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Łozińska N, Maldonado-Valderrama J, Del Castillo-Santaella T, Zhou Y, Martysiak-Żurowska D, Lu Y, Jungnickel C. Bile conjugation and its effect on in vitro lipolysis of emulsions. Food Res Int 2024; 184:114255. [PMID: 38609233 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Bile Salts (BS) are responsible for stimulating lipid digestion in our organism. Gut microbiota are responsible for the deconjugation process of primary conjugated to secondary unconjugated BS. We use two structurally distinct BS and characterize the rate of lipolysis as a compound parameter. A static in-vitro digestion model as well as meta-analysis of literature data has been performed to determine the most influential factors affecting the lipid digestion process. The results demonstrate that lipolysis of emulsions using conjugated BS (NaTC, FFA = 60.0 %, CMC in SIF = 5.58 mM, MSR of linoleic acid = 0.21, rate of adsorption = -0.057 mN/m.s) enhances the release of FFA compared to deconjugated BS (NaDC, FFA = 49.5 %, CMC in SIF = 2.49 mM, MSR of linoleic acid = 0.16 rate of adsorption = -0.064 mN/m.s). These results indicate that conjugation plays an important role in controlling the rate of lipolysis in our organism which can be in turn, tuned by the microflora composition of our gut, ultimately controlling the rate of deconjugation of the BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Łozińska
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
| | - Julia Maldonado-Valderrama
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Campus de Fuentenueva sn, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Teresa Del Castillo-Santaella
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja sn, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Yanija Zhou
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
| | - Dorota Martysiak-Żurowska
- Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Yuanqi Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Dezhou University, 566 Daxue W Rd, Shandong Sheng 253034, China.
| | - Christian Jungnickel
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, ul. Narutowicza 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland.
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Krupa Ł, Staroń R, Dulko D, Łozińska N, Mackie AR, Rigby NM, Macierzanka A, Markiewicz A, Jungnickel C. Importance of Bile Composition for Diagnosis of Biliary Obstructions. Molecules 2021; 26:7279. [PMID: 34885858 PMCID: PMC8659177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of the cause of a biliary obstruction is often inconclusive from serum analysis alone without further clinical tests. To this end, serum markers as well as the composition of bile of 74 patients with biliary obstructions were determined to improve the diagnoses. The samples were collected from the patients during an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The concentration of eight bile salts, specifically sodium cholate, sodium glycocholate, sodium taurocholate, sodium glycodeoxycholate, sodium chenodeoxycholate, sodium glycochenodeoxycholate, sodium taurodeoxycholate, and sodium taurochenodeoxycholate as well as bile cholesterol were determined by HPLC-MS. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and bilirubin were measured before the ERCP. The aim was to determine a diagnostic factor and gain insights into the influence of serum bilirubin as well as bile salts on diseases. Ratios of conjugated/unconjugated, primary/secondary, and taurine/glycine conjugated bile salts were determined to facilitate the comparison to literature data. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were determined, and the cut-off values were calculated by determining the point closest to (0,1). It was found that serum bilirubin was a good indicator of the type of biliary obstruction; it was able to differentiate between benign obstructions such as choledocholithiasis (at the concentration of >11 µmol/L) and malignant changes such as pancreatic neoplasms or cholangiocarcinoma (at the concentration of >59 µmol/L). In addition, it was shown that conjugated/unconjugated bile salts confirm the presence of an obstruction. With lower levels of conjugated/unconjugated bile salts the possibility for inflammation and, thus, neoplasms increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Krupa
- Teaching Hospital No 1, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland; (Ł.K.); (R.S.)
- Medical Department, University of Rzeszów, Kopisto 2a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Teaching Hospital No 1, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland; (Ł.K.); (R.S.)
- Medical Department, University of Rzeszów, Kopisto 2a, 35-310 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Dorota Dulko
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.D.); (N.Ł.); (A.M.)
| | - Natalia Łozińska
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.D.); (N.Ł.); (A.M.)
| | - Alan R. Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (A.R.M.); (N.M.R.)
| | - Neil M. Rigby
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; (A.R.M.); (N.M.R.)
| | - Adam Macierzanka
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.D.); (N.Ł.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Markiewicz
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology Intercollegiate, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Christian Jungnickel
- Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (D.D.); (N.Ł.); (A.M.)
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