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Faiss JH, Dähne D, Baum K, Deppe R, Hoffmann F, Köhler W, Kunkel A, Lux A, Matzke M, Penner IK, Sailer M, Zettl UK. Reduced magnetisation transfer ratio in cognitively impaired patients at the very early stage of multiple sclerosis: a prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e004409. [PMID: 24722197 PMCID: PMC3987712 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive impairment belongs to the core symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) and can already be present at the very early stages of the disease. The present study evaluated cognitive functioning after the first clinical presentation suggestive of MS and brain tissue damage in a non-lesion focused MRI approach by using magnetisation transfer imaging (MTI). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS 47 patients (15 men and 32 women; mean age: 31.17 years) after the first clinical event suggestive of MS were recruited in six different MS centres in Germany and underwent a neuropsychological test battery including tests for attention, memory and executive function as well as depression and fatigue. MTI and conventional MRI measures (T1/T2 lesion load) were assessed. In addition, Magnetisation Transfer Ratio (MTR) maps were calculated. Primary outcome measure was the investigation of cognitive dysfunction in very early MS in correlation to MRI data. RESULTS 55.3% of patients with MS failed at least one test parameter. Specifically, 6% were reduced in working memory, 14.9% in focused attention, 25.5% in figural learning and up to 14.9% in executive function. When the sample was subdivided into cognitively impaired and preserved, MTR scores within the cognitively impaired subgroup were significantly lower compared with the preserved group (t(43)=2.346, p=0.02*). No significant differences between the two groups were found in T2-weighted and T1-weighted lesion volume. CONCLUSIONS After the first MS-related clinical event, 55.3% of patients showed distinct cognitive deficits. Cognitively impaired patients had significantly lower whole brain MTR, but no differences in focal brain lesion volumes supporting the idea that early cognitive deficits may be related to diffuse loss of brain tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Faiss
- Asklepios Fachklinikum Teupitz, Teupitz, Germany
| | - D Dähne
- Asklepios Fachklinikum Teupitz, Teupitz, Germany
| | - K Baum
- Klinik Hennigsdorf, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | - R Deppe
- Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - F Hoffmann
- Krankenhaus Martha-Maria Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - W Köhler
- Fachkrankenhaus Hubertusburg, Wermsdorf, Germany
| | - A Kunkel
- Asklepios Fachklinikum Teupitz, Teupitz, Germany
| | - A Lux
- Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Matzke
- Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - M Sailer
- Universitätsklinikum Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - U K Zettl
- Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Bublak P, Schwab M, Deppe R, Faiss J, Fischer M, Hoffmann F, Kunkel A, Redel P, Stadler E, Sailer M, Voigt K, Zettl U, Koehler W. Parametric Assessment of Information Processing Capacity at Different States of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) (P04.100). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Sailer M, Bublak P, Deppe R, Faiss J, Fischer M, Hoffmann F, Kunkel A, Stadler E, Schwab M, Voigt K, Zettl U, Kohler W. The Impact of Cerebral Atrophy on Information Processing Capacity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (P03.074). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Faiss JH, Baum K, Dähne D, Deppe R, Hoffmann F, Köhler W, Kunkel A, Lux A, Matzke M, Sailer M, Zettl UK. Verlauf kognitiver Leistungen über 18 Monate im Frühstadium bei Multipler Sklerose. Akt Neurol 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1238754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kunkel A, Deppe R, Faiss J, Hoffmann F, Klauer T, Köhler W, Lippert J, Martin EM, Schilling H, Tiffert C, Voigt K, Zettl UK, Faiss JH. Psychoedukatives Training für Patienten mit Multipler Sklerose: Inhalte und Evaluation. Akt Neurol 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1238762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kunkel A, Apel-Neu A, Deppe R, Faiss J, Hoffmann F, Klauer T, Köhler W, Lippert J, Martin E, Schilling H, Tiffert C, Voigt K, Zettl U, Faiss J. Krankheitsbewältigung von MS-Patienten im ersten Jahr nach Diagnose in Abhängigkeit vom Wissen über die Erkrankung. Akt Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1087048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Faiss JH, Apel A, Baum K, Dähne D, Deppe R, Hoffmann F, Köhler W, Kunkel A, Sailer M, Schilling H, Wachowius U, Zettl UK. Kognitive Defizite im Frühstadium der Multiplen Sklerose. Akt Neurol 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-987996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Athanassoudis I, Guglielmetti P, Karcher F, Hrubanova S, Kunkel A, Schreck S, Skarzienskiene V, Suski B, Thinus G, van Loock F, Verkaeren C, Walerius H, Waxweiler F, Werner A, Zanchet A. Georgios Gouvras, head of DG SANCO's health threats unit. Euro Surveill 2006; 11:E060810.5. [PMID: 16966780 DOI: 10.2807/esw.11.32.03023-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
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Gallagher E, Kunkel A, Gormley TR, Arendt EK. The effect of dairy and rice powder addition on loaf and crumb characteristics, and on shelf life (intermediate and long-term) of gluten-free breads stored in a modified atmosphere. Eur Food Res Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-003-0818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
We investigated steady-state movement-related cortical potentials elicited by fast repetitive movements (1/sec) with 50-channel EEG. The experimental design comprised a comparison (a) between unilateral movements of the digits and the toes and (b) between metronome-paced and self-paced initiation of the movements. A distinct biphasic pattern of electrical activity following movement onset was observed, namely a frontal negative peak at a latency of 90 ms (post-MP100) anda frontal positive peak at a latency of 310ms (post-MP300). Pacing exerted its effects mainly on the amplitude and on the latency of the post-MP300. Source analysis revealed that both peaks could be modelled by a single source. The source locations were highly reproducible across the metronome-paced and self-paced conditions, and, they followed the expected somatotopic organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kopp
- Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
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Kunkel A, Wätzig H. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography as a powerful tool for pharmacological investigations without sample pretreatment: a precise technique providing cost advantages and limits of detection to the low nanomolar range. Electrophoresis 1999; 20:2379-89. [PMID: 10499329 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2683(19990801)20:12<2379::aid-elps2379>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A number of pharmaceuticals (e.g., acetaminophen, salicylic acid, sulfamethoxazole, theophylline, tolbutamide and trimethoprim) have been determined in human plasma by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), without sample pretreatment, using underivatized fused-silica capillaries. The total analysis time was only 10 min. A sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-containing borate buffer (60 mM with 200 mM SDS) at pH 10 was used. Between runs, proteins adsorbed to the capillary wall are removed by rinsing with SDS buffer and either acetonitrile (e.g., 50% v/v) or isopropanol (e.g., 10% v/v). Other rinsing procedures are discussed (salts, enzyme-containing solutions, organic solvents, sodium hydroxide, hydrofluoric acid). The separation system is tested in a concentration range between 10 ng/mL and 100 microg/mL; a detection limit of about 20 ng/mL can readily be obtained. The sensitivity was substantially improved using isopropanol as buffer additive. A day-to-day precision for relative peak areas of 1-2% relative standard deviation (RSD, n > 40) was reached in the upper concentration range. Under repeatability conditions, these values could also be obtained for low microg/mL concentrations. Thus, not only drug monitoring but also pharmacokinetic investigations from blood plasma become possible without further sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kunkel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Kunkel A, Kopp B, Müller G, Villringer K, Villringer A, Taub E, Flor H. Constraint-induced movement therapy for motor recovery in chronic stroke patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1999; 80:624-8. [PMID: 10378486 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Assessment of the effectiveness of constraint-induced (CI) movement therapy and quantitative evaluation of the effects of CI therapy. DESIGN Intervention study; case series; pretreatment to posttreatment measures and follow-up 3 months after intervention. SETTING An outpatient department. PATIENTS Five chronic stroke patients with moderate motor deficit; convenience sample. INTERVENTIONS CI therapy consisting of restraint of the unaffected upper extremity in a sling for 14 days combined with 6 hours of training per weekday of the affected upper extremity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Actual Amount of Use Test (AAUT), Motor Activity Log (MAL), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), and Arm Motor Ability Test (AMAT) RESULTS: There was a substantial improvement in the performance times of the laboratory tests (AMAT, WMFT, p < or = .039) and in the quality of movement (AMAT, WMFT, p < or = .049; MAL, p = .049), particularly in the use of the extremity in "real world" environments (AAUT, p = .020), supported by results of quantitative evaluation. The effect sizes were large and comparable to those found in previous studies of CI therapy. CONCLUSIONS CI therapy is an efficacious treatment for chronic stroke patients, especially in terms of real world outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kunkel
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is often regarded as a separation technique of choice because of its high selectivity and its cost advantages compared to LC.RSD% of 0.5% have become standard for quality control assays. Using CE, sample pretreatment can often be significantly reduced, leading to notable savings of labor and reagent costs. Moreover, errors from sample pretreatment steps are avoided. A number of pharmaceuticals (e.g. acetaminophen, salicylic acid, sulfamethoxazole, theophylline, tolbutamide, and trimethoprim) have been determined in human plasma on underivatized fused silica capillaries by MEKC without sample pretreatment, the total analysis time being only 10 min. An sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing borate buffer (60 mM with 200 mM SDS) at pH 10 has been used. Between runs, proteins adsorbed to the capillary wall are removed by a rinsing regimen consisting of SDS buffer and either acetonitrile (e.g. 50% v/v) or isopropanol (e.g. 10% v/v). Other rinsing approaches are discussed (salts, enzyme containing solutions, organic solvents, sodium hydroxide, hydrofluoric acid). The separation system is tested in a concentration range between 10 ng/mL and 100 micrograms/mL, the detection limit being about 5 ng/mL. The sensitivity has been substantially improved compared to preceding work using field-amplified injection mechanisms and efficient computer algorithms that take advantage of multiwavelength detection. Correlations between the limit of quantitation (LOQ), the limit of detection (LOD) and the signal/noise ratio are discussed. A day-to-day precision for relative peak areas of 1 to 2% relsdv (n > 40) has been reached in the upper concentration range. Thus, not only drug monitoring but also pharmacokinetic investigations from blood plasma have become possible without further sample pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kunkel
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Germany
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Abstract
Neuroplasticity might play a beneficial role in the recovery of function after stroke but empirical evidence for this is lacking thus far. Constraint-induced (CI) therapy was used to increase the use of a paretic upper extremity in four hemiparetic stroke patients. Dipole modeling of steady-state movement-related cortical potentials was applied before and after training and 3 months later. The source locations associated with affected hand movement were unusual at follow-up because activation of the ipsilateral hemisphere was found in the absence of mirror movements of the unaffected hand. This long-term change may be considered as an initial demonstration of large-scale neuroplasticity associated with increased use of the paretic limb after application of CI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kopp
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University, Clinical Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
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Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:2695-752. [PMID: 9870372 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150191603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, reproducible and validated capillary electrophoretis (CE) methods. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is demonstrated by more than 800 references, mainly from 1994 until 1998. Approximately 80 recent reviews have been catalogued. These articles sum up the existing strategies for method development in CE, especially in the search for generally accepted concepts, but also looking for new, promising reagents and ideas. General strategies for method development were derived not only with regard to selectivity and efficiency, but also with regard to precision, short analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements and validation. Standard buffer recipes, surfactants used in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), chiral selectors, useful buffer additives, polymeric separation media, electroosmotic flow (EOF) modifiers, dynamic and permanent coatings, actions to deal with complex matrices and aspects of validation are collected in 20 tables. Detailed schemes for the development of MEKC methods and chiral separations, for optimizing separation efficiency, means of troubleshooting, and other important information for key decisions during method development are given in 19 diagrams. Method development for peptide and protein separations, possibilities to influence the EOF and how to stabilize it, as well as indirect detection are considered in special sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wätzig
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Würzburg, Germany.
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Kunkel A, Günter S, Wätzig H. Determination of pharmaceuticals in plasma by capillary electrophoresis without sample pretreatment reproducibility, limit of quantitation and limit of detection. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:1882-9. [PMID: 9372284 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150181026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals in human plasma are determined on underivatized fused-silica capillaries by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) without sample pretreatment. Our best method to date uses as running buffer a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) containing borate buffer (60 mM with 200 mM SDS) at pH 10. Between runs, proteins adsorbed to the capillary wall are removed by an acetonitrile and SDS-buffer rinsing regimen (50% v/v each). A day-to-day precision for relative peak areas of about 2% relative standard deviation (RSD; n > 40) has been reached. Different rinsing approaches are discussed (salts, enzyme-containing solutions, organic solvents, hydrofluoric acid). The separation system is tested in a concentration range between approximately 100 mg/L-10 mg/L. Correlations between the limit of quantitation, the limit of detection and the signal/noise are discussed. The applicability of the system is demonstrated for the pharmaceuticals acetaminophen, salicylic acid, sulfamethoxazole, tolbutamide, and trimethoprim.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kunkel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Kopp B, Kunkel A, Flor H, Platz T, Rose U, Mauritz KH, Gresser K, McCulloch KL, Taub E. The Arm Motor Ability Test: reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of an instrument for assessing disabilities in activities of daily living. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997; 78:615-20. [PMID: 9196469 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90427-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To continue and expand determination of the reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change of the Arm Motor Ability Test (AMAT), an instrument for assessing deficits in activities of daily living (ADL). DESIGN The AMAT was administered twice to patients, with an interest interval of either 1 or 2 weeks, by one of two examiners assigned to patients in counterbalanced order. Patients' interest intervals and scores on the arm portion of the Motricity Index was unknown to the raters. SETTING A referral inpatient neurological rehabilitation center. PATIENTS Thirty-three subacute stroke inpatients with moderate to mild upper extremity motor deficit: median Motricity-Index-Arm score = 89, median chronicity = 43d, median age = 66yr; 12 were women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE AND RESULTS The AMAT was developed in 1987, and interrater reliabilities at that time were found to range from .95 to .99. The present values for interrater reliability (2 scales) from videotaped test performance were: kappas = .68 to .77. Spearman correlations = .97 to .99. For performance time, interscorer reliability from videotaped test performance was .99. Homogeneities for the three AMAT measures for the total sample (Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability) were .93 to .99. The test-retest reliabilities for the total sample were .93 to .99. The correlations to the Motricity-Index-Arm score were .45 to .61. The AMAT detected the difference in change occurring as a result of the passage of 1 versus 2 weeks in these subacute inpatients, presumably as a result of intensive therapy and/or spontaneous recovery, confirming the results of an earlier intervention study. CONCLUSION The AMAT is an instrument with high interrater reliability, internal consistency, and sensitivity to change, as well as having satisfactory concurrent validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kopp
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany
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Kunkel A, Günter S, Wätzig H. Quantitation of acetaminophen and salicylic acid in plasma using capillary electrophoresis without sample pretreatment. Improvement of precision. J Chromatogr A 1997; 768:125-33. [PMID: 9175277 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis has become one of the most attractive techniques in the analysis of biological samples. Pharmaceuticals in human plasma can easily be determined on uncoated fused-silica capillaries without any sample pretreatment. Intra- and inter-day precision values of about 1-2% R.S.D. (n = 20) and 2-3% R.S.D. (n > 80) respectively are obtained using a sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing borate buffer, pH 10 and acetonitrile as a between-run rinsing reagent. This method is highly robust, no breakdowns of the current or capillary blockings were observed for several weeks. The general applicability is demonstrated for several model drugs. The effectiveness of other rinsing procedures including enzyme-containing solutions, different organic solvents and hydrofluoric acid is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kunkel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Germany
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Straka H, Kunkel A, Dieringer N. Spinal compensation for postural deficits after hemilabyrinthectomy? Neuroreport 1993; 4:1071-4. [PMID: 8219030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Removal of the labyrinthine organs on one side results in static and dynamic disturbances. Some functional recovery occurs over time and is paralleled in frogs by an increase in the efficacy of central vestibular pathways. Here, we report concomitant increases in dorsal root evoked ventral root responses in the brachial spinal cord and compare the time courses of neural changes in the brain stem and in the spinal cord with the progress of postural recovery in frogs. From this comparison we conclude that postural deficits are compensated by a spinal substitution process on the operated side.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Straka
- Physiologisches Institut, Universität München, Germany
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Strauss P, Kunkel A. [Sympathetic trunk treatment or infusion therapy in cases of sudden deafness (author's transl)]. Laryngol Rhinol Otol (Stuttg) 1977; 56:366-71. [PMID: 140986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The optimal criterion for registering the result of a sudden-deafness-therapy is a class interval of 25 dB in the audiogram, followed by punctal evaluation of the mean value of the frequencies 0,5/1/2/4/8 kc/sec. Blocking of the sympathetic trunk, as well as infusions using low-molecular dextranes or derivatives of nicotnic acid, furthermore strictly oral treatment as well as combinations of all these, all lead to a statistically proved recovery of hearing. The extent of improvement is ascertainbly smaller with strictly oral treatment than with blocking the sympathetic trunk or with infusions. Hearing is slightly more improved by blocking the sympathetic trunk than by infusional treatment. Statistically however, the difference is not significant. Low-molecular dextran (Rheomakrodex) is not superior to Xantinol-Nicotinate (Complamin). Future investigations in the assessment of therapeutical results should exclusively evaluate unilateral sudden deafness and include the intact second ear into the computation.
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Kunkel A. [Effect of melatonin on gonads of male Sprague-Dawley rats]. Endokrynol Pol 1969; 20:65-70. [PMID: 5407620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Kunkel A, Muszyńska B, Zieleniewski J. [Remarks on the problem of diagnosis of Addison's disease]. Endokrynol Pol 1967; 18:559-62. [PMID: 4294286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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