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Affas S, Sakur AA. Validated green spectrophotometric kinetic method for determination of Clindamycin Hydrochloride in capsules. BMC Chem 2021; 15:29. [PMID: 33941253 PMCID: PMC8091746 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND simple, sensitive, free of organic solvents, kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Clindamycin Hydrochloride, both in pure form and Capsules. Method is based on reaction of Clindamycin with potassium iodide and potassium iodate in an aqueous medium at (25 ± 2 °C) to produce yellow-coloured tri iodide ions (I3-). The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance at wavelength 350 nm during 40 min. RESULTS the effects of analytical parameters on reported kinetic methods were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the initial rate and fixed time (at 10 min) methods were used for constructing the calibration graphs. The graphs were linear in concentration ranges 1-20 μg ml-1 with limit of detection of 0.12 and 0.22 μg ml-1for the initial rate and fixed time methods, respectively. The results were satisfactory and the analytical performance for both methods was validated. CONCLUSION The proposed methods have been applied to determine the components in capsules with an average recovery of 98.25-102.00% and the results are in good agreement with those found by the reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza Affas
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ebla Private University, Aleppo, Syria.
| | - Amir Alhaj Sakur
- Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria
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2
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Casagrande F, Dégardin K, Ross A. Protein NMR of biologicals: analytical support for development and marketed products. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2020; 74:657-671. [PMID: 32350692 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-020-00318-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Application of NMR spectroscopy to derive in-depth characterization of structure and dynamical properties of biomolecules is well established nowadays in many laboratories. Most of these methods rest on the availability of protein labeled with stable isotopes like 13C and 15N. In this report examples are presented on the application of NMR spectroscopic methods to characterize biopharmaceutical proteins in cases no isotope labeled material are available. This is typically found in protein samples used in the development of formulations and production processes. Another important focus of this report is the application of NMR methodology in the field of counterfeit drugs of biologicals and biosimilars. Especially here, NMR does offer relevant structural and quantitative data due to the high versatility of the NMR equipment. An excurse regarding the high medical relevance for a detailed spectroscopic analysis of counterfeits will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Casagrande
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Lead Discovery, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Klara Dégardin
- Roche Pharmaceutical Quality Control for Commercial Bulk Products, Complaints and Counterfeits Group, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Ross
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Pre-Clinical CMC, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Barreto DN, Ribeiro MM, Sudo JT, Richter EM, Muñoz RA, Silva SG. High-throughput screening of cocaine, adulterants, and diluents in seized samples using capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Talanta 2020; 217:120987. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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Muro CK, Doty KC, Bueno J, Halámková L, Lednev IK. Vibrational Spectroscopy: Recent Developments to Revolutionize Forensic Science. Anal Chem 2014; 87:306-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire K. Muro
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Kyle C. Doty
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Justin Bueno
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Lenka Halámková
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Igor K. Lednev
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, Albany, New York 12222, United States
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5
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Dégardin K, Roggo Y, Margot P. Understanding and fighting the medicine counterfeit market. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 87:167-75. [PMID: 23384475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Medicine counterfeiting is a serious worldwide issue, involving networks of manufacture and distribution that are an integral part of industrialized organized crime. Despite the potentially devastating health repercussions involved, legal sanctions are often inappropriate or simply not applied. The difficulty in agreeing on a definition of counterfeiting, the huge profits made by the counterfeiters and the complexity of the market are the other main reasons for the extent of the phenomenon. Above all, international cooperation is needed to thwart the spread of counterfeiting. Moreover effort is urgently required on the legal, enforcement and scientific levels. Pharmaceutical companies and agencies have developed measures to protect the medicines and allow fast and reliable analysis of the suspect products. Several means, essentially based on chromatography and spectroscopy, are now at the disposal of the analysts to enable the distinction between genuine and counterfeit products. However the determination of the components and the use of analytical data for forensic purposes still constitute a challenge. The aim of this review article is therefore to point out the intricacy of medicine counterfeiting so that a better understanding can provide solutions to fight more efficiently against it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Dégardin
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Forensic Science, School of Criminal Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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6
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Habib IHI, Rizk MS, El-Aryan TR. Determination of clindamycin in dosage forms and biological samples by adsorption stripping voltammetry with carbon paste electrode. Pharm Chem J 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-011-0548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Counterfeit drugs detection by measurement of tablets and secondary packaging colour. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:215-20. [PMID: 20547026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The growth of pharmaceutical counterfeiting is a major public health problem. This growth is resulting in a proportional increase in the number of samples that medicines control laboratories have to test. Thus the need for simple and affordable preliminary screening methods to be used by inspectors to decide in the field whether to collect a sample for further laboratory analysis or not. This paper intends to evaluate the possibility to employ for preliminary examinations of suspicious samples an optical spectrophotometer (colorimeter) used in the graphic industry, capable of measuring the reflectance visible spectrum of solid materials. The colorimeter was tested on original and counterfeited Viagra, Cialis and Levitra by measuring the colour of tablets' surface and of a specific spot of the packages. Various batches of the original drugs were employed both to investigate precision and robustness of the technique and to build spectral libraries. These libraries were used to compare suspicious samples to the corresponding original by means of a wavelength distance pattern recognition method. The method was eventually tested on suspicious samples sized by police authorities in order to evaluate its effectiveness. The device resulted precise and robust toward ambient conditions changes, although some limits emerged: the libraries of original samples need a frequent update and a lower precision is to be expected for tablets which surface is extremely convex.
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8
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Kühn KD, Weber C, Kreis S, Holzgrabe U. Evaluation of the stability of gentamicin in different antibiotic carriers using a validated MEKC method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:612-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Jouyban A, Kenndler E. Impurity analysis of pharmaceuticals using capillary electromigration methods. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3531-51. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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5 Role of CE in drug substance and drug product development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(07)00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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12 CE in impurity profiling of drugs. CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS METHODS FOR PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(07)00012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Druart S, Kopelent‐Frank H. A Rapid Capillary Electrophoretic Assay for Selective Quantitation of Oxacillin in the Presence of Its Degradation Products. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200038572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Druart
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090, Wien, Austria
| | - H. Kopelent‐Frank
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14, A‐1090, Wien, Austria
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13
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Fernandez FM, Green MD, Newton PN. Prevalence and Detection of Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals: A Mini Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0703787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Facundo M. Fernandez
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333; and Wellcome Trust−Mahosot Hospital−Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane (Lao PDR) and Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3
| | - Michael D. Green
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333; and Wellcome Trust−Mahosot Hospital−Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane (Lao PDR) and Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3
| | - Paul N. Newton
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333; and Wellcome Trust−Mahosot Hospital−Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane (Lao PDR) and Centre for Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford OX3
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14
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Newton PN, Green MD, Fernández FM, Day NPJ, White NJ. Counterfeit anti-infective drugs. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2006; 6:602-13. [PMID: 16931411 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The production of counterfeit or substandard anti-infective drugs is a widespread and under-recognised problem that contributes to morbidity, mortality, and drug resistance, and leads to spurious reporting of resistance and toxicity and loss of confidence in health-care systems. Counterfeit drugs particularly affect the most disadvantaged people in poor countries. Although advances in forensic chemical analysis and simple field tests will enhance drug quality monitoring, improved access to inexpensive genuine medicines, support of drug regulatory authorities, more open reporting, vigorous law enforcement, and more international cooperation with determined political leadership will be essential to counter this threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Newton
- Wellcome Trust--Mahosot Hospital--Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Collaboration, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos.
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15
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Abstract
Pharmaceutical counterfeiting is becoming a serious problem both in developed and developing countries. This paper considers the extent of the problem and provides several examples of drugs which have been counterfeited. Additionally, the effects of counterfeit products on consumers, health care providers, drug manufacturers and governments are discussed. Several of the currently used methods of detection are described and these include near-infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, isotopic characterization, tensiography, chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches. Finally, anti-counterfeiting measures such as the use of holograms, tracers and taggants and electronic tracking are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Deisingh
- Caribbean Industrial Research Institute, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
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16
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Dolelalová M, Kunteová B, Jobánek R. Determination of the purity of ampicillin by micellar electrokinetic chromatography and reversed phase liquid chromatography on a monolithic silica column. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:560-8. [PMID: 15335041 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) method and a fast reversed-phase liquid chromatographic one have been developed for determining the purity of ampicillin. MEKC separation of ampicillin and its related substances was performed with the use of an untreated fused-silica capillary and 40 mM phosphate-borate buffer, pH 7.5 containing 75 mM SDS. The HPLC method employed a monolithic silica C18 column and a mobile phase composed of phosphate buffer, pH 5.2 and ACN, the flow rate being 4.0 mL/min. Both methods were successfully validated. Linearity, relative response factors, limits of quantitation, intermediate precision, and accuracy were evaluated. The methods proved to be fast, reliable, and sufficiently sensitive and, accordingly, well-suited for control of purity of ampicillin substance, injections, and capsules. A combination of both methods can be very useful in the confirmation of impurity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milada Dolelalová
- State Institute for Drug Control, Srobárova 48, 100 41 Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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18
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Doležalová M, Čápová H, Jobánek R. Determination of the purity of phenoxymethylpenicillin by micellar electrokinetic chromatography and reversed phase liquid chromatography on a monolithic silica column. J Sep Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200301441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Capillary electrokinetic separation techniques offer high efficiency and peak capacity, and can be very useful for the analysis of samples containing a large variety of (unknown) compounds. Such samples are frequently met in impurity profiling of drugs (detection of potential impurities in a pharmaceutical substance or product) and in general sample profiling (determination of differences or similarities between samples). In this paper, the potential, merits, and limitations of electrokinetic separation techniques for profiling purposes are evaluated using examples from literature. A distinction is made between impurity profiling, forensic profiling and profiling of natural products, and the application of capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography in these fields is discussed. Attention is devoted to important aspects such as selectivity, resolution enhancement, applicability, detection, and compound confirmation and quantification. The specific properties of the various electrokinetic techniques are discussed and compared with more conventional techniques as liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hilhorst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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20
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Wardrop J, Ficker D, Franklin S, Gorski RJ. Determination of erythromycin and related substances in enteric-coated tablet formulations by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. J Pharm Sci 2000; 89:1097-105. [PMID: 10944374 DOI: 10.1002/1520-6017(200009)89:9<1097::aid-jps1>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An isocratic method for the identification and quantitation of erythromycin and related substances in enteric-coated tablet formulations using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection at 205 nm is described. A novel method for sample preparation using a molecular weight centrifuge filter to reduce the interferences observed from polymeric tablet coating material is also presented. Erythromycin HPLC assays are best run at high pH; therefore, various polymer columns were evaluated. The resulting HPLC method that was developed has several advantages over current pharmacopeial assay methods for enteric-coated erythromycin tablets. Comparative data from both methods for the same batch of EryTab tablets are presented. The method can also be applied to various other erythromycin formulations, including particle-coated tablets, erythromycin stearate tablets, and erythromycin ethylsuccinate suspensions and fermentation broths. A C18 Polymeric column is used with a mobile phase composition of 0.02 M potassium phosphate dibasic buffer (pH 9): acetonitrile (60:40) and flow rate of 1 mL/min. This method is more sensitive, specific, and rugged than the pharmacopeial method.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wardrop
- Formulation Development Center, Department 4P7, Abbott Laboratories, Bldg. R1A, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-4000, USA.
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21
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Zhou J, Chen Y, Cassidy R. Separation and determination of the macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, spiramycin and oleandomycin) by capillary electrophoresis coupled with fast reductive voltammetric detection. Electrophoresis 2000; 21:1349-53. [PMID: 10826680 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(20000401)21:7<1349::aid-elps1349>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Separation and determination of erythromycin, spiramycin and oleandomycin by capillary zone electrophoresis coupled with fast reductive voltammetric detection using an Hg-film electrode was investigated in a simple aqueous phosphate buffer system. The influence of pH, concentration of phosphate, applied voltage, capillary length and dimension on the separation was examined and optimized. The entire separation of erythromycin, spiramycin, and oleandomycin was achieved in a 0.2 mol/L phosphate buffer system without organic modifiers. The electrochemical detection parameters, such as electrode material, applied waveform, scan rate, preconcentration potentials and preconcentration times, were investigated and discussed. This approach provides high separation efficiency and high sensitivity for all compounds, with detection limits (3 x peak-to-peak baseline noise) of 7.5 x 10(-8) mol/L for spiramycin, and 3 x 10(-7) mol/ L for erythromycin and oleandomycin. The calibration plot of peak areas for each separated peak vs. concentration of analyte was found to be linear over three orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhou
- Chemistry Department, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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22
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Lin M, Wu N. Comparison between micellar electrokinetic chromatography and HPLC for the determination of Betamethasone Dipropionate, Clotrimazole and their related substances. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 19:945-54. [PMID: 10698561 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(98)00288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The complete separation of a composite mixture that consisted of Betamethasone Dipropionate (BMD), Clotrimazole and their derivatives in a pharmaceutical dosage form was achieved within 15 min using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). For the MEKC separations, electrophoretic media consisting of SDS-phosphate buffer and various concentrations of alcohols or acetonitrile were used. The optimal condition for separating BMD, Clotrimazole and their analogues was found to be 50 mM SDS-15% acetonitrile-5% butanol at pH 7.2. The results demonstrated that the method was valid for the quantitation of BMD, Clotrimazole and analogues with selectivity and precision comparable to that of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Birmingham, 13902-6000, USA
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23
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Reilly J, Saeed M. Capillary electrochromatography as an alternative separation technique to high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis for the determination of drug related impurities in Lilly compound LY300164. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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24
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Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2695-752. [PMID: 9870372 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, reproducible and validated capillary electrophoretis (CE) methods. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is demonstrated by more than 800 references, mainly from 1994 until 1998. Approximately 80 recent reviews have been catalogued. These articles sum up the existing strategies for method development in CE, especially in the search for generally accepted concepts, but also looking for new, promising reagents and ideas. General strategies for method development were derived not only with regard to selectivity and efficiency, but also with regard to precision, short analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements and validation. Standard buffer recipes, surfactants used in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), chiral selectors, useful buffer additives, polymeric separation media, electroosmotic flow (EOF) modifiers, dynamic and permanent coatings, actions to deal with complex matrices and aspects of validation are collected in 20 tables. Detailed schemes for the development of MEKC methods and chiral separations, for optimizing separation efficiency, means of troubleshooting, and other important information for key decisions during method development are given in 19 diagrams. Method development for peptide and protein separations, possibilities to influence the EOF and how to stabilize it, as well as indirect detection are considered in special sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wätzig
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Würzburg, Germany.
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25
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Antibiotics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4770(08)60315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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Abstract
The broad category of antibiotics encompasses some of the most widely prescribed pharmaceuticals in the world. As is the case with any pharmaceutical, an antibiotic must be characterized in terms of its potency or activity, and the presence and quantity of impurities. Additionally, any residue or metabolite that may be present as a result of its use must be monitored. Many capillary electrophoretic techniques have been utilized in the analysis of antibiotics, addressing the various aspects of their quantitation, profiling, and monitoring. Some of the more recent applications are summarized in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Flurer
- Forensic Chemistry Center, Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA
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27
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Micelles as separation media in high-performance liquid chromatography and high-performance capillary electrophoresis: overview and perspective. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00610-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Determination of impurities in an acidic drug substance by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Chromatographia 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02466455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Mulligan KJ, Brueggemeyer TW, Crockett DF, Schepman JB. Analysis of organic volatile impurities as a forensic tool for the examination of bulk pharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1996; 686:85-95. [PMID: 8953195 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(96)00109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This discussion offers an overview of some formally accepted methodology in the USA for the determination of organic volatile impurities in pharmaceuticals. Particular advantages of equilibrium headspace sampling with capillary gas chromatography for this task are outlined and some important considerations are expressed. Specific adaptations which we have made for forensic applications are described along with mention of select applications within the context of the detection of the counterfeiting of bulk pharmaceuticals. Finally, a brief description is provided of statistical techniques which can be used to effectively manipulate multivariate data sets for purposes of distinguishing between the manufacturers of a product based upon impurity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Mulligan
- Forensic Chemistry Center, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Cincinnati, OH 45202, USA
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30
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Naylor S, Benson LM, Tomlinson AJ. Application of capillary electrophoresis and related techniques to drug metabolism studies. J Chromatogr A 1996; 735:415-38. [PMID: 8767751 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the separation of small organic molecules such as pharmaceutical agents and drug/xenobiotic metabolites has become increasingly popular. This has arisen, at least in part, from the complimentary mode of separation afforded by CE when compared to the more mature technique of HPLC. Other qualities of CE include relative ease of method of development, rapid analysis, and low solvent consumption. The recent introduction of a variety of detector systems (including UV diode array, laser-induced fluorescence, conductivity) and the demonstrated coupling of CE to MS have also aided acceptance of this technology. In the present report, we review the role of CE coupled to various detector systems including a mass spectrometer for the characterization of both in vitro and in vivo derived drug metabolite mixtures. Attributes of CE for this application are demonstrated by discussion of metabolism studies of the neuroleptic agent haloperidol. Various aspects of the development and use of CE and CE-MS for the characterization of haloperidol metabolites, including criteria for selection of parameters such as pH, ionic strength, extent of organic modification, and the use of nonaqueous capillary zone electrophoresis are discussed. We also consider potential limitations of CE and CE-MS for drug metabolism research and describe the introduction of membrane preconcentration-CE (mPC-CE) and mPC-CE-MS as a solution that overcomes the rather poor concentration limits of detection of CE methods without compromising the resolution of analytes or separation efficiency of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naylor
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Abstract
The use of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine drug-related impurities is becoming established within industrial pharmaceutical analysis laboratories. Increasingly CE is being viewed as an alternative for, and complement to, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This paper comprehensively reviews the progress of CE in drug impurity determinations subdividing the reports into low pH, high pH and MECC applications. The section covering method performance and validation clearly shows that CE methods are capable of validation in this area and can often give equivalent performance to HPLC methods. Possible benefits of adopting CE for this testing include reductions in costs and improved robustness. Potential developments are covered including the use of electrolyte additives, instrumental developments and the increased implementation of electrochromatography. It is concluded that the current status of CE is sufficiently strong to allow the analyst to view CE as a viable and attractive alternative to HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Altria
- Analytical Sciences, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Herts, UK
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32
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Vitha MF, Dallas AJ, Carr PW. Study of Water−Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Micellar Solubilization Thermodynamics for Several Solute Homolog Series by Headspace Gas Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9531218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Vitha
- Department of Chemistry, Kolthoff and Smith Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Andrew J. Dallas
- Department of Chemistry, Kolthoff and Smith Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Peter W. Carr
- Department of Chemistry, Kolthoff and Smith Hall, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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