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Li CY, Duan S, Wen BY, Li SB, Kathiresan M, Xie LQ, Chen S, Anema JR, Mao BW, Luo Y, Tian ZQ, Li JF. Observation of inhomogeneous plasmonic field distribution in a nanocavity. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:922-926. [PMID: 32778804 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The progress of plasmon-based technologies relies on an understanding of the properties of the enhanced electromagnetic fields generated by the coupling nanostrucutres1-6. Plasmon-enhanced applications include advanced spectroscopies7-10, optomechanics11, optomagnetics12 and biosensing13-17. However, precise determination of plasmon field intensity distribution within a nanogap remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate a molecular ruler made from a set of viologen-based, self-assembly monolayers with which we precisely measures field distribution within a plasmon nanocavity with ~2-Å spatial resolution. We observed an unusually large plasmon field intensity inhomogeneity that we attribute to the formation of a plasmonic comb in the nanocavity. As a consequence, we posit that the generally adopted continuous media approximation for molecular monolayers should be used carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Li
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sai Duan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bao-Ying Wen
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Song-Bo Li
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Murugavel Kathiresan
- Electro-Organic Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, India
| | - Li-Qiang Xie
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shu Chen
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jason R Anema
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bing-Wei Mao
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- College of Energy, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Energy, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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Effect of surface structure of Au(1 0 0) electrode on phase transitions within adsorbed adlayer of coumarin in halide electrolytes in the presence of tetrabutylammonium cations. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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3
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Vu TH, Wandlowski T. Self-assembly of 8-; 5- and 2-hydroxylquinolines on Au(111) single crystal in perchloric acid. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Zhang L, Ulstrup J, Zhang J. Voltammetry and molecular assembly of G-quadruplex DNAzyme on single-crystal Au(111)-electrode surfaces - hemin as an electrochemical intercalator. Faraday Discuss 2018; 193:99-112. [PMID: 27722546 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
DNA quadruplexes (qs) are a class of "non-canonical" oligonucleotides (OGNs) composed of stacked guanine (G) quartets stabilized by specific cations. Metal porphyrins selectively bind to G-qs complexes to form what is known as DNAzyme, which can exhibit peroxidase and other catalytic activity similar to heme group metalloenzymes. In the present study we investigate the electrochemical properties and the structure of DNAzyme monolayers on single-crystal Au(111)-electrode surfaces using cyclic voltammetry and scanning tunnelling microscopy under electrochemical potential control (in situ STM). The target DNAzyme is formed from a single-strand OGN with 12 guanines and iron(iii) porphyrin IX (hemin), and assembles on Au(111) through a mercapto alkyl linker. The DNAzyme monolayers exhibit a strong pair of redox peaks at 0.0 V (NHE) at pH 7 in acetate buffer, shifted positively by about 50 mV compared to free hemin weakly physisorbed on the Au(111)-electrode surface. The voltammetric hemin signal of DNAzyme is enhanced 15 times compared with that of hemin adsorbed directly on the Au(111)-electrode surface. This is indicative of both the formation of a close to dense DNAzyme monolayer and that hemin is strongly bound to the immobilized 12G-qs in well-defined orientation favorable for interfacial ET with a rate constant of 6.0 ± 0.4 s-1. This is supported by in situ STM which discloses single-molecule G-quartet structures with a size of 1.6 ± 0.2 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 207, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jens Ulstrup
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 207, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Building 207, Kemitorvet, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Martínez-Romero N, Aguilar-Sánchez R, Fu YC, Homberger M, Simon U. Electrochemical stability and electron transfer across 4-methyl-4′-(n-mercaptoalkyl) biphenyl monolayers on Au(100)-(1×1) electrodes in 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ionic liquid. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Vu TH, Wandlowski T. CV and in situ STM study the adsorption behavior of benzoic acid at the electrified Au(100)| HClO4 interface: Structure and dynamics. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Li JF, Zhang YJ, Rudnev AV, Anema JR, Li SB, Hong WJ, Rajapandiyan P, Lipkowski J, Wandlowski T, Tian ZQ. Electrochemical Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy: Correlating Structural Information and Adsorption Processes of Pyridine at the Au(hkl) Single Crystal/Solution Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:2400-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja513263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 3605, China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Yue-Jiao Zhang
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 3605, China
| | - Alexander V. Rudnev
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Jason R. Anema
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 3605, China
| | - Song-Bo Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 3605, China
| | - Wen-Jing Hong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Panneerselvam Rajapandiyan
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 3605, China
| | - Jacek Lipkowski
- Guelph-Waterloo
Center for Graduate Work in Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Thomas Wandlowski
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse
3, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of
Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 3605, China
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8
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Dai Y, Metzler M, Jacob T, Kolb D, Ziener U. Fast vs. Slow: Electrolyte and Potential Dependent Adlayer Switching of an Oligopyridine on Au(111). Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Freymann M, Poelman M, Buess-Herman C. Two-Dimensional Ordering of Coumarin at the Indium Amalgam-Electrolyte Interface. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199700028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Li JF, Rudnev A, Fu Y, Bodappa N, Wandlowski T. In situ SHINERS at electrochemical single-crystal electrode/electrolyte interfaces: tuning preparation strategies and selected applications. ACS NANO 2013; 7:8940-52. [PMID: 24007327 DOI: 10.1021/nn403444j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We have studied Au(55 nm)@SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on two low-index phases of gold and platinum single crystal electrodes in ClO4(-) and SO4(2-) ion-containing electrolytes by both electrochemical methods and in-situ shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS). We showed the blocking of the electrode with surfactants originating from the synthesis of as-prepared SHINERS NPs. We introduce an efficient procedure to overcome this problem, which provides a fundamental platform for the application of SHINERS in surface electrochemistry and beyond. Our method is based on a hydrogen evolution treatment of the SHINERS-NP-modified single-crystal surfaces. The reliability of our preparation strategy is demonstrated in electrochemical SHINERS experiments on the potential-controlled adsorption and phase formation of pyridine on Au(hkl) and Pt(hkl). We obtained high-quality Raman spectra on these well-defined and structurally carefully characterized single-crystal surfaces. The analysis of the characteristic A1 vibrational modes revealed perfect agreement with the interpretation of single-crystal voltammetric and chronoamperometric experiments. Our study demonstrates that the SHINERS protocol developed in this work qualifies this Raman method as a pioneering approach with unique opportunities for in situ structure and reactivity studies at well-defined electrochemical solid/liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3, Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
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11
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Rudnev AV, Yoshida K, Wandlowski T. Electrochemical characterization of self-assembled ferrocene-terminated alkanethiol monolayers on low-index gold single crystal electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Roling B, Drüschler M, Huber B. Slow and fast capacitive process taking place at the ionic liquid/electrode interface. Faraday Discuss 2012; 154:303-11; discussion 313-33, 465-71. [PMID: 22455027 DOI: 10.1039/c1fd00088h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to characterise the interface between the ultrapure room temperature ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate and a Au(111) working electrode at electrode potentials more positive than the open circuit potential (-0.14 V vs. Pt pseudo-reference). Plots of the potential-dependent data in the complex capacitance plane reveal the existence of a fast and a slow capacitive process. In order to derive the contribution of both processes to the overall capacitance, the complex capacitance data were fitted using an empirical Cole-Cole equation. The differential capacitance of the fast process is almost constant between -0.14 V and +0.2 V (vs. Pt pseudo-reference) and decreases at more positive potentials, while the differential capacitance of the slower process exhibits a maximum at +0.2 V. This maximum leads to a maximum in the overall differential capacitance. We attribute the slow process to charge redistributions in the innermost ion layer, which require an activation energy in excess of that for ion transport in the room temperature ionic liquid. The differential capacitance maximum of the slow process at +0.2 V is most likely caused by reorientations of the 1-butyl-1l-methylpyrrolidinium cations in the innermost layer with the positively charged ring moving away from the Au(111) surface and leaving behind voids which are then occupied by anions. In a recent Monte Carlo simulation by Federov, Georgi and Kornyshev (Electrochem. Commun. 2010, 12, 296), such a process was identified as the origin of a differential capacitance maximum in the anodic regime. Our results suggest that the time scales of capacitive processes at the ionic liquid/metal interface are an important piece of information and should be considered in more detail in future experimental and theoretical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Roling
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps- University of Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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13
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Inhibition of potential-induced surface reconstruction on Au(1 0 0) electrode by the products of tyramine electro-oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Liu B, Blaszczyk A, Mayor M, Wandlowski T. Redox-switching in a viologen-type adlayer: an electrochemical shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy study on Au(111)-(1×1) single crystal electrodes. ACS NANO 2011; 5:5662-5672. [PMID: 21634391 DOI: 10.1021/nn201307g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We reported the first application of in situ shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) to an interfacial redox reaction under electrochemical conditions. We construct gap-mode sandwich structures composed of a thiol-terminated HS-6V6H viologen adlayer immobilized on a single crystal Au(111)-(1×1) electrode and covered by Au(60 nm)@SiO(2) core-shell nanoparticles acting as plasmonic antennas. We observed high-quality, potential-dependent Raman spectra of the three viologen species V(2+), V(+●), and V(0) on a well-defined Au(111) substrate surface and could map their potential-dependent evolution. Comparison with experiments on powder samples revealed an enhancement factor of the nonresonant Raman modes of ∼3 × 10(5), and up to 9 × 10(7) for the resonance modes. The study illustrates the unique capability of SHINERS and its potential in the entire field of electrochemical surface science to explore structures and reaction pathways on well-defined substrate surfaces, such as single crystals, for molecular, (electro-)catalytic, bioelectrochemical systems up to fundamental double layer studies at electrified solid/liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Departement of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bern University, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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15
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Atkin R, Borisenko N, Drüschler M, el-Abedin SZ, Endres F, Hayes R, Huber B, Roling B. An in situ STM/AFM and impedance spectroscopy study of the extremely pure 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate/Au(111) interface: potential dependent solvation layers and the herringbone reconstruction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:6849-57. [PMID: 21399819 DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02846k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structure and dynamics of the interfacial layers between the extremely pure air- and water-stable ionic liquid 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate and Au(111) has been investigated using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy measurements. The in situ scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements reveal that the Au(111) surface undergoes a reconstruction, and at -1.2 V versus Pt quasi-reference the famous (22 × √3) herringbone superstructure is probed. Atomic force microscopy measurements show that multiple ion pair layers are present at the ionic liquid/Au interface which are dependent on the electrode potential. Upon applying cathodic electrode potentials, stronger ionic liquid near surface structure is detected: both the number of near surface layers and the force required to rupture these layers increases. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results reveal that three distinct processes take place at the interface. The fastest process is capacitive in its low-frequency limit and is identified with electrochemical double layer formation. The differential electrochemical double layer capacitance exhibits a local maximum at -0.2 V versus Pt quasi-reference, which is most likely caused by changes in the orientation of cations in the innermost layer. In the potential range between -0.84 V and -1.04 V, a second capacitive process is observed which is slower than electrochemical double layer formation. This process seems to be related to the herringbone reconstruction. In the frequency range below 1 Hz, the onset of an ultraslow faradaic process is found. This process becomes faster when the electrode potential is shifted to more negative potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob Atkin
- Centre for Organic Electronics, Chemistry Building, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, 2308, Australia.
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Li Z, Liu Y, Mertens SFL, Pobelov IV, Wandlowski T. From Redox Gating to Quantized Charging. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8187-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102754n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems IBN 3 and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems, for Informational Technology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems IBN 3 and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems, for Informational Technology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stijn F. L. Mertens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems IBN 3 and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems, for Informational Technology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ilya V. Pobelov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems IBN 3 and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems, for Informational Technology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Wandlowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems IBN 3 and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems, for Informational Technology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Hölzle MH, Kolb DM, Krznarić D, Ćosović B. Adsorption and phase formation of uracil derivatives on gold and silver single-crystal electrodes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19961001105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Ziener
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Skołuda P. The influence of surface crystallography on electro-oxidation of trivalent chromium at Au(210) and Au(311) electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Li C, Pobelov I, Wandlowski T, Bagrets A, Arnold A, Evers F. Charge Transport in Single Au | Alkanedithiol | Au Junctions: Coordination Geometries and Conformational Degrees of Freedom. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:318-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0762386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Dai Y, Meier C, Ziener U, Landfester K, Täubert C, Kolb DM. Potential-induced structure changes of oligopyridine adlayers on Au(111) electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:11058-62. [PMID: 17880114 DOI: 10.1021/la701479r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The structure of a bisterpyridine-like oligopyridine (abbreviated as 2,4'-BTP) monolayer on Au(111), adsorbed from an acetone solution, was studied by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy and cyclic voltammetry in aqueous 0.1 M H2SO4. Short-range ordered adsorption with an average distance between the individual molecules of about 2 nm was observed only at electrode potentials positive of +0.4 V vs SCE, whereas at more negative potentials, no order could be found. With the help of Cu underpotential deposition, a potential-induced, fast, and fully reversible structure transition within the organic monolayer was identified at about +0.4 V vs SCE. At negative potentials the molecules apparently cluster together and consequently current-potential curves resemble those for a bare gold surface, whereas for E>+0.4 V vs SCE the molecules are spread over the entire surface in a hexagonal, close-packed fashion. This may have interesting consequences for switching between different template structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangguang Dai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III, University of Ulm, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Khaldeev GV, Petrov SN. Computer simulation of electrochemical processes on interfaces. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1998v067n02abeh000332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Su GJ, Aguilar-Sanchez R, Li Z, Pobelov I, Homberger M, Simon U, Wandlowski T. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy Studies of 4-Methyl- 4′-(n-mercaptoalkyl)biphenyls on Au(111)-(1×1). Chemphyschem 2007; 8:1037-48. [PMID: 17476662 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
4-methyl-4'-(n-mercaptoalkyl)biphenyl (CH3-C6H4-C6H4-(CH2)n-SH, n=3-6, BPn) monolayers assembled on Au(111)-(1x1) in 1,3,5,-trimethylbenzene (TMB) at various temperatures are studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). High resolution STM images reveal that BP3 and BP5 form a (sqrt 3x2sqrt 3) repeating motif superimposed on a temperature-dependent Moire pattern. BP4 and BP6 adlayers are characterized by a coexisting (2sqrt 3x5sqrt 3) majority phase and a temperature-dependent (3xpsqrt 3) minority phase. Assembly at 60 degrees C or 90 degrees C leads to p=5. Compression of the adlayer was found at higher temperatures. Combined with high-resolution structure experiments, the electronic characteristics of BP3 and BP4 self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) were studied by monitoring current-distance (iT-Deltaz) and current-voltage (iT-Ebias) characteristics in TMB employing a gold STM tip|BPn|Au(111)-(1x1) configuration. The semilogarithmic (iT-Deltaz) plots yielded three linear regions in the range 10 pA<or=iT<or=20 microA, which were attributed to the different positions of the STM tip with respect to the molecular adlayer (I outside, II in contact with and/or within the adlayer, and III just before the formation of Au-Au nanocontacts). The effective decay constants kappaeff and the corresponding barrier heights phi(eff) decrease with decreasing tip-substrate distance. The iT-Ebias curves at low bias voltages are represented by the Simmons tunneling model. Based on measurements in the high current limit, the electric field strength of the dielectric breakdown was estimated to range between |0.85+/-0.05|x10(9) V m-1 and |1.5+/-0.1|x10(9) V m-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gujin J Su
- Institute of Bio- and Nanosystems (IBN3), Research Center Jülich, Germany
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Prado C, Prieto F, Rueda M, Feliu J, Aldaz A. Adenine adsorption on Au(111) and Au(100) electrodes: Characterisation, surface reconstruction effects and thermodynamic study. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2006.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Diao YX, Han MJ, Wan LJ, Itaya K, Uchida T, Miyake H, Yamakata A, Osawa M. Adsorbed structures of 4,4'-bipyridine on Cu(111) in acid studied by STM and IR. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2006; 22:3640-6. [PMID: 16584238 DOI: 10.1021/la052765w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of 4,4'-bipyridine (BiPy) on Cu(111) has been investigated in 0.1 M HClO4 by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and surface-enhanced infrared adsorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS). Cyclic voltammetry showed the double layer region extending from -0.2 to 0.26 V and a pair of redox waves superposing on hydrogen evolution wave at more negative potentials. Diprotonated BiPy, BiPyH2(2+), is adsorbed flat on the Cu(111) (1 x 1) surface and forms a well-ordered monolayer with a (3 x 4) symmetry in the double-layer potential region. At more negative potential, BiPyH2(2+) is reduced to its monocation radical, BiPyH2(*+), and forms another well-ordered structure in which the radicals are stacked in molecular rows with a face-to-face self-dimer as the building unit. The SEIRA spectra of both BiPyH2(2+) and BiPyH2(*+) are dominated by gerade modes which should be IR-inactive for the centrosymmetric species. The breakdown of the selection rule of IR absorption is ascribed to the vibronic coupling associated with charge transfer between BiPyH2(2+) and the surface and between the radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xia Diao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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26
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Li Z, Han B, Meszaros G, Pobelov I, Wandlowski T, Błaszczyk A, Mayor M. Two-dimensional assembly and local redox-activity of molecular hybrid structures in an electrochemical environment. Faraday Discuss 2006; 131:121-43; discussion 205-20. [PMID: 16512368 DOI: 10.1039/b506623a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly and redox-properties of two viologen derivatives, N-hexyl-N'-(6-thiohexyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium bromide (HS-6V6-H) and N,N'-bis(6-thiohexyl)-4,4'-bipyridinium bromide (HS-6V6-SH), immobilized on Au(lll)-(1 x 1) macro-electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, surface enhanced infrared spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and in situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Depending on the assembly conditions one could distinguish three different types of adlayers for both viologens: a low coverage disordered and an ordered "striped" phase of flat oriented molecules as well as a high coverage monolayer composed of tilted viologen moieties. Both molecules, HS-6V6-H and HS-6V6-SH, were successfully immobilized on Au(poly) nano-electrodes, which gave a well-defined redox-response in the lower pA-current range. An in situ STM configuration was employed to explore electron transport properties of single molecule junctions Au(T)/HS-6V6-SH(HS-6V6-H)/Au(S). The observed sigmoidal potential dependence, measured at variable substrate potential E(S) and at constant bias voltage (E(T) - E(S)), was attributed to electronic structure changes of the viologen moiety during the one-electron reduction/re-oxidation process V2+ < -- > V+*. Tunneling experiments in asymmetric, STM-based junctions Au(T)-S-6V6-H/Au(S) revealed current (i(T))-voltage (E(T)) curves with a maximum located at the equilibrium potential of the redox-process V2+ < -- > V+*. The experimental i(T)--E(T) characteristics of the HS-6V6-H-modified tunneling junction were tentatively attributed to a sequential two-step electron transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Institute of Surfaces and Interfaces ISG 3 and cni, Research Center Jülich GmH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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27
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Mayer D, Ataka K, Heberle J, Offenhäusser A. Scanning probe microscopic studies of the oriented attachment and membrane reconstitution of cytochrome C oxidase to a gold electrode. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:8580-3. [PMID: 16142929 DOI: 10.1021/la051195x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopy was used to monitor the resulting surface of the oriented incorporation of cytochrome c oxidase into electrode supported lipid bilayer at four crucial stages with molecular resolution. We were able to reveal the formation of a densely packed monolayer of the active ester dithio(succiniimidylepropionate) (DTSP) and the covalent linkage of the nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) to the thiol anchored DTSP by scanning tunneling microscopy. Atomic force microscopy investigations showed that the detergent solubilized oxidase is immobilized as monomers and small aggregates via histidine residues. Finally, the reconstitution of the proteins within the supported membrane was verified. The amount of oxidase immobilized within the solid supported membrane was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Mayer
- Research Center Juelich, ISG-2: Institute for Bio and Chemosensors, IBI-2: Structural Biology, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
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Li Z, Han B, Wan LJ, Wandlowski T. Supramolecular nanostructures of 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylic acid at electrified Au(111)/0.05 M H2SO4 interfaces: an in situ scanning tunneling microscopy study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:6915-28. [PMID: 16008404 DOI: 10.1021/la0507737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The potential-induced adsorption and self-assembly of 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylic acid (TMA) was investigated at the electrified Au(111)/0.05 M H2SO4 interface by in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and surface enhanced infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) in combination with electrochemical techniques. Depending on the applied electric field, TMA forms five distinctly different, highly ordered supramolecular adlayers on Au(111) surfaces. We have elucidated their real-space structures at the molecular scale. In the potential range -0.25 V < E < 0.20 V, planar-oriented TMA molecules form a hexagonal open-ring honeycomb structure, Ia, a hydrogen-bonded ribbon-type phase, Ib, and a herringbone-type phase, Ic, stabilized by directional hydrogen bonding and weak substrate-adsorbate interactions. Interfacial water molecules are being replaced. In 0.20 V < or = E < 0.40 V, e.g., around the potential of zero charge, and at slightly higher coverages, a close-packed physisorbed adlayer of hydrogen-bonded TMA dimers, II, was observed. Further increase of the electrode potential to positive charge densities causes an orientation change from planar to upright. An initially disordered phase, IIIa, transforms into an ordered, stripelike chemisorbed adlayer, IIIb, of perpendicularly oriented TMA molecules. One carboxylate group per molecule is bound to the electrode surface, while the two other protonated carboxyl groups are directed toward the electrolyte and act as structure-determining components of a hydrogen-bonded two-dimensional ladder-type network. Structural transitions between the various types of ordered molecular adlayers are attributed to (hole) nucleation and growth processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Li
- Institute of Thin Films and Interfaces, ISG 3, and Center of Nanoelectronic Systems for Information Technology, Research Center Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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29
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Electrochemical Properties of Nucleic Acid Components. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1871-0069(05)01002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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30
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Skołuda P. The influence of carbonyl aliphatic compounds on extension of the reconstructed Au(100) surface. Electrochem commun 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2004.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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31
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Su GJ, Zhang HM, Wan LJ, Bai CL, Wandlowski T. Potential-Induced Phase Transition of Trimesic Acid Adlayer on Au(111). J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp035095g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Jin Su
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Research Center Jülich, Institute of Surfaces and Interfaces, ISG3, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Hui-Min Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Research Center Jülich, Institute of Surfaces and Interfaces, ISG3, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Li-Jun Wan
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Research Center Jülich, Institute of Surfaces and Interfaces, ISG3, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Chun-Li Bai
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Research Center Jülich, Institute of Surfaces and Interfaces, ISG3, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Wandlowski
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100080, China, and Research Center Jülich, Institute of Surfaces and Interfaces, ISG3, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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32
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Pronkin S, Wandlowski T. Time-resolved in situ ATR-SEIRAS study of adsorption and 2D phase formation of uracil on gold electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(02)01472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Harinipriya S, Sangaranarayanan MV. Condensation of nucleobases at mercury/aqueous solution interface--a structural perspective using hydrogen bonding considerations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2002; 250:201-12. [PMID: 16290652 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.2002.8301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2001] [Accepted: 02/14/2002] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The two-dimensional condensation behavior exhibited by nucleobases at a mercury/aqueous solution interface is analyzed on the basis of their hydrogen-bonded quadruplex structures, and the experimentally observed critical temperatures are rationalized incorporating different types of hydrogen bonding, surface coordination effects, and stacking considerations. The proposed methodology provides a structural basis for the interpretation of critical temperatures and enables the calculation of the same pertaining to different modified nucleobases. The applicability of the procedure to order-disorder transitions of water dipoles at Hg electrodes is also indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harinipriya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, 600 036, India
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35
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Mayer D, Dretschkow T, Ataka K, Wandlowski T. Structural transitions in 4,4′-bipyridine adlayers on Au(111)—an electrochemical and in-situ STM-study. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(01)00754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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37
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38
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Ikezawa Y, Yoshida A, Sekiguchi R. Adsorption of fluorobenzoic acids on Au(100) electrode in acidic media by IRAS. Electrochim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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39
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40
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41
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STM and voltammetric studies on the structure of a 4-pyridinethiolate monolayer chemisorbed on Au(100)-(1×1) surface. Electrochem commun 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2481(99)00128-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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42
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Ikezawa Y, Sekiguchi R, Kitazume T. Adsorption of benzoic acid on an Au (100) electrode in acidic media by IRAS. Electrochim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(99)00304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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43
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Van krieken M, Buess-Herman C. On the adsorption of uridine at the Ag(111)/aqueous solution interface. Electrochim Acta 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(99)00246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Striegler H, Skoluda P, Kolb D. On the stability of unreconstructed Au(100)-(1×1) at negative potentials in aqueous sulfate solution. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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45
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Silva F, Martins A. Surface structural effects on specific adsorption of oxoanions on gold single crystal electrodes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(99)00165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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Friis EP, Andersen JE, Kharkats YI, Kuznetsov AM, Nichols RJ, Zhang JD, Ulstrup J. An approach to long-range electron transfer mechanisms in metalloproteins: in situ scanning tunneling microscopy with submolecular resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:1379-84. [PMID: 9990032 PMCID: PMC15471 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.4.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of redox molecules, in aqueous solution, shows interesting analogies and differences compared with interfacial electrochemical electron transfer (ET) and ET in homogeneous solution. This is because the redox level represents a deep indentation in the tunnel barrier, with possible temporary electronic population. Particular perspectives are that both the bias voltage and the overvoltage relative to a reference electrode can be controlled, reflected in spectroscopic features when the potential variation brings the redox level to cross the Fermi levels of the substrate and tip. The blue copper protein azurin adsorbs on gold(111) via a surface disulfide group. Well resolved in situ STM images show arrays of molecules on the triangular gold(111) terraces. This points to the feasibility of in situ STM of redox metalloproteins directly in their natural aqueous medium. Each structure also shows a central brighter contrast in the constant current mode, indicative of 2- to 4-fold current enhancement compared with the peripheral parts. This supports the notion of tunneling via the redox level of the copper atom and of in situ STM as a new approach to long-range electron tunneling in metalloproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Friis
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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47
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Möller FA, Magnussen OM, Behm RJ. Electrodeposition and Anodic Dissolution of Ni on Au(100): an in situ STM Study*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.1999.208.part_1_2.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Silva F, Martins A. Surface reconstruction of gold single crystals: electrochemical evidence of the effect of adsorbed anions and influence of steps and terraces. Electrochim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(98)00195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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49
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Dretschkow T, Lampner D, Wandlowski T. Structural transitions in 2,2′-bipyridine adlayers on Au(111)—an in-situ STM study 1This paper is dedicated to MJE, who contributed to the manuscript in a special way. 1. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-0728(98)00325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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On the dissolution kinetics of two-dimensional uridine layers adsorbed on gold single-crystal electrodes. Electrochim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0013-4686(98)00024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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