1
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Ramirez K, Kyu S, Nguyen D, Han SY, Lee YL, Bradley J, Randall T, Sanz I, Lee FEH, Sulchek T. Heterofunctional Particles as Single Cell Sensors to Capture Secreted Immunoglobulins and Isolate Antigen-Specific Antibody Secreting Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001947. [PMID: 34160143 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Isolating cells based on their secreted proteins remain a challenge. The authors demonstrate a capacity for high throughput single-cell protein secretion analysis and isolation based on heterofunctional particles combined with fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). The workflow shows that antibody secreting cells (ASCs) specific for the H1 protein from influenza virus can be isolated from B cells. The workflow consists of incubating anti-CD27 particles with the ASCs, capturing locally secreted immunoglobulins with Protein G on the particles, and identifying immunoglobulins specific to H1 via fluorescent labeled antigens followed by FACS to enrich antigen-specific ASCs. Two particles designs, Janus and mixed, are tested with hybridoma cells. Mixed particles are found to improve antibody collection, while Janus particles are found to bind target cells more effectively. Targeted hybridoma cells in coculture with non-specific hybridoma cells are identified with a sensitivity of 96% and specificity of 98%. Heterofunctional particles are used to capture ASCs that secrete antibodies specific for influenza virus from B cells from healthy adults isolated from blood after vaccination. Positive H1-tetramer sorted ASCs are validated using single ASC cultures and identify 23/56 cells specific for H1 demonstrating 164-fold enrichment from total B cells and 14.6-fold enrichment from total ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katily Ramirez
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Shuya Kyu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Doan Nguyen
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - So-Yun Han
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ye Lim Lee
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - John Bradley
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Troy Randall
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Frances Eun-Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Todd Sulchek
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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2
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Aebischer-Gumy C, Moretti P, Ollier R, Ries Fecourt C, Rousseau F, Bertschinger M. SPLICELECT™: an adaptable cell surface display technology based on alternative splicing allowing the qualitative and quantitative prediction of secreted product at a single-cell level. MAbs 2021; 12:1709333. [PMID: 31955651 PMCID: PMC6973322 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1709333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a mammalian expression construct (SPLICELECT™) that allows the redirection of a proportion of a secreted protein onto the cell surface using alternative splicing: whereas the majority of the RNA is spliced into a transcript encoding a secreted protein, a weak splice donor site yields a secondary transcript encoding, in addition, a C-terminal transmembrane domain. The different sequence elements can be modified in order to modulate the level of cell surface display and of secretion in an independent manner. In this work, we demonstrated that the cell surface display of stable cell lines is correlated with the level of the secreted protein of interest, but also with the level of heterodimerization in the case of a bispecific antibody. It was also shown that this construct may be useful for rapid screening of multiple antibody candidates in binding assays following transient transfection. Thus, the correlation of product quantity and quality of the secreted and of membrane-displayed product in combination with the flexibility of the construct with regards to cell surface display/secretion levels make SPLICELECT™ a valuable tool with many potential applications, not limited to industrial cell line development or antibody engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Aebischer-Gumy
- Cell Sciences, Ichnos Sciences SA (formerly Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Moretti
- Cell Sciences, Ichnos Sciences SA (formerly Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Romain Ollier
- Antibody Engineering, Ichnos Sciences SA (formerly Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Ries Fecourt
- Antibody Engineering, Ichnos Sciences SA (formerly Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - François Rousseau
- Antibody Engineering, Ichnos Sciences SA (formerly Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Martin Bertschinger
- Cell Sciences, Ichnos Sciences SA (formerly Glenmark Pharmaceuticals SA), La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
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3
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Chiu JCY, Teodoro JA, Lee JH, Matthews K, Duffy SP, Ma H. Selective cell propagation via micropatterning of a thermally-activated hydrogel. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1544-1553. [PMID: 32270803 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc01230c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to selectively propagate specific cells is fundamentally important to the development of clonal cell populations. Current methods rely on techniques such as limiting dilution, colony picking, and flow cytometry to transfer single cells into single wells, resulting in workflows that are low-throughput, slowed by propagation kinetics, and susceptible to contamination. Here, we developed a method, called selective laser gelation (SLG), to micropattern hydrogels in cell culture media in order to encapsulate specific cells to selectively arrest their growth. This process relies on the inverse gelation of methylcellulose, which forms a hydrogel when heated rather than cooled. Local heating using an infrared laser enables hydrogel micropatterning, while phase transition hysteresis retains the hydrogel after laser excitation. As a demonstration, we used this approach to selectively propagate transgenic CHO cells with increased antibody productivity. More generally, hydrogel micropatterning provides a simple and non-contact method for selective propagation of cells based on features identified by imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Y Chiu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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4
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Pinder CL, Kratochvil S, Cizmeci D, Muir L, Guo Y, Shattock RJ, McKay PF. Isolation and Characterization of Antigen-Specific Plasmablasts Using a Novel Flow Cytometry-Based Ig Capture Assay. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:4180-4188. [PMID: 29118244 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report the development of a novel flow cytometry-based Ig capture assay (ICA) for the identification and sorting of individual Ab-secreting cells based on their Ag reactivity. The ICA represents a fast and versatile tool for single-cell sorting of peripheral plasmablasts, streamlining subsequent Ab analysis, and cloning. We demonstrate the utility of the assay by isolating Ag-reactive plasmablasts from cryopreserved PBMC obtained from volunteers vaccinated with a recombinant HIV envelope protein. To show the specificity of the ICA, we produced Ag-specific Abs from these cells and subsequently verified their Ag reactivity via ELISA. Furthermore, we used the ICA to track Ag-specific plasmablast responses in HIV-vaccine recipients over a period of 42 d and performed a head-to-head comparison with a conventional B cell ELISpot. Results were highly comparable, highlighting that this assay is a viable alternative for monitoring Ag-specific plasmablast responses at early time points after infection or vaccination. The ICA provides important added benefits in that phenotypic information can be obtained from the identified Ag-specific cells that can then be captured for downstream applications such as B cell sequencing and/or Ab cloning. We envisage the ICA as being a useful tool in Ab repertoire analysis for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Pinder
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Luke Muir
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Yanping Guo
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul F McKay
- Division of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
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5
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Priola JJ, Calzadilla N, Baumann M, Borth N, Tate CG, Betenbaugh MJ. High-throughput screening and selection of mammalian cells for enhanced protein production. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:853-65. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Priola
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | - Nathan Calzadilla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
| | | | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology; Universität für Bodenkultur; Vienna Austria
| | | | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
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6
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Mettler Izquierdo S, Varela S, Park M, Collarini EJ, Lu D, Pramanick S, Rucker J, Lopalco L, Etches R, Harriman W. High-efficiency antibody discovery achieved with multiplexed microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2016; 65:341-52. [PMID: 27107009 PMCID: PMC5895110 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfw014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of secreted antibody from large and diverse populations of B cells in parallel at the clonal level can reveal desirable antibodies for diagnostic or therapeutic applications. By immobilizing B cells in microdroplets with particulate reporters, decoding and isolating them in a microscopy environment, we have recovered panels of antibodies with rare attributes to therapeutically relevant targets. The ability to screen up to 100 million cells in a single experiment can be fully leveraged by accessing primary B-cell populations from evolutionarily divergent species such as chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Lu
- Crystal Bioscience, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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7
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Use of Human Hybridoma Technology To Isolate Human Monoclonal Antibodies. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 3:AID-0027-2014. [PMID: 26104564 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.aid-0027-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hybridoma technique offers an important approach for isolation of human monoclonal antibodies. A diversity of approaches can be used with varying success. Recent technical advances in expanding the starting number of human antigen-specific B cells, improving fusion efficiency, and isolating new myeloma partners and new cell cloning methods have enabled the development of protocols that make the isolation of human monoclonal antibodies from blood samples feasible. Undoubtedly, additional innovations that could improve efficiency are possible.
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8
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Advances in Mammalian cell line development technologies for recombinant protein production. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:579-603. [PMID: 24276168 PMCID: PMC3817724 DOI: 10.3390/ph6050579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
From 2006 to 2011, an average of 15 novel recombinant protein therapeutics have been approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) annually. In addition, the expiration of blockbuster biologics has also spurred the emergence of biosimilars. The increasing numbers of innovator biologic products and biosimilars have thus fuelled the demand of production cell lines with high productivity. Currently, mammalian cell line development technologies used by most biopharmaceutical companies are based on either the methotrexate (MTX) amplification technology or the glutamine synthetase (GS) system. With both systems, the cell clones obtained are highly heterogeneous, as a result of random genome integration by the gene of interest and the gene amplification process. Consequently, large numbers of cell clones have to be screened to identify rare stable high producer cell clones. As such, the cell line development process typically requires 6 to 12 months and is a time, capital and labour intensive process. This article reviews established advances in protein expression and clone screening which are the core technologies in mammalian cell line development. Advancements in these component technologies are vital to improve the speed and efficiency of generating robust and highly productive cell line for large scale production of protein therapeutics.
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9
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Messerschmidt K, Heilmann K. Toxin-antigen conjugates as selection tools for antibody producing cells. J Immunol Methods 2012; 387:167-72. [PMID: 23098839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The generation of antibodies with designated specificity requires cost-intensive and time-consuming screening procedures. Here we present a new method by which hybridoma cells can be selected based on the specificity of the produced antibody by the use of antigen-toxin-conjugates thus eliminating the need of a screening procedure. Initial experiments were done with methotrexate as low molecular weight toxin and fluorescein as model antigen. Methotrexate and a methotrexate-fluorescein conjugate were characterized regarding their toxicity. Afterwards the effect of the fluorescein-specific antibody B13-DE1 on the toxicity of the methotrexate-fluorescein conjugate was determined. Finally, first results showed that hybridoma cells that produce fluorescein specific antibodies are able to grow in the presence of fluorescein-toxin-conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Messerschmidt
- Junior Research Group Antibody Technologies, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Karl-Liebknecht-Str 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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10
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Kumar N, Borth N. Flow-cytometry and cell sorting: an efficient approach to investigate productivity and cell physiology in mammalian cell factories. Methods 2012; 56:366-74. [PMID: 22426008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of cell lines used for the production of biotherapeutic proteins typically depends on the number of cells in culture, their specific growth rate, their viability and the cell specific productivity (qP). Therefore both cell line development and process development are trying to (a) improve cell proliferation to reduce lag-phase and achieve high number of cells; (b) delay cell death to prolong the production phase and improve culture longevity; (c) and finally, increase qP. All of these factors, when combined in an optimised process, concur to increase the final titre and yield of the recombinant protein. As cellular performance is at the centre of any improvement, analysis methods that enable the characterisation of individual cells in their entirety can help in identifying cell types and culture conditions that perform exceptionally well. This observation of cells and their complexity is reflected by the term "cytomics" and flow cytometry is one of the methods used for this purpose. With its ability to analyse the distribution of physiological properties within a population and to isolate rare outliers with exceptional properties, flow cytometry ideally complements other methods used for optimisation, including media design and cell engineering. In the present review we describe approaches that could be used, directly or indirectly, to analyse and sort cellular phenotypes characterised by improved growth behaviour, reduced cell death or high qP and outline their potential use for cell line and process optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University Vienna, Austria
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11
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Lin S, Shen Z, Zha D, Sharkey N, Prinz B, Hamilton S, Pavoor TV, Bobrowicz B, Shaikh SS, Rittenhour AM, Potgieter TI, Bobrowicz P, Stadheim TA. Selection of Pichia pastoris strains expressing recombinant immunoglobulin G by cell surface labeling. J Immunol Methods 2010; 358:66-74. [PMID: 20338179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple cell labeling method for sorting yeast Pichia pastoris antibody expressing strains is described. A small portion of secreted recombinant antibody retained on the cell surface was labeled with fluorescence detection antibody. The signal intensity of the labeled cell was correlated with the cell's antibody productivity. Using this labeling technique to sort a mixture model induced in the same fermenter where the cells of high producing strain were spiked into a population of a low producing strain at the frequency of 1:100,000, one round of sorting achieved a approximately 5000-fold enrichment of the high producing strain. A variety of P.pastoris strains expressing antibody sorted based on the signal intensity on the cell surface yielded titer improvements by 30% to 300%. Our data demonstrate that Pichia cell surface labeling is a simple, effective and reliable method for sorting Pichia antibody expressing strains for productivity improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Lin
- GlycoFi, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
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12
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Browne SM, Al-Rubeai M. Selection Methods for High-Producing Mammalian Cell Lines. CELL ENGINEERING 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2245-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Chen S, Gray D, Ma J, Subramanian S. Production of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2008; Chapter 5:Unit5.10. [PMID: 18429176 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps0510s12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The best strategy for consistent production of larger quantities of pure protein is stable expression. Popular hosts for stable expression are Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells, myeloma cells, and the transformed kidney cell line 293. Protocols for stable production in CHO cells are described in this unit. Typical methods for transfection using commercially available plasmid expression vectors are described, along with methods to select for stable expression and methods for amplifying the expression level in the transfected cell. Following this, procedures are presented for efficient cell growth to obtain significant amounts of protein product. Support protocols describe freezing of cells, determination of growth rates, determination of specific productivity of cells, preparing samples for assay, and setting up a 10-day shaker-flask growth curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chen
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California, USA
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14
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Sellrie F, Micheel B. Selection of recombinant antibody-producing E. coli cells by means of toxin conjugates. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2007.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Dessain SK, Adekar SP, Berry JD. Exploring the native human antibody repertoire to create antiviral therapeutics. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 317:155-83. [PMID: 17990793 PMCID: PMC7121815 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72146-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Native human antibodies are defined as those that arise naturally as the result of the functioning of an intact human immune system. The utility of native antibodies for the treatment of human viral diseases has been established through experience with hyperimmune human globulins. Native antibodies, as a class, differ in some respects from those obtained by recombinant library methods (phage or transgenic mouse) and possess distinct properties that may make them ideal therapeutics for human viral diseases. Methods for cloning native human antibodies have been beset by technical problems, yet many antibodies specific for viral antigens have been cloned. In the present review, we discuss native human antibodies and ongoing improvements in cloning methods that should facilitate the creation of novel, potent antiviral therapeutics obtained from the native human antibody repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K. Dessain
- Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut St, 19107 Philadelphia, PA USA
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16
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Browne SM, Al-Rubeai M. Selection methods for high-producing mammalian cell lines. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:425-32. [PMID: 17659798 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The selection of high-producing mammalian cell lines represents a bottleneck in process development for the production of biopharmaceuticals. Traditional methods are time consuming (development times often exceed six months) and significantly limited by the number of clones that can be feasibly screened. The market for therapeutic proteins is set to double by 2010, so there is an increasing need to develop methods for the selection of mammalian cell lines stably expressing recombinant products at high levels in an efficient, cost-effective and high-throughput manner. Alternatives include higher throughput methods based on flow-cytometric screening and recently developed automated systems for the selection of high-producing cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Browne
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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17
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Carroll S, Al-Rubeai M. The selection of high-producing cell lines using flow cytometry and cell sorting. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 4:1821-9. [PMID: 15500410 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.4.11.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The selection of high-producing cell lines is usually time-consuming and labour-intensive. Following transfection, high-producing cells are selected using limiting dilution cloning to prevent non- and low-producing cells from outgrowing high-producing cells, a process that normally takes > 3 months. During this time, the cells have to be screened occasionally to ensure stability of the selected clone. Several new methods for selecting and screening cells using flow cytometry and cell sorting have recently been developed; these include gel microdrop technology, which encapsulates the cells in gelatine beads, and matrix-based secretion assays. This paper reviews these techniques for selecting high-producing cell lines and isolating rare cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Carroll
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, UK
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18
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Böhm E, Grillari J, Voglauer R, Gross S, Ernst W, Ferko B, Kunert R, Katinger H, Borth N. Establishment of a strategy for the rapid generation of a monoclonal antibody against the human protein SNEV (hNMP200) by flow-cytometric cell sorting. J Immunol Methods 2005; 307:13-23. [PMID: 16289093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Revised: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The screening for antigen-specific hybridoma cells with adequate production rates is still a time-, labour- and money-consuming procedure. A reduction in cell culture testing by specifically selecting those fused cells that produce antibody could therefore make hybridoma technology more attractive, even for small research groups or for newly discovered proteins at an early stage of research. Additional problems, such as the requirement to produce sufficient amounts of the unknown protein at a purity that allows specific immunisation of mice and testing of the resulting hybridoma clones, also need to be overcome. Here we present a new strategy to isolate rapidly and efficiently monoclonal antibodies against new proteins, for which only sequence information at the DNA level is known. The strategy consists of fusion of the protein to a hexa-His-tag to allow easy purification, production in yeast and insect cells to reduce background immunisation with host cell proteins and the selection of IgG-producing hybridoma cells by flow-cytometric cell sorting using the affinity matrix secretion assay technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Böhm
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Wien/Vienna, Austria
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19
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Omasa T. Gene amplification and its application in cell and tissue engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 94:600-5. [PMID: 16233356 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(02)80201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2002] [Accepted: 09/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene amplification means the repeated replication of a certain gene without a proportional increase in the copy number of other genes and is a widespread phenomenon in eukaryotes. It is an important developmental and evolutionary process in many organisms. This article focuses on mammalian gene amplification and its application in cell and tissue engineering. The dhfr gene amplification in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the gene amplification mechanism, the selection protocol and the application of gene amplification were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Omasa
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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20
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Hanania EG, Fieck A, Stevens J, Bodzin LJ, Palsson BØ, Koller MR. Automated in situ measurement of cell-specific antibody secretion and laser-mediated purification for rapid cloning of highly-secreting producers. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 91:872-6. [PMID: 15937942 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cloning of highly-secreting recombinant cells is critical for biopharmaceutical manufacturing, but faces numerous challenges including the fact that secreted protein does not remain associated with the producing cell. A fundamentally new approach was developed combining in situ capture and measurement of individual cell protein secretion followed by laser-mediated elimination of all non- and poorly-secreting cells, leaving only the highest-secreting cell in a well. Recombinant cells producing humanized antibody were cultured serum-free on a capture matrix, followed by staining with fluorescently-labeled anti-human antibody fragment. A novel, automated, high-throughput instrument (called LEAP) was used to image and locate every cell, quantify the cell-associated and secreted antibody (surrounding each cell), eliminate all undesired cells from a well via targeted laser irradiation, and then track clone outgrowth and stability. Temporarily sparing an island of helper cells around the clone of interest improved cloning efficiency (particularly when using serum-free medium), and helper cells were easily eliminated with the laser after several days. The in situ nature of this process allowed several serial sub-cloning steps to be performed within days of one another, resulting in rapid generation of clonal populations with significantly increased and more stable, homogeneous antibody secretion. Cell lines with specific antibody secretion rates of > 50 pg/cell per day (in static batch culture) were routinely obtained as a result of this cloning approach, often times representing up to 20% of the clones screened.
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21
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Akselband Y, Moen PT, McGrath P. Isolation of Rare Isotype Switch Variants in Hybridoma Cell Lines Using an Agarose Gel Microdrop-Based Protein Secretion Assay. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2003; 1:619-26. [PMID: 15090234 DOI: 10.1089/154065803770380977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using gel microdrop (GMD) encapsulation technology and fluorescence-activated cell storing (FACS), we have developed a rapid, sensitive, and reliable method for discriminating and recovering rare isotypic switch variants in hybridoma cell lines. Using the GMD-based IgSwitch assay, a novel approach for isolating subpopulations of IgG-secreting hybridoma cells present at a frequency of approximately 1-10 in 10(6), we successfully isolated spontaneous and in vitro-induced isotypic switch variants in less than half the time required for conventional sublining. The effectiveness and specificity of the assay are demonstrated.
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22
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Brezinsky SCG, Chiang GG, Szilvasi A, Mohan S, Shapiro RI, MacLean A, Sisk W, Thill G. A simple method for enriching populations of transfected CHO cells for cells of higher specific productivity. J Immunol Methods 2003; 277:141-55. [PMID: 12799047 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(03)00108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To establish a simple and rapid method for the screening of stable recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, we have developed a cell surface labeling technique using fluorescently tagged antibodies that bind to secreted target proteins at low temperature. Using fluorescence intensity as the sole criterion for selection of cells, we are able to enrich populations of highly productive cells using preparative flow cytometry sorting. Reiterative sorting based on selection of cells having the highest fluorescence intensity of cell surface labeled protein results in dramatic increases in specific cellular productivity. Using lymphotoxin-beta receptor IgG fusion protein as a model system, we have demonstrated a greater than 20-fold increase in specific productivity (0.49-11.5 pg cell(-1) day(-1)) (pcd) without the use of methotrexate (MTX)-mediated selection or amplification. In addition, the flow cytometry used to enrich for and clone high producer cell lines has reduced development time by more than 50% and the number of screening assays by more than 10-fold. When a transfected population of CHO cells expressing a humanized version of the murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) AQC2 directed against human alpha 1 beta 1 integrin was subjected to the same treatment, a 25-fold improvement in specific productivity (0.3-8.0 pcd) was observed. Furthermore, similar application of this technique to MTX-amplified clones resulted in up to 120-fold overall improvement in specific productivity (up to 42 pcd). Greater than 20 examples are also presented to demonstrate the robustness and performance of this technique.
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23
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Abstract
With the advent of cellular immunotherapy, the ability to monitor immune responses during treatment will be essential to evaluate the effectiveness of the new therapies. While the ultimate determinate of the success of immunotherapy trials will be clinical outcome, methods of monitoring immunity in real-time have become available that will assist in the development of immunotherapy strategies and in the prediction of individual patient prognosis during the course of treatment. The essentials of existing immune assays are described here with examples of how these techniques have been used previously. A perspective on which approaches will likely prove the most useful for monitoring immune responses in real-time during immunotherapy is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Wieder
- Section of Transplant Immunology, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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24
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Abstract
Cytokines represent a multi-diverse family of polypeptide regulators; they are of relatively low molecular weight, pharmacologically active proteins that are secreted by one cell for the purpose of altering either its own functions (autocrine effect) or those of adjacent cells (paracrine effect). Cytokines are small, non-enzymatic glycoproteins whose actions are both diverse and overlapping (specificity/redundancy) and may affect diverse and overlapping target cell populations. In many instances, individual cytokines have multiple biological activities. Different cytokines can also have the same activity, which provides for functional redundancy within the inflammatory and immune systems. As biological cofactors that are released by specific cells, cytokines have specific effects on cell-cell interaction, communication, and behavior of other cells. As a result, it is infrequent that loss or neutralization of one cytokine will markedly interfere with either of these systems. The biological effect of one cytokine is often modified or augmented by another. Because an inter-digitating, redundant network of cytokines is involved in the production of most biological effects, both under physiologic and pathologic conditions, it usually requires more than a single defect in the network to alter drastically the outcome of the process. This fact therefore may have crucial significance in the development of therapeutic strategies for bio-pharmacologic intervention in cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Labs, Molecular Neuroscience Research Division, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, Medical Sciences Building S-261, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0542, USA.
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25
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Haddad JJ. Pharmaco-redox regulation of cytokine-related pathways: from receptor signaling to pharmacogenomics. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:907-26. [PMID: 12361802 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines represent a multi-diverse family of polypeptide regulators; they are relatively low molecular weight (< 30 kDa), pharmacologically active proteins that are secreted by one cell for the purpose of altering either its own functions (autocrine effect) or those of adjacent cells (paracrine effect). Cytokines are small, nonenzymatic glycoproteins whose actions are both diverse and overlapping (specificity/redundancy) and may affect diverse and overlapping target cell populations. In many instances, individual cytokines have multiple biological activities. Different cytokines can also have the same activity, which provides for functional redundancy (network) within the inflammatory and immune systems. As biological cofactors that are released by specific cells, cytokines have specific effects on cell-cell interaction, communication, and behavior of other cells. As a result, it is infrequent that loss or neutralization of one cytokine will markedly interfere with either of these systems. The biological effect of one cytokine is often modified or augmented by another. Because an interdigitating, redundant network of cytokines is involved in the production of most biological effects, both under physiologic and pathologic conditions, it usually requires more than a single defect in the network to alter drastically the outcome of the process. This fact, therefore, may have crucial significance in the development of therapeutic strategies for biopharmacologic intervention in cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Labs, Molecular Neuroscience Research Division, Dept of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0542, USA.
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26
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Yoshikawa T, Nakanishi F, Ogura Y, Oi D, Omasa T, Katakura Y, Kishimoto M, Suga KI. Flow cytometry: an improved method for the selection of highly productive gene-amplified CHO cells using flow cytometry. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 74:435-42. [PMID: 11427945 DOI: 10.1002/bit.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In previous work, we clarified the relationship between the productivity and stability of gene-amplified cells and the location of the amplified gene. The location of the amplified gene enabled us to classify resistant cells into two types. One type of resistant cell group, in which the amplified genes were observed near the telomeric region, was named the "telomere type." The other type of cell group, in which the amplified genes were observed in other chromosomal regions, was named the "other type." The phenotypes of these two types of cells are very different. In this experiment, using a fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled methotrexate (F-MTX) reagent with flow cytometry, we were easily able to distinguish between highly productive cells and the other types of cells. The level of fluorescence differed according to the difference in resistance to MTX. Based on this new finding, highly productive gene-amplified cells could be isolated from heterogeneous gene-amplified cell pools more easily than by the method of limiting-dilution assay. The limiting-dilution method requires several months to obtain highly productive gene-amplified cells, while our flow-cytometry-based method of selection requires only a few weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yoshikawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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27
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Borth N, Zeyda M, Kunert R, Katinger H. Efficient selection of high-producing subclones during gene amplification of recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells by flow cytometry and cell sorting. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 71:266-73. [PMID: 11291036 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0290(2000)71:4<266::aid-bit1016>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The screening procedure for high-producing cell lines is extremely time- and labor-intensive and costly, and is at present guided by an empirical approach based on individual experience. Flow cytometry and cell sorting, with its ability to analyze and separate single cells, an ideal method in the selection of such rare cells. The isolation of recombinant cell lines is especially difficult due to repeated gene amplification, which introduces high mutational variation into the population. We have established and evaluated a modification of a previous method that traps secreted product on the surface of the secreting cell, thus allowing direct analysis of single cell specific production rates. This method was used to select for high-producing subclones of a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line producing a human antibody against HIV-1 by repeated rounds of gene amplification and cell sorting. This cell line has been amplified in previous investigations, so that the amount of work and testing required by traditional methods can be compared with the protocol described herein. Forty-five 96-well plates were necessary to obtain a high-producing subclone by limited dilution methods, whereas only five plates were required when cell sorting was used. The specific production rate of the best clone obtained by sorting, however, was five times that of the clone obtained by traditional methods. In contrast to the clones obtained by limited dilution, which consisted of several populations of low- and high-producing cells even at high methotrexate concentrations (6.4 microM), the clones isolated by sorting were already homogeneous at 0.8 microM methotrexate.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Borth
- Institute for Applied Microbiology, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Turcanu V, Williams NA. Cell identification and isolation on the basis of cytokine secretion: a novel tool for investigating immune responses. Nat Med 2001; 7:373-6. [PMID: 11231640 DOI: 10.1038/85533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Turcanu
- University of Bristol, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, School of Medical Sciences, University Walk, Bristol, UK
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29
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Gift EA, Weaver JC. Simultaneous quantitative determination of electroporative molecular uptake and subsequent cell survival using gel microdrops and flow cytometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(20000401)39:4<243::aid-cyto1>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Holmes P, Al-Rubeai M. Improved cell line development by a high throughput affinity capture surface display technique to select for high secretors. J Immunol Methods 1999; 230:141-7. [PMID: 10594361 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(99)00181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel process is described which permits rapid and objective selection of rare cells from a heterogeneous population based on quantity of secreted target protein. The process involves construction of an immobilised affinity surface display matrix that specifically binds secreted target product which is then detected using a fluorescent labelled ligand. Cells with the highest fluorescence can then be sorted using conventional flow cytometric technology. Overall, the whole process can be completed in less than 4 h during which time in the region of five million cells can be analysed. Cells are rapidly selected for in a quantitative manner compared to traditional methods which can take several months and have a reduced probability of finding low abundance high secretors due to practical limitations imposed on the number of cells which can be screened.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Holmes
- Animal Cell Technology Group, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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31
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Weaver JC, McGrath P, Adams S. Gel microdrop technology for rapid isolation of rare and high producer cells. Nat Med 1997; 3:583-5. [PMID: 9142132 DOI: 10.1038/nm0597-583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Secreted proteins are a therapeutic cornerstone of the biotechnology industry, and numerous recombinant products, including human growth hormone, human erythropoietin and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, are now widely prescribed. In addition to bioprocessing applications, GMD technology should benefit the emerging fields of cellular and gene therapy. The ability to assess rapidly and precisely the productivity of cells for ex vivo cell screening and expansion is a unique approach with numerous research and therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Weaver
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
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32
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Gift EA, Park HJ, Paradis GA, Demain AL, Weaver JC. FACS-based isolation of slowly growing cells: double encapsulation of yeast in gel microdrops. Nat Biotechnol 1996; 14:884-7. [PMID: 9631016 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0796-884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Isolating hyperproducing cells is important in biotechnology, but these cells usually grow slowly and can be overgrown by poorly producing cells. We describe a new method of isolating slowly growing cells from among rapidly growing cells, which has the potential for automation and high throughput (e.g., 100,000 cells/h). A model system is presented consisting of a mixed population of slowly growing mutant and rapidly growing wild-type yeast, which were encapsulated in double agarose gel microdrops (dGMDs); with most dGMDs initially containing single cells. Double encapsulation locates parent cells near dGMD centers, making microcolony measurement more accurate. After a 15-h incubation, fluorescent activated cell sorting was used to analyze and sort dGMDs with small microcolonies (slow growers) from dGMDs with large microcolonies (rapid growers). Successful isolation of slow growers from a mixed population of predominantly rapidly growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Gift
- Harvard-M.I.T. Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA
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33
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Kenney JS, Gray F, Ancel MH, Dunne JF. Production of monoclonal antibodies using a secretion capture report web. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1995; 13:787-90. [PMID: 9634809 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0895-787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel method for the production of monoclonal antibodies using a secretion capture report web (SCRW). Following HAT selection in bulk culture, individual hybridomas are encapsulated in biotinylated agarose drops. Antibody secreted by the hybridoma is captured within the agarose drop using an avidin bridge and biotinylated anti-mouse immunoglobulin. The secreted antibody is detected by a fluorescent reporter which can be either a second anti-mouse antibody or an antigen. The binding of the reporter can be quantitated and the desired hybridoma directly cloned by flow cytometry. Multiparameter (i.e., two-color) reporter analysis can also be used to selectively enrich and clone rare hybridomas secreting antibodies directed to unique epitopes. The method allows the characterization of thousands of clones per second and the isolation of hundreds of clones per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Kenney
- Department of Leukocyte Biology, Syntex Research, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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