914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
| | - Saeeda Al Jaberi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jennifer Adeghate
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Kornelia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University , Budapest, Hungary
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Lotfy M, Ksiksi TS, Palakkot AR, D’Souza CM, Mohsin S, Adeghate EA. Anti-diabetic Effect of Acridocarpus Orientalis. TOMCJ 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874104502014010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Acridocarpus orientalis (AO) is a medicinal herb indigenous to tropical and subtropical Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and New Caledonia with reported anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Objective:
To determine whether AO has any beneficial effects on diabetes-induced metabolic parameters in rats.
Materials and Methods:
Diabetes mellitus was induced in male Wistar rats by streptozotocin. Diabetic rats were treated with three doses of AO extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW) for 30 days. Kidney, liver, and pancreatic tissue samples were processed for histopathology to determine the effect of AO on the cells of these organs. The effect of AO on pancreatic islet cells and serum insulin levels was also examined using immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques, respectively.
Results:
AO (100 mg/kg BW) caused a marked reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats compared to diabetic control on day 10 of the study. Moreover, AO (200 mg/kg BW) increased the number of insulin-positive cells with a concomitant reduction in the number of glucagon-immunoreactive cells in pancreatic islets. AO (100 mg/kg) also increased the serum level of superoxide dismutase significantly. Although the administration of AO was able to significantly decrease the diabetes-associated increases in serum creatinine and bilirubin levels, it had no effect on blood urea nitrogen, serum aspartate, or alanine aminotransferase levels. Histopathological examination showed that AO has no toxic effect on the structure of the pancreas, liver, and kidney.
Conclusion:
Our findings showed that AO could alleviate some complications of diabetes mellitus.
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Adeghate EA, D’Souza C, Al-Jaberi S. Pattern of distribution of lipocalin 2 in the pancreas of diabetic rat. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Crystal D’Souza
- College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University
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Karakkat JV, Kaimala S, Sreedharan SP, Jayaprakash P, Adeghate EA, Ansari SA, Guccione E, Mensah-Brown EPK, Starling Emerald B. The metabolic sensor PASK is a histone 3 kinase that also regulates H3K4 methylation by associating with H3K4 MLL2 methyltransferase complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:10086-10103. [PMID: 31529049 PMCID: PMC6821284 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic sensor Per-Arnt-Sim (Pas) domain-containing serine/threonine kinase (PASK) is expressed predominantly in the cytoplasm of different cell types, although a small percentage is also expressed in the nucleus. Herein, we show that the nuclear PASK associates with the mammalian H3K4 MLL2 methyltransferase complex and enhances H3K4 di- and tri-methylation. We also show that PASK is a histone kinase that phosphorylates H3 at T3, T6, S10 and T11. Taken together, these results suggest that PASK regulates two different H3 tail modifications involving H3K4 methylation and H3 phosphorylation. Using muscle satellite cell differentiation and functional analysis after loss or gain of Pask expression using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, we provide evidence that some of the regulatory functions of PASK during development and differentiation may occur through the regulation of these histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimsheena V Karakkat
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Suneesh Kaimala
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sreejisha P Sreedharan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Princy Jayaprakash
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Suraiya A Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ernesto Guccione
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138673, Singapore
| | - Eric P K Mensah-Brown
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Adeghate E, Mohsin S, Adi F, Ahmed F, Yahya A, Kalász H, Tekes K, Adeghate EA. An update of SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitors in early phase diabetes-type 2 clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:811-820. [PMID: 31402716 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1655539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: More than 424 million adults have diabetes mellitus (DM). This number is expected to increase to 626 million by 2045. The majority (90-95%) of people with DM has type 2-diabetes (T2DM). The continued prevalence of DM and associated complications has prompted investigators to find new therapies. One of the most recent additions to the anti-diabetic armamentarium are inhibitors of sodium-glucose co-transporters 1 and 2 (SGLT1, SGLT2). Areas covered: The authors review the status of SGLT2 inhibitors for the treatment of T2DM and place an emphasis on those agents in early phase clinical trials. Data and information were retrieved from American Diabetes Association, Diabetes UK, ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed, and Scopus websites. The keywords used in the search were T2DM, SGLT1, SGLT2, and clinical trials. Expert opinion: The benefits of SGLT inhibitors include reductions in serum glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight, blood pressure and cardiovascular and renal events. However, SGLT inhibitors increase the risk of genitourinary tract infections, diabetic ketoacidosis, and bone fractures. The development of SGLT inhibitors with fewer side effects and as combination therapies are the key to maximizing the therapeutic effects of this important class of anti-diabetic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Sahar Mohsin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Faisal Adi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Fares Ahmed
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali Yahya
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Kornelia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
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Mohsin S, Baniyas MM, AlDarmaki RS, Tekes K, Kalász H, Adeghate EA. An update on therapies for the treatment of diabetes-induced osteoporosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:937-948. [PMID: 31079501 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1618266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Currently, 424 million people aged between 20 and 79 years worldwide are diabetic. More than 25% of adults aged over 65 years in North America have Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetes-induced osteoporosis (DM-OS) is caused by chronic hyperglycemia, advanced glycated end products and oxidative stress. The increase in the prevalence of DM-OS has prompted researchers to develop new biological therapies for the management of DM-OS. Areas covered: This review covered the current and novel biological agents used in the management of DM-OS. Data were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, American Diabetes Association and International Osteoporosis Foundation websites, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The keywords for the search included: DM, osteoporosis, and management. Expert opinion: Several biological molecules have been examined in order to find efficient drugs for the treatment of DM-OS. These biological agents include anti-osteoporosis drugs: net anabolics (parathyroid hormone/analogs, androgens, calcilytics, anti-sclerostin antibody), net anti-resorptive osteoporosis drugs (calcitonin, estrogen, selective estrogen receptor modulators, bisphosphonates, RANKL antibody) and anti-diabetic drugs (alpha glucosidase inhibitors, sulfonylureas, biguanides, meglitinides, thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 receptor agonists, dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors, sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, insulin). Biological medications that effectively decrease hyperglycemia and, at the same time, maintain bone health would be an ideal drug/drug combination for the treatment of DM-OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mohsin
- a Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - May Myh Baniyas
- a Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Reem Smh AlDarmaki
- a Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- b Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Huba Kalász
- c Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- a Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , United Arab Emirates
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Kalász H, Karvaly G, Musilek K, Kuca K, Young-Sik J, Malawska B, Adeghate EA, Nurulain SM, Szepesy J, Zelles T, Tekes K. Dose-Dependent Tissue Distribution of K117, a Bis-pyridinium Aldoxime, in Rats. TOMCJ 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1874104501913010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Bis-pyridinium aldoximes are reactivators of the paraoxon-inhibited butyrylcholinesterase enzyme. Paraoxon is the active product of parathion, a widely used insecticide.
Objective:
The objective of this study is to examine the dose-dependent distribution of K117, a bis-pyridinium aldoxime in rat tissues.
Materials and Methods:
White male Wistar rats were intramuscularly injected with various doses of K117; the animals were sacrificed 30 minutes after injections. The dose-dependent body distribution of K117 was determined using reversed-phase HPLC.
Results:
Dose-dependent distribution of K117 in body tissues was linear in the serum and other body tissues throughout the whole range of the concentrations studied. However, the of distribution was not observed in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid, especially with high doses.
Conclusion:
The body distribution of K117 significantly depends on doses used, the p-value is: 500 nmol, i.m., when applied in the range of 100 to 10,000 nmol.
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Adeghate E, Saeed Z, D'Souza C, Tariq S, Kalász H, Tekes K, Adeghate EA. Effect of nociceptin on insulin release in normal and diabetic rat pancreas. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 374:517-529. [PMID: 30112574 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2903-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nociceptin (NC), also known as Orphanin FQ, is a brain peptide involved in the regulation of pain, but its role in the endocrine pancreas is poorly understood. The present study examines the pattern of distribution of NC and its effect on insulin and glucagon secretion after the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM). Male Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were made diabetic with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally). Four weeks after the induction of DM, pancreatic tissues were retrieved and processed for immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, and insulin and glucagon secretion. Isolated islets from non-diabetic and diabetic rats were used to determine the effect of NC on insulin release. NC was discerned in islet cells of non-diabetic control and diabetic rat pancreata. NC co-localized only with insulin in pancreatic beta cells. NC did not co-localize with either glucagon or somatostatin or pancreatic polypeptide. The number of NC-positive cells was markedly (p < 0.001) reduced after the onset of DM. Electron microscopy study showed that NC is located with insulin in the same secretory granules of the beta cells of both non-diabetic and diabetic rat pancreas. NC inhibits insulin release markedly (p < 0.05) from pancreatic tissue fragments of non-diabetic and diabetic rats. In contrast, NC at 10-12 M stimulates insulin release in isolated islets of DM rats. In conclusion, NC co-localizes with insulin only in the islet of Langerhans. The co-localization of NC with insulin suggests a role for NC in the regulation of pancreatic beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Adeghate
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Crystal D'Souza
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Tariq
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Huba Kalász
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kornélia Tekes
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Prabakaran AD, Karakkat JV, Vijayan R, Chalissery J, Ibrahim MF, Kaimala S, Adeghate EA, Al-Marzouqi AH, Ansari SA, Mensah-Brown E, Emerald BS. Identification of early indicators of altered metabolism in normal development using a rodent model system. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.031815. [PMID: 29434026 PMCID: PMC5897726 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.031815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the existence of a close relationship between the early maternal developmental environment, fetal size at birth and the risk of developing disease in adulthood has been suggested, most studies, however, employed experimentally induced intrauterine growth restriction as a model to link this with later adult disease. Because embryonic size variation also occurs under normal growth and differentiation, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes and their relevance to later adult disease risk becomes important. The birth weight of rat pups vary according to the uterine horn positions. Using birth weight as a marker, we compared two groups of rat pups – lower birth weight (LBW, 5th to 25th percentile) and average birth weight (ABW, 50th to 75th percentile) – using morphological, biochemical and molecular biology, and genetic techniques. Our results show that insulin metabolism, Pi3k/Akt and Pparγ signaling and the genes regulating growth and metabolism are significantly different in these groups. Methylation at the promoter of the InsII (Ins2) gene and DNA methyltransferase 1 in LBW pups are both increased. Additionally, the Dnmt1 repressor complex, which includes Hdac1, Rb (Rb1) and E2f1, was also upregulated in LBW pups. We conclude that the Dnmt1 repressor complex, which regulates the restriction point of the cell cycle, retards the rate at which cells traverse the G1 or G0 phase of the cell cycle in LBW pups, thereby slowing down growth. This regulatory mechanism mediated by Dnmt1 might contribute to the production of small-size pups and altered physiology and pathology in adult life. Summary: This study suggests an important link between the early embryonic environment and later adult physiology and pathology. At least one process by which this might be coordinated is through the regulatory mechanisms mediated by Dnmt1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Daniel Prabakaran
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jimsheena Valiyakath Karakkat
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ranjit Vijayan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Jisha Chalissery
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Marwa F Ibrahim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Suneesh Kaimala
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ernest A Adeghate
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ahmed Hassan Al-Marzouqi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, PO Box 505055, Dubai, UAE
| | - Suraiya Anjum Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Eric Mensah-Brown
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, PO Box 17666, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Ali MAH, Nyberg F, Chandranath SI, Dhanasekaran S, Tariq S, Petroianu G, Hasan MY, Adeghate EA, Adem A. Distribution of neuroendocrine cells in the small and large intestines of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). Neuropeptides 2007; 41:293-9. [PMID: 17688943 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2006] [Revised: 05/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and relative frequency of neuroendocrine cells in the small and large intestines of one-humped camel were studied using antisera against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), cholecystokinin (CCK-8), somatostatin (SOM), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), substance P (SP), and neurokinin A (NKA). Among these cell types, CCK-8 immunoreactive (IR) cells were uniformly distributed in the mucosa, while others showed varied distribution in the villi or crypts of the small intestine. Immunoreactive cells like 5HT, CCK-8, and SOM showed peak density in the villi and crypts of the small intestine and in the colonic glands of the large intestine, while cells containing SP were discerned predominately in the crypts. 5-HT, CCK-8 and SOM cells were mainly flask-shaped and of the open-variety, while PYY and SP immunoreactive cells were mainly rounded or basket-shaped and of the closed variety. Basically the distribution pattern of the endocrine cells in the duodenum, jejunum and colon of the one-humped camel is similar to that of other mammals. Finally, the distribution of these bioactive agents may give clues as to how these agents aid in the function of the intestinal tract of this desert animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Al Haj Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Howarth FC, Adem A, Adeghate EA, Al Ali NA, Al Bastaki AM, Sorour FR, Hammoudi RO, Ghaleb NA, Chandler NJ, Dobrzynski H. Distribution of atrial natriuretic peptide and its effects on contraction and intracellular calcium in ventricular myocytes from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Peptides 2005; 26:691-700. [PMID: 15752585 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in blood plasma and cardiac muscle and its effects on ventricular myocyte contraction and intracellular free calcium concentration [Ca2+]i in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat have been investigated. Blood plasma concentration and heart atrial and ventricular contents of ANP were significantly increased in STZ-treated rats compared to age-matched controls. STZ treatment increased the number of ventricular myocytes immunolabeled with antibodies against ANP. In control myocytes the percentage of cells that labeled positively and negatively were 17% versus 83%, respectively. However, in myocytes from STZ-treated rat the percentages were 52% versus 53%. Time to peak (TPK) shortening was significantly and characteristically prolonged in myocytes from STZ-treated rats (360+/-5 ms) compared to controls (305+/-5 ms). Amplitude of the Ca2+ transient was significantly increased in myocytes from STZ-treated rats compared to controls (0.39+/-0.02 versus 0.29+/-0.02 fura-2 RU in controls) and treatment with ANP reduced the amplitude of the Ca2+ transient to control levels. ANP may have a protective role in STZ-induced diabetic rat heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Howarth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, UAE.
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Singh J, Draper CE, Adeghate EA. Effects of ageing on secretagogue-evoked protein output, peroxidase secretion and protein synthesis in the isolated rat lacrimal gland. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003; 506:97-101. [PMID: 12613894 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0717-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaipaul Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, England
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Abstract
This study investigates changes in the morphology and physiology of lacrimal gland acinar cells with age. Changes in microstructural appearance of the acinar cells, the type and distribution of the different acini in glands and the secretory granules within the acini were examined in glands from animals of 3-5, 9, 12, 20, 24 and 28 month old rats. Differences in the secretory capacity of the acinar cells were also examined in animals of each age-group, with the exception of 28 months. The typical acini of young glands (3-5 months) were of the serous type. This was also true of 9 month glands, although there was a significant reduction in their overall distribution compared to young glands. The acini in the 12 month glands were predominantly of the seromucous type and appeared to be at the expense of the serous acini which were further significantly reduced compared to 3-5 and 9 month glands. This remained the prevalent acini type in 20 month glands, however by 24 months there was a significant increase in the occurrence of mucous acini and this time appeared to be at the expense of the seromucous acini which were significantly reduced in glands of this age-group. The predominant acinar cell in 28 month glands, like 24 month glands, was of the mucous variety. Qualitative EM studies revealed a progressive change in the secretory products of the lacrimal gland acini, strongly correlating to changes in acinar cell type. Typical acini of both 3-5 and 9 month glands contained numerous protein secretory granules. The seromucous acini also of these age groups contained both protein and mucous secretory granules, with the protein secretory granules in higher abundance. By 12 months the typical seromucous acini was packed with both protein and mucous secretory granules of equal proportions. However, by 20 months the predominant seromucous acini contained fewer protein secretory granules and elevated occurrence of mucous secretory granules. By 24 and 28 months the acini contained even fewer protein secretory granules and the typical acinar cell was of the mucous type containing exclusively mucous secretory granules. The secretory capacity of the acini was also altered with age. Maximum protein output in response to cholinergic stimulation resulted in an initial significant increase with ageing from 3-5 months to 9 and 12 months followed by a later significant age-dependent reduction in output. However, maximal peroxidase release from acinar cells of 3-5 and 9 month glands was the same. This was followed by a significant age-dependent reduction in peroxidase release. Furthermore, the concentrations required to evoke these responses differed with age. These results present evidence to suggest that acinar cells of the lacrimal gland undergo progressive alterations with age. The type of acini changing initially from serous to seromucous acini (intermediate phase) followed by a gradual transformation of the seromucous acini to mucous acini. This in turn changes the properties of the acini from protein producing and secreting acini to mucous producing and secreting acini. The results also suggest a reduction in the ability of the acini to synthesise proteins with age and altered responsiveness to cholinergic stimulation to secrete proteins. These findings may help in explaining the occurrence of altered protein/tear secretion with ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Draper
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, England
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Adeghate EA, Singh J, Howarth FC, Burrows S. Control of porcine lacrimal gland secretion by non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic nerves: effects of electrical field stimulation, VIP and NPY. Brain Res 1997; 758:127-35. [PMID: 9203541 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study employs the technique of electrical field stimulation (EFS) to characterise the effects of endogenous neurotransmitters on protein secretion in the in vitro pig lacrimal gland. The effects of exogenous applications of neurotransmitters on protein output and peroxidase secretion were also investigated for comparative purposes. EFS evoked frequency-dependent (5-20 Hz) increases in protein secretion. The EFS-evoked protein output was abolished with the nerve blocking drug tetrodotoxin (10(-6) M, TTX). Elevated potassium (100 mM KCl) can stimulate protein output in the presence of TTX. Exogenous application of either acetylcholine (ACh, 10(-9)-10(-4) M) or noradrenaline (NA, 10(-8)-10(-4) M) can also result in protein secretion, but they have no detectable effect on peroxidase secretion. In the presence of the cholinergic antagonist, atropine (10(-5) M) the EFS-induced protein output was reduced but not abolished. This atropine-resistant and non-cholinergic nerve-mediated component was further reduced in the combined presence of atropine, phentolamine, and propranolol (all 10(-5) M). When vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) receptor antagonist (10(-6) M [4-Cl-D-Phe6-Leu17]-VIP) was combined with the cholinergic and adrenergic antagonists, EFS caused a small but detectable increase in protein output. Exogenous application of either 10(-9) M VIP or 10(-9) M neuropeptide-Y (NPY) resulted in protein secretion. Combination of both VIP and NPY only induced an additive effect on protein output. Theophylline (10(-4) M), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, evoked a small increase in protein output and had no significant effect on the secretory responses elicited by either VIP or NPY. In contrast, theophylline potentiated the non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic EFS-induced protein secretion. The results indicate that protein secretion from the porcine lacrimal gland may be controlled by cholinergic, adrenergic and non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic nerves. The peptidergic neurotransmitters may be VIP and other related neuropeptide(s). In addition to these neurophysiological studies, our results confirm previous findings that the porcine lacrimal nerves contain abundant quantity of NPY and VIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Adeghate
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain
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