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Łozińska N, Maldonado-Valderrama J, Del Castillo-Santaella T, Zhou Y, Martysiak-Żurowska D, Lu Y, Jungnickel C. Bile conjugation and its effect on in vitro lipolysis of emulsions. Food Res Int 2024; 184:114255. [PMID: 38609233 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Bile Salts (BS) are responsible for stimulating lipid digestion in our organism. Gut microbiota are responsible for the deconjugation process of primary conjugated to secondary unconjugated BS. We use two structurally distinct BS and characterize the rate of lipolysis as a compound parameter. A static in-vitro digestion model as well as meta-analysis of literature data has been performed to determine the most influential factors affecting the lipid digestion process. The results demonstrate that lipolysis of emulsions using conjugated BS (NaTC, FFA = 60.0 %, CMC in SIF = 5.58 mM, MSR of linoleic acid = 0.21, rate of adsorption = -0.057 mN/m.s) enhances the release of FFA compared to deconjugated BS (NaDC, FFA = 49.5 %, CMC in SIF = 2.49 mM, MSR of linoleic acid = 0.16 rate of adsorption = -0.064 mN/m.s). These results indicate that conjugation plays an important role in controlling the rate of lipolysis in our organism which can be in turn, tuned by the microflora composition of our gut, ultimately controlling the rate of deconjugation of the BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Łozińska
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
| | - Julia Maldonado-Valderrama
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva sn, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Teresa Del Castillo-Santaella
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja sn, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Yanija Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
| | - Dorota Martysiak-Żurowska
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Yuanqi Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, 566 Daxue W Rd, Shandong Sheng 253034, China.
| | - Christian Jungnickel
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
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Importance of Conjugation of the Bile Salt on the Mechanism of Lipolysis. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195764. [PMID: 34641309 PMCID: PMC8510408 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to advance the discussion on the significance of the conjugation of bile salts (BS) in our organism. We hypothesize that conjugation influences the rate of lipolysis. Since the rate of lipolysis is a compound parameter, we compare the effect of conjugation on four surface parameters, which contribute to the rate. Since deconjugation is due to gut microbiota, we hypothesize that microbiota may affect the rate of lipolysis. A meta-analysis of literature data of critical micelle concentration, β, aggregation number, and molar solubilization ratio has been performed for the first time. In addition, critical micelle concentration (CMC), interfacial tension, and lipolysis rate measurements were performed. It was found that the unconjugated BS in mixed micelles increases the antagonism between the BS, therefore, increasing the CMC. This correlated with the effect of unconjugated BS on the solubilization capacity of mixed micelles. The collected literature information indicates that the role of the BS and its conjugation in our organism is a key factor influencing the functioning of our organism, where too high levels of unconjugated BS may lead to malabsorption of fat-soluble nutrients. The experimental lipolysis results irrevocably showed that conjugation is a significant factor influencing the rate.
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Agnihotri H, Vasu AK, Palakollu V, Kanvah S. Neutral and cationic pyridylbutadienes: solvatochromism and fluorescence response with sodium cholate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 14:2159-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c5pp00179j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Characteristic ICT emission in solvents and enhanced emission intensity in presence of sodium cholate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha Agnihotri
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
- Ahmedabad 382 424
- India
| | - Anuji K. Vasu
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
- Ahmedabad 382 424
- India
| | | | - Sriram Kanvah
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
- Ahmedabad 382 424
- India
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Palakollu V, Kanvah S. Cholesterol-tethered AIEE fluorogens: formation of self-assembled nanostructures. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04417k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Design and synthesis of cholesterol conjugated chromophores exhibiting intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and Aggregation Induced Enhanced Emission (AIEE) and their self-assembling behavior is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sriram Kanvah
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
- Ahmedabad 382424
- India
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Baldridge A, Amador A, Tolbert LM. Fluorescence turn on by cholate aggregates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:3271-3274. [PMID: 21395254 DOI: 10.1021/la2003244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Bile salts, including sodium cholate (NaCh), are amphiphilic molecules with a concave hydrophilic side and a convex hydrophobic side. By forming aggregates in aqueous solution, these natural surfactants fulfill vital biological roles in the solubilization of cholesterol, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins and thus are involved in the transport and absorption of important biological molecules. Following our success with the encapsulation of fluorescent protein chromophore (FP) analogs by synthetic hydrophobic and hydrophilic hosts, based upon substitution patterns, we now report the binding and turn on of other analogs by bile salt aggregates, observations which may lead to new tools for studying trafficking in these important systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Baldridge
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 901 Atlantic Drive, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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Li R, Carpentier E, Newell ED, Olague LM, Heafey E, Yihwa C, Bohne C. Effect of the structure of bile salt aggregates on the binding of aromatic guests and the accessibility of anions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:13800-13808. [PMID: 19606836 DOI: 10.1021/la901826y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The binding of naphthalene (Np), 1-ethylnaphthalene (EtNp), acenaphthene (AcN), and 1-naphthyl-1-ethanol (NpOH) as guests to the aggregates of sodium cholate (NaCh), taurocholate (NaTC), deoxycholate (NaDC), and deoxytaurocholate (NaTDC) was studied with the objective of determining how the structure of the bile salts affects the binding dynamics of guests and quenchers with the bile salt aggregates. Time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence experiments were used to determine the binding efficiency of the guests with the aggregates and were also employed to investigate the quenching of the singlet excited state of the guests by iodide anions. Quenching studies of the triplet excited states using laser flash photolysis were employed to determine the accessibility to the aggregate of nitrite anions, used as quenchers, and the dissociation rate constants of the guests from the bile salt aggregates. The binding efficiency of the guests to NaDC and NaTDC is higher than for NaCh and NaTC, and the protection efficiency is also higher for NaDC and NaTDC, in line with the larger aggregates formed for the latter bile salts. The formation of aggregates is in part driven by the structure of the guest, where an increased protection efficiency and residence time can be achieved by the introduction of short alkyl substituents (AcN or EtNp vs Np). NpOH was shown to be located in a very different environment in all four bile salts when compared to AcN, EtNp, and Np, suggesting that hydrogen bonding plays an important role in the formation of the aggregate around NpOH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3065, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3 V6, Canada
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Amundson LL, Li R, Bohne C. Effect of the guest size and shape on its binding dynamics with sodium cholate aggregates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:8491-500. [PMID: 18637697 DOI: 10.1021/la800439m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The binding dynamics of the guests acenaphthene, phenanthrene, fluorene, and acenaphthenol with sodium cholate aggregates were studied using laser flash photolysis and fluorescence. The location of the guests in the bile salt aggregate is determined by the guest's hydrophobicity, where acenaphthene, phenanthrene, and fluorene bind to the primary aggregates, while acenaphthenol binds to the secondary bile salt aggregates. The residence time of the guests in the primary aggregates and the access of ionic species from the aqueous phase to the guest in the aggregate depend on the size and the shape of the guest. These results show that bile salt aggregates are adaptable supramolecular host systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie L Amundson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3065, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Groth C, Nydén M, Persson KC. Interactions between benzyl benzoate and single- and double-chain quaternary ammonium surfactants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:3000-8. [PMID: 17295523 DOI: 10.1021/la062359s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between benzyl benzoate and two different twin-tailed cationic surfactants have been studied. NMR diffusometry measurements have shown that cationic micelles grow in one dimension when benzyl benzoate is added. The location of benzyl benzoate in the micelles was evaluated by NOESY, showing that benzyl benzoate gave cross-peaks both to the hydrophobic groups in the surfactant and to the surfactant head group. Additions of benzyl benzoate to a lamellar phase of double-tailed quaternary surfactants revealed differences in responses. With an increasing concentration of benzyl benzoate, the structure of the dialkyl quat aggregate goes from lamellar to cubic, while the dialkyl ester quat forms a lamellar structure for all benzyl benzoate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Groth
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Applied Surface Chemistry, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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Ninomiya R, Matsuoka K, Moroi Y. Micelle formation of sodium chenodeoxycholate and solubilization into the micelles: comparison with other unconjugated bile salts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2003; 1634:116-25. [PMID: 14643799 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2003.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Micellization of sodium chenodeoxycholate (NaCDC) was studied for the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the micelle aggregation number, and the degree of counterion binding to micelle at 288.2, 298.2, 308.2, and 318.2 K. They were compared with those of three other unconjugated bile salts; sodium cholate (NaC), sodium deoxycholate (NaDC), and sodium ursodeoxycholate (NaUDC). The I(1)/I(3) ratio of pyrene fluorescence and the solubility dependence of solution pH were employed to determine the CMC values. As the results, a certain concentration range for the CMC and a stepwise molecular aggregation for micellization were found reasonable. Using a stepwise association model of the bile salt anions, the mean aggregation number (n) of NaCDC micelles was found to increase with the total anion concentration, while the n values decreased with increasing temperature; 9.1, 8.1, 7.4, and 6.3 at 288.2, 298.2, 308.2, and 318.2 K, respectively, at 50 mmol dm(-3). The results from four unconjugated bile salts indicate that the number, location, and orientation of hydroxyl groups in the steroid nucleus are quite important for growth of the micelles. Activity of the counterion (Na(+)) was determined by a sodium ion selective electrode in order to confirm the low counterion binding to micelles. The solubilized amount of cholesterol into the aqueous bile salt solutions increased in the order of NaUDC<NaC<NaCDC<NaDC. The first stepwise association or solubilization constants (K(1)) between a cholesterol monomer and a vacant micelle were evaluated at different bile salt concentrations. The constants were also determined for polycyclic aromatic compounds (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene). The corresponding DeltaG(0) value was most negative for cholesterol among the solubilizates studied, which indicated that cholesterol was thermodynamically stabilized most by solubilization into the bile salt micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Ninomiya
- Chemistry and Physics of Condensed Matter, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University, Ropponmatsu 4-2-1, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-8560, Japan
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Moroi Y, Sugioka H. Temperature effect on solubilization of n-alkylbenzenes into sodium cholate micelles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2003; 259:148-55. [PMID: 12651143 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9797(02)00192-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The solubilization of n-alkylbenzenes (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, n-butylbenzene, n-pentylbenzene, n-hexylbenzene) into an aqueous micellar solution of sodium cholate was carried out. Solubilizate concentrations at equilibrium were determined spectrophotometrically at 293.2, 298.2, 303.2, 308.2, and 313.2 K. The first stepwise association constants (K(1)) between solubilizate monomers and vacant micelles were evaluated from the equilibrium concentrations and found to increase with increasing hydrophobicity of the solubilizate molecules. From the Gibbs energy change for solubilization at different micelle aggregation numbers and from the molecular structure of the solubilizates, the function of sodium cholate micelles as solubilizer was discussed. Enthalpy and entropy changes of solubilization were calculated from the temperature dependence of the K(1) values, and the solubilization was found to be enthalpy-driven for the solubilizates with shorter alkyl chains. The results obtained were also compared with those for conventional aliphatic micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikiyo Moroi
- Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University-Ropponmatsu, Chuo-ku, Fukuoka 810-8560, Japan.
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Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide a critical examination of the reported solubilization of drugs by bile salt micelles. The underlying premise is that with better information regarding the inherent biological complexity, efforts to predict the oral bioavailability of drug will be enhanced. The common means of comparing the reported values was chosen to be the solubilization ratio. This is equal to the moles of drug solubilized per mole of bile salt. The values were segregated according to bile salt type, temperature, ionic strength, and the presence and absence of added lipids. Only segregation by bile salt type was pairwise statistically significant. From the solubilization ratios and the reported values of the aqueous solubility, the logarithms of the mole fraction micelle partition coefficients, log K(m/a), were calculated. The log K(m/w) was found to be correlated with the reported logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient. The rank order of slopes of the log K(m/a) as a function of log K(o/w) was cholate approximately taurodeoxycholate > glycocholate approximately taurocholate approximately glycodeoxycholate, with deoxycholate not being statistically different from the other data sets. The slope and intercept for the bile salt mixed micelle systems were 0.600 and 2.44, respectively, which were statistically indistinguishable from glycocholate, taurocholate, and glycodeoxycholate bile salt data. The existence of statistically significant correlations suggests that predicting the solubilization in the intestine may be possible with in vitro measurements if additional information is gathered in the appropriate micellar solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Scott Wiedmann
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard Street SE, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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Matsuoka K, Kuranaga Y, Moroi Y. Solubilization of cholesterol and polycyclic aromatic compounds into sodium bile salt micelles (part 2). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1580:200-14. [PMID: 11880244 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous solubility of cholesterol was determined over the temperature range from 288.2 to 318.2 K with intervals of 5 K by the enzymatic method. The solubility was (3.7+/-0.3)x10(-8) mol dm(-3) (average +/- S.D.) at 308.2 K. The maximum additive concentrations of cholesterol into the aqueous micellar solutions of sodium deoxycholate (NaDC), sodium ursodeoxycholate (NaUDC), and sodium cholate (NaC) were spectrophotometrically determined at different temperatures. The cholesterol solubility increased in the order of NaUDC<NaC<NaDC; for example, 0.10 for NaUDC, 0.61 for NaC, and 2.99 mmol dm(-3) for NaDC at the concentration of 60 mmol dm(-3) and at 308.2 K. The same solubilization experiments were made at 308.2 K using polycyclic aromatic compounds (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene) as a reference. Their solubility increase for the bile salts was in the same order as above. Thermodynamic analysis was made for the solubilization, where a micelle was regarded as a chemical species. The average number of solubilizate per micelle was less than unity throughout the experiments. From the Gibbs energy change for solubilization at the different mean aggregation numbers, the function of bile salt micelles was discussed from the viewpoint of molecular structure of solubilizates. The DeltaG(0) value for cholesterol was most negative among the solubilizates studied, which reflected that solubilization of cholesterol into bile salt micelles brought about largest thermodynamic stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Matsuoka
- Chemistry and Physics of Condensed Matter, Graduate School of Sciences, Kyushu University-Ropponmatsu, Chuo-ku, 810-8560, Fukuoka, Japan
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Navas Dı́az A, Garcı́a Sánchez F, Garcı́a Pareja A. Cholic acid behavior in water and organic solvent: study of normal and inverted aggregates. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(98)00370-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sugioka H, Moroi Y. Micelle formation of sodium cholate and solubilization into the micelle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1394:99-110. [PMID: 9767136 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The micellization of sodium cholate (NaC) was studied at 298.2 K by aqueous solubility at different pH values. Using a stepwise association model of cholate anions without the sodium counterion, the aggregation number (n) of the cholate micelle was evaluated and found to increase with the total concentration, indicating that the mass action model worked quite well. The n value at 60 mM was found equal to 16. The membrane potential measurement of sodium ion with a cation exchange membrane was made in order to confirm the low counterion binding to micelle. The solubilization of alkylbenzenes (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, n-butylbenzene, n-pentylbenzene, n-hexylbenzene) and polycyclic aromatic compounds (naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene) into the aqueous micellar solution of sodium cholate was carried out. Solubilizate concentrations at equilibrium were determined spectrophotometrically at 298.2 K. The first stepwise association constants (K1) between solubilizate monomer and vacant micelle were evaluated from the equilibrium concentrations and found to increase with increasing hydrophobicity of the solubilizate molecules. From the Gibbs energy change for solubilization at the different mean aggregation numbers and from molecular structure of the solubilizates, the function of sodium cholate micelle for solubilization was discussed and was compared with data from conventional aliphatic micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sugioka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Goswami A, Kanta Pal M. Transfer of energy from thiacyanine to acridine orange and formation of exciplex between the two dyes bound to surfactants. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(97)00376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Moroi Y, Matuura R, Yonemitsu T. Anionic Surfactants with Divalent Counterions of Separate Electric Charge. III. Proton NMR Study. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1991. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.64.3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hoshino T, Imamura Y. The Dependence on Alkyl Chain Length of1H NMR Spectra of Surfactant Micelles with Aromatic Solubilizate. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1990. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.63.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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