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Tortolini C, Sanzò G, Antiochia R, Mazzei F, Favero G. Application of a Nanostructured Enzymatic Biosensor Based on Fullerene and Gold Nanoparticles to Polyphenol Detection. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1572:41-53. [PMID: 28299680 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6911-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors provide an attractive means of analyzing the content of a biological sample due to the direct conversion of a biological event to an electronic signal. The signal transduction and the general performance of electrochemical biosensors are often determined by the surface architectures that connect the sensing element to the biological sample at the nanometer scale. The most common surface modification techniques, the various electrochemical transduction mechanisms, and the choice of the recognition receptor molecules all influence the ultimate sensitivity of the sensor. We show herein a novel electrochemical biosensing platform based on the coupling of two different nanostructured materials (gold nanoparticles and fullerenols) displaying interesting electrochemical features. The use of these nanomaterials improved the electrochemical performance of the proposed biosensor.An application of the nanostructured enzyme-based biosensor has been developed for evaluating the detection of polyphenols either in buffer solution or in real wine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tortolini
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriella Sanzò
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Riccarda Antiochia
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Franco Mazzei
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Favero
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Roma, Italy.
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Borgmann S, Schulte A, Neugebauer S, Schuhmann W. Amperometric Biosensors. ADVANCES IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527644117.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Yuan WZ, Sun JZ, Liu JZ, Dong Y, Li Z, Xu HP, Qin A, Häussler M, Jin JK, Zheng Q, Tang BZ. Processable Hybrids of Ferrocene-Containing Poly(phenylacetylene)s and Carbon Nanotubes: Fabrication and Properties. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:8896-905. [DOI: 10.1021/jp801892t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhang Yuan
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jing Zhi Sun
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian Zhao Liu
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yongqiang Dong
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hai Peng Xu
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Anjun Qin
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Matthias Häussler
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jia Ke Jin
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China, Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, and Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Yuan WZ, Mao Y, Zhao H, Sun JZ, Xu HP, Jin JK, Zheng Q, Tang BZ. Electronic Interactions and Polymer Effect in the Functionalization and Solvation of Carbon Nanotubes by Pyrene- and Ferrocene-Containing Poly(1-alkyne)s. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma701956a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Solanki PR, Singh S, Prabhakar N, Pandey MK, Malhotra BD. Application of conducting poly(aniline-co-pyrrole) film to cholesterol biosensor. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.26198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Geetha S, Rao CRK, Vijayan M, Trivedi DC. Biosensing and drug delivery by polypyrrole. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 568:119-25. [PMID: 17761251 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polypyrrole is a biological compatible polymer matrix wherein number of drugs and enzymes can be incorporated by way of doping. The polypyrrole, which is obtained as freestanding film by electrochemical polymerization, has gained tremendous recognition as sophisticated electronic measuring device in the field of sensors and drug delivery. In drug delivery the reversing of the potential 100% of the drug can be released and is highly efficient as a biosensor in presence of an enzyme. In this review we discuss the applications of conducting polypyrrole as biosensor for some biomolecules and drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Geetha
- Centre for Conducting Polymers, Electrochemical Materials Science Division, Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi 630006, India
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Singh S, Solanki PR, Pandey MK, Malhotra BD. Covalent immobilization of cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase on polyaniline films for application to cholesterol biosensor. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 568:126-32. [PMID: 17761252 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol esterase (ChEt) and cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) have been covalently immobilized on electrochemically prepared polyaniline (PANI) films. These PANI/ChEt/ChOx enzyme films have been characterized using UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical behavior of these films has been studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric techniques, respectively. The PANI/ChEt/ChOx enzyme films show broad oxidation peak from 0.2 to 0.5 V. These PANI/ChEt/ChOx biosensing electrodes have a response time of about 40s, linearity from 50 to 500 mg/dl of cholesterol oleate concentration. These PANI/ChEt/ChOx films are thermally stable up to 46 degrees C. This polyaniline based cholesterol biosensor has optimum pH in the range of 6.5-7.5, sensitivity as 7.5x10(-4) nA/mg dl and a lifetime of about 6 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Singh
- Biomolecular Electronics and Conducting Polymer Research Group, National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi-110012, India
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Borgmann S, Hartwich G, Schulte A, Schuhmann W. Amperometric Enzyme Sensors based on Direct and Mediated Electron Transfer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1871-0069(05)01017-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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Preparation and characterization of a chemically modified electrode based on ferrocene-tethered β-cyclodextrin self assembled monolayers. Microchem J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2003.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Singh S, Chaubey A, Malhotra B. Amperometric cholesterol biosensor based on immobilized cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase on conducting polypyrrole films. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2003.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Singh S, Chaubey A, Malhotra BD. Preparation and characterization of an enzyme electrode based on cholesterol esterase and cholesterol oxidase immobilized onto conducting polypyrrole films. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rajesh, Pandey SS, Takashima W, Kaneto K. Development of an amperometric biosensor based on a redox-mediator-doped polypyrrole film. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Direct electrode transfer between enzyme and the electrode in biosensors requires high efficiency therefore, synthetic replacement for oxygen led to the development of enzyme mediators and modified electrodes in biosensor fabrication. In this context, a number of electron acceptors and complexes have been used. Present paper gives an overview of various methodologies involved in the mediated systems, their merits and wide applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Chaubey
- Biomolecular Electronics and Conducting Polymer Research Group, National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110 012, India.
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Vidal JC, Garcia E, Castillo JR. Development of a platinized and ferrocene-mediated cholesterol amperometric biosensor based on electropolymerization of polypyrrole in a flow system. ANAL SCI 2002; 18:537-42. [PMID: 12036121 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.18.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a cholesterol amperometric biosensor using a platinized Pt electrode as a support for the electropolymerization of a polypyrrole film, in which cholesterol oxidase and ferrocene monocarboxylic acid (electron-transfer mediator) were co-entrapped, is described. All the biosensor preparation steps (platinization and electropolymerization) and the cholesterol determination take place in the same flow system. The presence of the mediator enhances the sensitivity and selectivity of the platinized biosensor without modifying the dynamic parameters of the response, and the platinized layer improves the operational lifetime of the mediated sensor. The sensitivity obtained was 88.51 nA mM(-1) and the limit of detection was 12.4 microM of cholesterol. The analytical properties of the biosensor for the flow-injection determination of cholesterol were studied and compared with those of other more simple amperometric biosensor configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-C Vidal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, GEAS, Faculty of Science, University of Zaragoza, Spain.
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Amperometric determination of cholesterol in serum using a biosensor of cholesterol oxidase contained within a polypyrrole–hydrogel membrane. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01321-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vidal JC, García-Ruiz E, Castillo JR. Design of a Multilayer Cholesterol Amperometric Biosensorfor Preparation and Use in Flow Systems. ELECTROANAL 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-4109(200103)13:3<229::aid-elan229>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kumar A, Rajesh, Chaubey A, Grover SK, Malhotra BD. Immobilization of cholesterol oxidase and potassium ferricyanide on dodecylbenzene sulfonate ion-doped polypyrrole film. J Appl Polym Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/app.2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Nakaminami T, Ito S, Kuwabata S, Yoneyama H. Uricase-catalyzed oxidation of uric acid using an artificial electron acceptor and fabrication of amperometric uric acid sensors with use of a redox ladder polymer. Anal Chem 1999; 71:1928-34. [PMID: 10361492 DOI: 10.1021/ac981168u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation of uric acid catalyzed by uricase (uric acid oxidase, UOx; EC 1.7.3.3) was studied using several redox compounds including 5-methylphenazinium (MP) and 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium (MMP) as electron acceptors for UOx, which does not contain any redox cofactor. It was found that MP and MMP were useful to mediate electrons from UOx to an electrode in the enzymatic oxidation of uric acid. A novel redox polymer, poly(N-methyl-o-phenylenediamine)(poly-MPD), containing the MP units was also found to possess the mediation ability for UOx, and poly-MPD was immobilized together with UOx onto an electrode substrate covered with a self-assembled monolayer of 2-aminoethanethiolate with use of glutaraldehyde as a binding agent. The resulting electrode (poly-MPD/UOx/Au) exhibited amperometric responses to uric acid with very fast response of approximately 30 s, allowing reagentless amperometric determination in a concentration range covering that in the blood of a healthy human being. Kinetic parameters of the apparent Michaelis constant and the maximum current response obtained at the poly-MPD/UOx/Au suggested that electrochemical oxidation of uric acid was controlled by diffusion of uric acid into the enzyme film and that the redox polymer worked well in mediating between active sites of UOx molecules and the electrode substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakaminami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
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Nakaminami T, Ito S, Kuwabata S, Yoneyama H. Amperometric determination of total cholesterol at gold electrodes covalently modified with cholesterol oxidase and cholesterol esterase with use of thionin as an electron mediator. Anal Chem 1999; 71:1068-76. [PMID: 10079764 DOI: 10.1021/ac9805450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) (ChOx) on a gold electrode was attempted by cross-linking using glutaraldehyde between ChOx molecules and a self-assembled monolayer of 2-aminoethanethiolate. The resulting electrode (ChOx/Au) exhibits an amperometric response to free cholesterol in the presence of thionin as an electron mediator, and a steady-state response is obtained approximately 60 s after injection of cholesterol into the electrolyte solution. Coimmobilization of cholesterol esterase (EC 3.1.1.13) (ChE) and ChOx (ChE/ChOx/Au) allows the amperometric determination of both esterified cholesterol and free cholesterol. Cyclic voltammetry of the ChE/ChOx/Au and the dependence of the amperometric response to cholesterol on the concentration of thionin suggest that thionin is encapsulated in the enzyme film on the electrode surface. Apparent Michaelis constants of the ChOx/Au and the ChE/ChOx/Au electrodes suggest that the amperometric response was controlled by penetration of the reaction substrate into the films of the enzyme(s). The concentration of total (free and esterified) cholesterol in human serum samples, determined by using the techniques developed in the present study, is in good agreement with that determined by the well-established technique using colorimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakaminami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
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Mulchandani A, Pan S. Ferrocene-conjugated m-phenylenediamine conducting polymer-incorporated peroxidase biosensors. Anal Biochem 1999; 267:141-7. [PMID: 9918666 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1998.2983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development and characteristics of a reagentless amperometric biosensor employing horseradish peroxidase incorporated in an electrochemically deposited ferrocene-modified phenylenediamine film on a glassy carbon electrode is reported. The horseradish peroxidase/poly(m-aminoanilinomethylferrocene)- modified glassy carbon electrode reagentless biosensor measured hydrogen peroxide and other organic peroxides in both aqueous and organic medium by reduction at a low applied potential of -0.05 V (vs Ag/AgCl) without interference from molecular oxygen. When modified with glucose oxidase, the new bienzyme electrode measured glucose sensitively and selectively, demonstrating the suitability of the above peroxide biosensor for other oxidoreductase enzyme-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mulchandani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, USA.
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Nakaminami T, Kuwabata S, Yoneyama H. Electrochemical Oxidation of Cholesterol Catalyzed by Cholesterol Oxidase with Use of an Artificial Electron Mediator. Anal Chem 1997; 69:2367-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac960996p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nakaminami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan
| | - Susumu Kuwabata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yoneyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan
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Adeloju S, Barisci J, Wallace G. Electroimmobilisation of sulphite oxidase into a polypyrrole film and its utilisation for flow amperometric detection of sulphite. Anal Chim Acta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(96)00261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Besombes JL, Cosnier S, Labbé P, Reverdy G. Improvement of the analytical characteristics of an enzyme electrode for free and total cholesterol via laponite clay additives. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(95)00392-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Boguslavsky L, Kalash H, Xu Z, Beckles D, Geng L, Skotheim T, Laurinavicius V, Lee H. Thin film bienzyme amperometric biosensors based on polymeric redox mediators with electrostatic bipolar protecting layer. Anal Chim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-2670(95)00168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Electrochemical biosensors based on enzymes immobilized in electropolymerized films. Mikrochim Acta 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01248249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Barlett P, Cooper J. A review of the immobilization of enzymes in electropolymerized films. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)80001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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33
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Marchesiello M, Geniès E. A theoretical model for an amperometric glucose sensor using polypyrrole as the immobilization matrix. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(93)80429-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Trettnak W, Lionti I, Mascini M. Cholesterol biosensors prepared by electropolymerization of pyrrole. ELECTROANAL 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140050908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Coche-Guerente L, Cosnier S, Innocent C, Mailley P, Moutet JC, Morélis RM, Leca BÉA, Coulet PR. Controlled electrochemical preparation of enzymatic layers for the design of amperometric biosensors. ELECTROANAL 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.1140050804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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37
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Cosnier S, Innocent C. A novel biosensor elaboration by electropolymerization of an adsorbed amphiphilic pyrrole-tyrosinase enzyme layer. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(92)80195-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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