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Traesel CK, Bernardes LM, Spilki FR, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Sequence analysis of the 5' third of glycoprotein C gene of South American bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:470-8. [PMID: 25760029 PMCID: PMC4445672 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesviruses 1 (BoHV-1) and 5 (BoHV-5) share high genetic and antigenic
similarities, but exhibit marked differences in tissue tropism and neurovirulence.
The amino-terminal region of glycoprotein C (gC), which is markedly different in each
of the viruses, is involved in virus binding to cellular receptors and in
interactions with the immune system. This study investigated the genetic and
antigenic differences of the 5′ region of the gC (5′ gC) gene (amino-terminal) of
South American BoHV-1 (n=19) and BoHV-5 (n=25) isolates. Sequence alignments of 374
nucleotides (104 amino acids) revealed mean similarity levels of 97.3 and 94.2% among
BoHV-1 gC (gC1), respectively, 96.8 and 95.6% among BoHV-5 gC (gC5), and 62 and 53.3%
between gC1 and gC5. Differences included the absence of 40 amino acid residues (27
encompassing predicted linear epitopes) scattered throughout 5′ gC1 compared to 5′
gC5. Virus neutralizing assays testing BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 antisera against each
isolate revealed a high degree of cross-neutralization between the viruses, yet some
isolates were neutralized at very low titers by heterologous sera, and a few BoHV-5
isolates reacted weakly with either sera. The virus neutralization differences
observed within the same viral species, and more pronounced between BoHV-1 and
BoHV-5, likely reflect sequence differences in neutralizing epitopes. These results
demonstrate that the 5′ gC region is well conserved within each viral species but is
divergent between BoHV-1 and BoHV-5, likely contributing to their biological and
antigenic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Traesel
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - L M Bernardes
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - F R Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brasil
| | - R Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - E F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Traesel CK, Sá e Silva M, Weiss M, Spilki FR, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Genetic diversity of 3' region of glycoprotein D gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 and 5. Virus Genes 2014; 48:438-47. [PMID: 24482291 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesviruses 1 (BoHV-1) and 5 (BoHV-5) are closely related alphaherpesviruses of cattle. While BoHV-1 is mainly associated with respiratory/genital disease and rarely associated with neurological disease, BoHV-5 is the primary agent of meningoencephalitis in cattle. The envelope glycoprotein D of alphaherpesviruses (BoHV-1/gD1 and BoHV-5/gD5) is involved in the early steps of virus infection and may influence virus tropism and neuropathogenesis. This study performed a sequence analysis of the 3' region of gD gene (gD3') of BoHV-1 isolates recovered from respiratory/genital disease (n = 6 and reference strain Cooper) or from neurological disease (n = 7); and from seven typical neurological BoHV-5 isolates. After PCR amplification, nucleotide (nt) sequencing, and aminoacid (aa) sequence prediction; gD3' sequences were compared, identity levels were calculated, and selective pressure was analyzed. The phylogenetic reconstruction based on nt and aa sequences allowed for a clear differentiation of BoHV-1 (n = 14) and BoHV-5 (n = 7) clusters. The seven BoHV-1 isolates from neurological disease are grouped within the BoHV-1 branch. A consistent alignment of 346 nt revealed a high similarity within each viral species (gD1 = 98.3 % nt and aa; gD5 = 97.8 % nt and 85.8 % aa) and an expected lower similarity between gD1 and gD5 (73.7 and 64.1 %, nt and aa, respectively). The analysis of molecular evolution revealed an average negative selection at gD3'. Thus, the phylogeny and similarity levels allowed for differentiation of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 species, but not further division in subspecies. Sequence analysis did not allow for the identification of genetic differences in gD3' potentially associated with the respective clinical/pathological phenotypes, yet revealed a lower level of gD3' conservation than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Kist Traesel
- Laboratoire des Maladies Infectieuses Virales Vétérinaires (LMIVV), Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médicine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, Saint Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 7C6, Canada,
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Biswas S, Bandyopadhyay S, Dimri U, H. Patra P. Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) – a re-emerging concern in livestock: a revisit to its biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and prophylaxis. Vet Q 2013; 33:68-81. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2013.799301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Biswas
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Umesh Dimri
- Division of Medicine, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, India
| | - Pabitra H. Patra
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, C.V.Sc. & AH, Tripura, India
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Traesel CK, Sá e Silva M, Spilki FR, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 3' region of glycoprotein C gene of South American bovine herpesviruses 1 and 5. Res Vet Sci 2012; 94:178-85. [PMID: 22929314 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We herein describe a molecular analysis based on the 3' region of the glycoprotein C gene of 45 bovine herpesvirus (BoHV) isolates from Brazil (n=41), Uruguay (n=2) and Argentina (n=2). Nucleotide (nt) sequencing and alignment of 333 nt revealed levels of similarity ranging from 99.1% to 100% among BoHV-1 sequences (n=12); 96.2-100% among BoHV-5 sequences (n=32); and 77.7-90.3% between BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 sequences. The phylogenetic tree reconstruction provided a clear distinction between BoHV-1 and BoHV-5, and BoHV-1 into subtypes BoHV-1.1 and BoHV-1.2. The isolate SV 453/93 (BoHV-1 associated with genital disease) could not be included within BoHV-1 subtypes since it presented a markedly distinct nt and amino acid (aa) deduced sequences. A transmembrane domain of 24 aa and the putative cytoplasmic tail of 8 aa were identified and mapped. These results indicate that this genome region represents a suitable target for phylogenetic subgrouping of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 isolates and, perhaps, for understanding evolutionary relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Kist Traesel
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Ladelfa MF, Del Médico Zajac MP, Kotsias F, Delgado F, Muylkens B, Thiry J, Thiry E, Romera SA. Comparative study on the in vitro and in vivo properties of two bovine herpesvirus-5 reference strains. Acta Vet Scand 2011; 53:37. [PMID: 21651813 PMCID: PMC3127761 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) is an alphaherpesvirus responsible for meningoencephalitis in young cattle and it is antigenically and genetically related to bovine herpesvirus 1. BoHV-5 outbreaks are sporadic and restricted in their geographical distribution, being mostly detected in the Southern hemisphere. The N569 and A663 strains are prototypes of the "a" and "b" subtypes of BoHV-5, however, scarce information about their in vitro and in vivo properties is currently available. METHODS For the in vitro comparison between BoHV-5 A663 and N569 strains, viral growth kinetics, lysis and infection plaque size assays were performed. Additionally, an experimental infection of cattle with BoHV-5 A663 and N569 strains was carried out. Viral excretion, development of neurological signs, presence of specific antibodies in serum and nasal swabs and presence of latent BoHV-5 DNA in trigeminal ganglion, were analyzed. Histopathological examination of samples belonging to inoculated animals was also performed. RESULTS The lytic capacity and the cell-to-cell spread was lower for the A663 strain compared to the N569 strain, however, the production of total infectious viral particles was similar between both strains. Concerning the in vivo properties, the A663 and N569 strains are able to induce similar degrees of pathogenicity in cattle. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the A663 strain used in this study is less adapted to in vitro replication in MDBK cells than the N569 strain and, although slight differences were observed, both strains are able to induce a similar degree of virulence in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Ladelfa
- Virology Institute, Veterinary and Agricultural Science Research Centre (CICVyA), National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), N. Repeto y Los Reseros S/N, CC25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María P Del Médico Zajac
- Virology Institute, Veterinary and Agricultural Science Research Centre (CICVyA), National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), N. Repeto y Los Reseros S/N, CC25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fiorella Kotsias
- Virology Institute, Veterinary and Agricultural Science Research Centre (CICVyA), National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), N. Repeto y Los Reseros S/N, CC25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Delgado
- Pathobiology Institute, Veterinary and Agricultural Science Research Centre (CICVyA), National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), N. Repeto y Los Reseros S/N, CC25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Benoît Muylkens
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster, 20, B43b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Julien Thiry
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster, 20, B43b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Virology and Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Boulevard de Colonster, 20, B43b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sonia A Romera
- Virology Institute, Veterinary and Agricultural Science Research Centre (CICVyA), National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA), N. Repeto y Los Reseros S/N, CC25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Rivadavia 1917 (C1033AAJ), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Zygraich N, Vascoboinic E, Huygelen C. Replication of a Temperature Sensitive Mutant of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus in the Tissues of Inoculated Calves1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1974.tb00476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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das Neves CG, Roth S, Rimstad E, Thiry E, Tryland M. Cervid herpesvirus 2 infection in reindeer: a review. Vet Microbiol 2010; 143:70-80. [PMID: 20207086 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses of the genus Varicellovirus are known to infect and cause disease in a variety of ruminant species, but the impact of cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is mostly unknown. Reindeer is a circum-polar species with a total estimated number of more than 5 million animals. Mortality may reach high values, as in northern Norway, especially in calves (37%; 2005-2006), and disease can potentially account for some of this mortality. CvHV2 has been isolated during a natural outbreak of infectious keratoconjunctivitis, indicating an etiologal link. Serological screening has shown that CvHV2 infection is prevalent in Northern Norway and experimental infection studies have demonstrated that viremia, latency and vertical transmission occur for CvHV2. The present review aims at summarizing current knowledge on the epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular virology of CvHV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G das Neves
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, The Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Stakkevollveien 23, NO - 9010 Tromsø, Norway.
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Del Médico Zajac MP, Ladelfa MF, Kotsias F, Muylkens B, Thiry J, Thiry E, Romera SA. Biology of bovine herpesvirus 5. Vet J 2009; 184:138-45. [PMID: 19409823 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) is an alphaherpesvirus responsible for meningoencephalitis in young cattle and is closely antigenically and genetically related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1). Both viruses have common aspects in their pathogenesis: (1) they infect epithelial cells at the portal of entry and (2) they establish a latent infection in the sensory nerve ganglia, i.e., the trigeminal ganglia. However, they have different neuroinvasion and neurovirulence capacities. Only in rare cases can BoHV-1 reach the brain of infected cattle. BoHV-5 infection induces different degrees of severity of neurological disease depending on both viral and host factors. Although a case of BoHV-5 associated disease in Europe and some outbreaks in USA and Australia have been reported, the current geographical distribution of BoHV-5 infection is mainly restricted to South America, especially Brazil and Argentina. This review focuses on the genomic characteristics, pathobiology and epidemiology of BoHV-5, in order to provide information on the possible basis of alphaherpesvirus neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María P Del Médico Zajac
- Virology Institute, Veterinary and Agricultural Science Research Centre, National Institute of Agricultural Technology, N. Repeto y Los Reseros S/N, CC25 (B1712WAA), Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rissi DR, Oliveira FN, Rech RR, Pierezan F, Lemos RA, Barros CS. Epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e distribuição das lesões encefálicas em bovinos afetados por meningoencefalite por herpesvírus bovino-5. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2006000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
São descritos sete surtos e um caso isolado de meningoencefalite por herpesvírus bovino-5 (BoHV-5) em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul entre 2002 e 2004. Foram afetados bovinos de 1-18 meses, de diversas raças e ambos os sexos. A maior freqüência foi observada em bovinos recém-desmamados e submetidos a outros fatores de estresse. Nesses surtos, de uma população total sob risco de 1.359 bovinos, 54 foram afetados, quatro se recuperaram e 50 morreram espontaneamente ou foram submetidos à eutanásia quando moribundos. Os índices gerais de morbidade, mortalidade e letalidade foram, respectivamente, de 3,97%, 3,67% e 92,59%. A evolução clínica variou de 3-10 dias e os sinais eram caracterizados por depressão, corrimento nasal ou ocular, ranger de dentes, andar em círculos, cegueira, febre, nistagmo, tremores, anorexia, disfagia, sialorréia, incoordenação, pressão da cabeça contra objetos, pêlos arrepiados, taquicardia, taquipnéia, dor abdominal, melena, quedas, decúbito, opistótono, convulsões e movimentos de pedalagem. Dezenove bezerros foram necropsiados. Achados de necropsia foram caracterizados por hiperemia das leptomeninges, tumefação das porções rostrais do telencéfalo, com achatamento das circunvoluções dos lobos frontais; nessas áreas havia focos marrom-amarelados e amolecidos (malacia). Nos casos de evolução clínica mais longa era observada acentuada tumefação, amolecimento e extensas áreas de hemorragia nos lobos frontais telencefálicos. Microscopicamente, todos os bovinos afetados apresentaram meningoencefalite não-supurativa e necrosante, que variou quanto à localização e intensidade nos 19 casos examinados e nas seções de encéfalo de um mesmo caso. A intensidade dessas lesões foi mais acentuada, em ordem decrescente, no córtex telencefálico frontal, nos núcleos da base, tálamo, tronco encefálico, córtex parietal, córtex occipital e cerebelo. O infiltrado inflamatório perivascular era constituído predominantemente por linfócitos e plasmócitos e, menos freqüentemente, neutrófilos. Outros achados incluíam variados graus de gliose, edema, necrose neuronal no córtex telencefálico, caracterizada por encarquilhamento e eosinofilia do citoplasma e picnose nuclear (neurônio vermelho), corpúsculos de inclusão basofílicos intranucleares em astrócitos e neurônios (21,05% dos casos), satelitose e neuronofagia. As áreas de amolecimento do parênquima eram caracterizadas por necrose do componente neuroectodérmico e manutenção das estruturas mesenquimais (vasos e micróglia), com infiltrado de células Gitter e, em casos mais graves, áreas de hemorragia. Nos casos crônicos apenas estruturas vasculares e poucas células Gitter permaneciam, formando uma cavidade entre a substância branca e as leptomeninges (lesão residual).
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) related with the Animal health risks of feeding animals with ready to use dairy products without further treatment. EFSA J 2006. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Silva AM, Weiblen R, Irigoyen LF, Roehe PM, Sur HJ, Osorio FA, Flores EF. Experimental infection of sheep with bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5): acute and latent infection. Vet Microbiol 1999; 66:89-99. [PMID: 10227471 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(98)00305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated that sheep are susceptible to acute and latent infection by bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5). Lambs inoculated intranasally with two South American BHV-5 isolates replicated the virus with titers up to 10(7.1) TCID50/ml for up to 15 days and showed mild signs of rhinitis. Four lambs in contact with the inoculated animals acquired the infection and excreted virus for up to seven days. One lamb developed progressive signs of neurological disease and was euthanized in extremis. Clinical signs consisted of tremors of the face, bruxism, ptyalism, incoordination, lateral flexion of the neck and head, circling, walking backwards, recumbency and paddling. The virus was detected in the anterior and posterior cerebrum, dorso- and ventro-lateral cortex, cerebellum, pons, midbrain and olfactory bulb. Viral nucleic acids were demonstrated in neurons and astrocytes of the anterior and ventro-lateral cortex by in situ hybridization. Histological changes consisting of non-suppurative meningitis, perivascular mononuclear cuffing, focal gliosis, neuronal necrosis and intranuclear inclusions were observed in the anterior cerebrum, ventro-lateral cortex and midbrain. Dexamethasone treatment at Day 50 pi resulted in reactivation of the latent infection and virus shedding in 13/16 (81%) of the lambs. Together with previous reports of BHV-5 antibodies in sheep, these findings show that sheep are fully susceptible to BHV-5 suggesting that infection by BHV-5 in sheep may occur naturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil
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12
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Chowdhury SI, Lee BJ, Mosier D, Sur JH, Osorio FA, Kennedy G, Weiss ML. Neuropathology of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) meningo-encephalitis in a rabbit seizure model. J Comp Pathol 1997; 117:295-310. [PMID: 9502267 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(97)80078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of a rabbit seizure model for studying the neuropathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) encephalitis was evaluated. Intranasal administration of BHV-5 (strain TX89) together with intramuscular administration of dexamethasone produced seizures in 70% of rabbits tested and meningo-encephalitis in 100%. Infectious BHV-5 was consistently isolated from the following sites: olfactory bulb; anterior cortex, containing the frontal cortex, olfactory tract and anterior portion of the olfactory cortex; posterior cortex, containing the temporal, parietal, piriform, entorhinal and occipital cortices; amygdala; hippocampus. Less frequently, BHV-5 was isolated from the midbrain and diencephalon, the pons and medulla, the cerebellum, and the trigeminal ganglia. Rabbits similarly infected with the Cooper strain of bovine herpesvirus type 1 showed no neurological signs or meningo-encephalitis, and virus was not recovered from the brain. The brains of BHV-5-infected rabbits showed neuronal degeneration, leptomeningitis, gliosis and perivascular cuffing, predominantly in the olfactory cortex (piriform and entorhinal cortices), amygdala and hippocampus. Mild lymphocytic meningitis was seen in the olfactory bulb and focal lymphocytic infiltration was sometimes present in the medulla and cerebellum. BHV-5, specific antigens and nucleic acids were detected in the olfactory cortex, amygdala and hippocampus by immunohistochemical methods and in-situ hybridization. The results suggested that, after intranasal BHV-5 inoculation, the virus spread to the central nervous system via the olfactory and trigeminal pathways. The olfactory pathway was more susceptible than the trigeminal pathway to neuropathogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S I Chowdhury
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Meyer G, Lemaire M, Lyaku J, Pastoret PP, Thiry E. Establishment of a rabbit model for bovine herpesvirus type 5 neurological acute infection. Vet Microbiol 1996; 51:27-40. [PMID: 8828120 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(96)00016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of the rabbit as a model for bovine, herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5) acute infection. In a preliminary experiment, a total of 24 one-month old New Zealand white rabbits were inoculated with BHV-5 or bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) by the intraconjunctival, intracerebral or intranasal routes. BHV-5 or BHV-1 inoculated in the conjunctiva induced virus proliferation in the eye mucosae and the nasal cavity of rabbits without meningo-encephalitis. On the other hand, only BHV-5 infection by intranasal or intracerebral routes produced a fatal meningo-encephalitis. The intranasal route was used in a further experiment for the establishment of a rabbit model for BHV-5 infection. A total of 45 rabbits were inoculated intranasally with BHV-5 or BHV-1. The results showed that intranasal inoculation of BHV-5 strain N569 in rabbits was followed by the development of a lethal meningo-encephalitis for 66% of rabbits while all BHV-1 infected rabbits remained healthy throughout this experiment (28 days). Analysis between the mortalities of rabbits infected with BHV-5 and BHV-1 were highly significant (p < 0.001). The presence of BHV-5 in the central nervous system (CNS) was confirmed by virus isolation (essentially the cerebrum, midbrain and pons) and by immunohistochemical staining of BHV-5 antigen (essentially in the neurons of the cerebrum) only in BHV-5 infected rabbits showing clinical signs of meningo-encephalitis. The findings obtained confirmed the suitability of a rabbit model for the establishment of BHV-5 neurological acute infection and also as a valuable tool for the comparative study of BHV-5 and BHV-1 neuropathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Meyer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium.
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d'Offay JM, Ely RW, Baldwin CA, Whitenack DL, Stair EL, Collins JK. Diagnosis of encephalitic bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) infection in cattle: virus isolation and immunohistochemical detection of antigen in formalin-fixed bovine brain tissues. J Vet Diagn Invest 1995; 7:247-51. [PMID: 7619909 DOI: 10.1177/104063879500700214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J M d'Offay
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Microbiology, and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078, USA
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Chung CS, Pearson LD, Ayers VK, Collins JK. Monoclonal antibodies that distinguish between encephalitogenic bovine herpesvirus type 1.3 and respiratory bovine herpesvirus type 1.1. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1994; 1:83-8. [PMID: 7496928 PMCID: PMC368201 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.1.1.83-88.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Seven mouse hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against an encephalitogenic strain of bovine herpesvirus type 1.3 (BHV-1.3) were established. The clones producing MAb were selected to be specific for BHV-1.3 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Only L1B neutralized virus without complement. With the addition of complement, five of the MAb neutralized BHV-1.3 but not the respiratory strain BHV-1.1. The anti-BHV-1.3-specific MAb Q10B, L6G, and L1B precipitated glycoproteins from BHV-1.3 that were analogous to the gI, GIII, and gIV glycoproteins of BHV-1.1, respectively. The other four MAb precipitated unknown proteins. None of the anti-BHV-1.3 MAb precipitated BHV-1.1 glycoproteins. The majority of the anti-BHV-1.3 MAb did not react with BHV-1.1 by immunoblotting, but O7E (unknown protein pattern by radioimmunoprecipitation) was reactive with five proteins (M(r)s of 33,000, 43,000, 70,000, 141,000, and 190,000) of BHV-1.3 and with a different pattern of proteins of BHV-1.1 (M(r)s of 30,000, 38,000, 83,000 and 144,000). Two of the MAb, L6G and O7E, conjugated with peroxidase were found to be useful for detecting BHV-1.3 antigen by immunochemistry in Formalin-fixed brain tissue from experimentally infected calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Chung
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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Bulach DM, Studdert MJ. Comparative genome mapping of bovine encephalitis herpesvirus, bovine herpesvirus 1, and buffalo herpesvirus. Arch Virol 1990; 113:17-34. [PMID: 2167057 DOI: 10.1007/bf01318350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A clone library of 11 of 15 BamHI fragments representing 81% of the 140 kilobase DNA genome of the prototype bovine encephalitis herpesvirus strain N569 (BEHV.N569) was constructed. The clones were used to verify the BamHI, BstEII, EcoRI, and HindIII genomic maps for BEHV.N569 published by Engels et al. [Virus Res 6: 57-73 (1986)] for the same virus although some amendments/variations to the BamHI map were found in that 3 previously unidentified restriction sites were identified. Restriction site maps for BglII and KpnI were also derived for BEHV.N569. Southern blot analysis using 32P-labelled BEHV DNA as probe indicated that bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1), buffalo herpesvirus 1 (BuHV1) and caprine herpesvirus 1 (CaHV1) were similar and that the similarity occurred throughout the entire length of the genomes; CaHV1 was more distantly related to the other 3 viruses. Because of the similarities BEHV.N569 and BHV1. Cooper cloned DNA fragments were used to construct BamHI, BglII, BstEII, EcoRI, KpnI, and HindIII restriction site maps for the genome of BuHV1 and BamHI, BglII, and KpnI maps for the genome of BHV1.V155, a genital strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Bulach
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Studdert
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria
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Wyler R, Engels M, Schwyzer M. Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis / Vulvovaginitis (BHV1). DEVELOPMENTS IN VETERINARY VIROLOGY 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1587-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Friedli K, Metzler AE. Reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to proteins of a neurotropic bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) strain and to proteins of representative BHV-1 strains. Arch Virol 1987; 94:109-22. [PMID: 3034198 DOI: 10.1007/bf01313729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
15 monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) were induced with the neuropathogenic strain N 569 of bovine herpesvirus 1 type 3 (BHV-1.3). Nine of them could be shown by radioimmunoprecipitation assay to react with viral glycoproteins and two of these McAbs were able to neutralize strain N 569. The reactivity of these 15 monoclonals was compared with 11 monoclonal antibodies induced with a BHV-1.1 strain. The available monoclonal antibodies made it possible to characterize BHV-1.3 and to classify BHV-1 into three types, namely BHV-1.1, BHV-1.2 and BHV-1.3. This confirmed the results based upon restriction endonuclease analysis and viral protein patterns obtained earlier. The main antigenic differences of representative virus strains were found on two glycoproteins designated 3 and 12. Caprine herpesvirus 1, included in this study because of its serological relationship to BHV-1, differed fundamentally from BHV-1 on the grounds of McAb reactivity.
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Metzler AE, Schudel AA, Engels M. Bovine herpesvirus 1: molecular and antigenic characteristics of variant viruses isolated from calves with neurological disease. Arch Virol 1986; 87:205-17. [PMID: 3004386 DOI: 10.1007/bf01315300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This report presents data showing that several virus isolates recovered in Argentina, mainly from calves with non-purulent meningo-encephalitis, represent a hitherto unrecognized antigenic variant of BHV-1. The following experimental approaches have been adopted to demonstrate both the unique features among and the relatedness with BHV-1 of these isolates: i) crossed serum neutralization test with rabbit immune sera, ii) analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of radio-labeled virus induced polypeptides and glycoproteins, iii) discriminating reactivity of a panel of monoclonal antibodies which recognize known virus types, and iv) restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA. Another strain of BHV-1, which exhibits a specific neuropathogenic potential [Hall et al., Austral. Vet. J. 42, 229-237 (1966)] shares all major features with the viral strains originating from Argentina. Our results imply that antigenic variants of BHV-1 exist and that they can be accurately and easily identified and differentiated by the available methods.
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Schudel AA, Carrillo BJ, Wyler R, Metzler AE. Infections of calves with antigenic variants of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) and neurological disease. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1986; 33:303-10. [PMID: 2428188 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1986.tb00036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Studdert MJ, Brake F, Browning GF. Bovine encephalitis herpesvirus is different from bovine herpesvirus 1 and from other ruminant herpesviruses. Aust Vet J 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb13935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Brake F, Studdert MJ. Molecular epidemiology and pathogenesis of ruminant herpesviruses including bovine, buffalo and caprine herpesviruses l and bovine encephalitis herpesvirus. Aust Vet J 1985; 62:331-4. [PMID: 3002311 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1985.tb07652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Restriction endonuclease DNA fingerprints of herpesviruses isolated from 3 unrelated epidemics of bovine encephalitis are similar to each other and totally different from bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV1). Herpesviruses, antigenically related to BHV1, isolated from goats and buffalo have distinct DNA fingerprints. We propose that bovine encephalitis herpesvirus is prototypic of a new bovine herpesvirus type and that alpha herpes viruses from individual ruminant species are species specific.
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Pastoret P, Burtonboy G, Aguilar-Setien A, Godart M, Lamy M, Schoenaers F. Comparison between strains of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (Bovid herpesvirus 1), from respiratory and genital origins, using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of structural proteins. Vet Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(80)90004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carboni A, Cervio G, Cessi D, Lodetti E, Lodrini E, Mandelli G, Valeri A. Studies on viral arthritis (teno-synovitis) in Italy. Avian Pathol 1975; 4:87-95. [PMID: 18777297 DOI: 10.1080/03079457509353855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Three of several virus isolates made from different groups of chickens affected with arthritis were serially passaged in chicken embryos, and then cultured on chicken kidney cells with the production of cytopathic effects and development of syncytia. Resistance to inactivating agents and electron microscopic features showed their relationship to reoviruses. By the agar gel diffusion test the isolates were shown to be serologically related to each other and to 2 American strains. A tissue suspension from infected embryos when inoculated into the footpad of one to 15 day-old chicks reproduced arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carboni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia, Brescia, Italy
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Bagust TJ, Clark L. Pathogenesis of meningo-encephalitis produced in calves by infectious bovine rhinotracheitis herpesvirus. J Comp Pathol 1972; 82:375-83. [PMID: 4346156 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(72)90036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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