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Gomathinayagam S, Laface D, Houston-Cummings NR, Mangadu R, Moore R, Shandil I, Sharkey N, Li H, Stadheim TA, Zha D. In vivo anti-tumor efficacy of afucosylated anti-CS1 monoclonal antibody produced in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2015; 208:13-21. [PMID: 26015261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy has been successfully used for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas and is currently extended for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). New developments in MM therapeutics have achieved significant survival gains in patients but the disease still remains incurable. Elotuzumab (HuLuc63), an anti-CS1 monoclonal IgG1 antibody, is believed to induce anti-tumor activity and MM cytotoxicity through antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and inhibition of MM cell adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Modulations of the Fc glycan composition at the N297 site by selective mutations or afucosylation have been explored as strategies to develop bio-better therapeutics with enhanced ADCC activity. Afucosylated therapeutic antibodies with enhanced ADCC activity have been reported to possess greater efficacy in tumor growth inhibition at lower doses when compared to fucosylated therapeutic antibodies. The N-linked glycosylation pathway in Pichia pastoris has been engineered to produce human-like N-linked glycosylation with uniform afucosylated complex type glycans. The purpose of this study was to compare afucosylated anti-CS1 mAb expressed in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris with fucosylated anti-CS1 mAb expressed in mammalian HEK293 cells through in vitro ADCC and in vivo tumor inhibition models. Our results indicate that Fc glycosylation is critical for in vivo efficacy and afucosylated anti-CS1 mAb expressed in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris shows a better in vivo efficacy in tumor regression when compared to fucosylated anti-CS1 mAb expressed in HEK293 cells. Glycoengineered Pichia pastoris could provide an alternative platform for generating homogeneous afucosylated recombinant antibodies where Fc mediated immune effector function is important for efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Gomathinayagam
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Drake Laface
- Biologics Discovery, Palo Alto, Merck Research Laboratories, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Nga Rewa Houston-Cummings
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Ruban Mangadu
- Biologics Discovery, Palo Alto, Merck Research Laboratories, 901 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Renee Moore
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Ishaan Shandil
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Nathan Sharkey
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Huijuan Li
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Terrance A Stadheim
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
| | - Dongxing Zha
- GlycoFi Inc., A Wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, United States.
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Mallem M, Warburton S, Li F, Shandil I, Nylen A, Kim S, Jiang Y, Meehl M, d'Anjou M, Stadheim TA, Choi BK. Maximizing recombinant human serum albumin production in a MutsPichia pastorisstrain. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1488-96. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fang Li
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
| | - Ishaan Shandil
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
| | - Adam Nylen
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
| | - Sehoon Kim
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
| | - Youwei Jiang
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
| | - Michael Meehl
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
| | - Marc d'Anjou
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery; Merck & Co., Inc. Lebanon NH
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Meehl MA, Stadheim TA. Biopharmaceutical discovery and production in yeast. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 30:120-7. [PMID: 25014890 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The selection of an expression platform for recombinant biopharmaceuticals is often centered upon suitable product titers and critical quality attributes, including post-translational modifications. Although notable differences between microbial, yeast, plant, and mammalian host systems exist, recent advances have greatly mitigated any inherent liabilities of yeasts. Yeast expression platforms are important to both the supply of marketed biopharmaceuticals and the pipelines of novel therapeutics. In this review, recent advances in yeast-based expression of biopharmaceuticals will be discussed. The advantages of using glycoengineered yeast as a production host and in the discovery space will be illustrated. These advancements, in turn, are transforming yeast platforms from simple production systems to key technological assets in the discovery and selection of biopharmaceutical lead candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Meehl
- GlycoFi, Biologics Research, Merck & Co., Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Terrance A Stadheim
- GlycoFi, Biologics Research, Merck & Co., Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
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Hopkins D, Gomathinayagam S, Lynaugh H, Stadheim TA, Hamilton SR. Elimination of diaminopeptidase activity in Pichia pastoris for therapeutic protein production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:2573-83. [PMID: 24526360 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5468-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Yeast are important production platforms for the generation of recombinant proteins. Nonetheless, their use has been restricted in the production of therapeutic proteins due to differences in their glycosylation profile with that of higher eukaryotes. The yeast strain Pichia pastoris is an industrially important organism. Recent advances in the glycoengineering of this strain offer the potential to produce therapeutic glycoproteins with sialylated human-like N- and O-linked glycans. However, like higher eukaryotes, yeast also express numerous proteases, many of which are either localized to the secretory pathway or pass through it en route to their final destination. As a consequence, nondesirable proteolysis of some recombinant proteins may occur, with the specific cleavage being dependent on the class of protease involved. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidases (DPP) are a class of proteolytic enzymes which remove a two-amino acid peptide from the N-terminus of a protein. In P. pastoris, two such enzymes have been identified, Ste13p and Dap2p. In the current report, we demonstrate that while the knockout of STE13 alone may protect certain proteins from N-terminal clipping, other proteins may require the double knockout of both STE13 and DAP2. As such, this understanding of DPP activity enhances the utility of the P. pastoris expression system, thus facilitating the production of recombinant therapeutic proteins with their intact native sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hopkins
- GlycoFi, Inc. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc.), Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
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5
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Gong B, Burnina I, Stadheim TA, Li H. Glycosylation characterization of recombinant human erythropoietin produced in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris by mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2013; 48:1308-1317. [PMID: 24338886 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation plays a critical role in the in vivo efficacy of both endogenous and recombinant erythropoietin (EPO). Using mass spectrometry, we characterized the N-/O-linked glycosylation of recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) produced in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris and compared with the glycosylation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell-derived rhEPO. While the three predicted N-linked glycosylation sites (Asn24, Asn38 and Asn83) showed complete site occupancy, Pichia- and CHO-derived rhEPO showed distinct differences in the glycan structures with the former containing sialylated bi-antennary glycoforms and the latter containing a mixture of sialylated bi-, tri- and tetra-antennary structures. Additionally, the N-linked glycans from Pichia-produced rhEPO were similar across all three sites. A low level of O-linked mannosylation was detected on Pichia-produced rhEPO at position Ser126, which is also the O-linked glycosylation site for endogenous human EPO and CHO-derived rhEPO. In summary, the mass spectrometric analyses revealed that rhEPO derived from glycoengineered Pichia has a highly uniform bi-antennary N-linked glycan composition and preserves the orthogonal O-linked glycosylation site present on endogenous human EPO and CHO-derived rhEPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gong
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., 16 Cavendish Court, Lebanon, NH, 03766, USA
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6
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Shaheen HH, Prinz B, Chen MT, Pavoor T, Lin S, Houston-Cummings NR, Moore R, Stadheim TA, Zha D. A dual-mode surface display system for the maturation and production of monoclonal antibodies in glyco-engineered Pichia pastoris. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70190. [PMID: 23875020 PMCID: PMC3707868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
State-of-the-art monoclonal antibody (mAb) discovery methods that utilize surface display techniques in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells require multiple steps of reformatting and switching of hosts to transition from display to expression. This results in a separation between antibody affinity maturation and full-length mAb production platforms. Here, we report for the first time, a method in Glyco-engineered Pichiapastoris that enables simultaneous surface display and secretion of full-length mAb molecules with human-like N-glycans using the same yeast cell. This paradigm takes advantage of homo-dimerization of the Fc portion of an IgG molecule to a surface-anchored "bait" Fc, which results in targeting functional “half” IgGs to the cell wall of Pichiapastoris without interfering with the secretion of full length mAb. We show the utility of this method in isolating high affinity, well-expressed anti-PCSK9 leads from a designed library that was created by mating yeasts containing either light chain or heavy chain IgG libraries. Coupled with Glyco-engineered Pichiapastoris, this method provides a powerful tool for the discovery and production of therapeutic human mAbs in the same host thus improving drug developability and potentially shortening the discovery time cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussam H. Shaheen
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (DZ)
| | - Bianka Prinz
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Ming-Tang Chen
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Tej Pavoor
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Song Lin
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Nga Rewa Houston-Cummings
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Renee Moore
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Terrance A. Stadheim
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Dongxing Zha
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (DZ)
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Kim S, Warburton S, Boldogh I, Svensson C, Pon L, d'Anjou M, Stadheim TA, Choi BK. Regulation of alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter and peroxisome biogenesis in different fermentation processes in Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2013; 166:174-81. [PMID: 23735484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Production of recombinant proteins is affected by process conditions, where transcriptional regulation of Pichia pastoris alcohol oxidase 1 (PpAOX1) promoter has been a key factor to influence expression levels of proteins of interest. Here, we demonstrate that the AOX1 promoter and peroxisome biogenesis are regulated based on different process conditions. Two types of GFP-fusion proteins, Ub-R-GFP (short-lived GFP in the cytosol) and GFP-SKL (peroxisomal targeting GFP), were successfully used to characterize the time-course of the AOX1 promoter and peroxisome biogenesis, respectively. The activity of the AOX1 promoter and peroxisome biogenesis was highly subjected to different fermentation process conditions - methanol-limited condition at normoxy (ML), switched feeding of carbon sources (e.g., glucose and methanol) under carbon-limited condition at normoxy (SML), and oxygen-limited (OL) condition. The AOX1 promoter was most active under the ML, but less active under the OL. Peroxisome biogenesis showed a high dependency on methanol consumption. In addition, the proliferation of peroxisomes was inhibited in a medium containing glucose and stimulated in the methanol phase under a carbon-limited fed-batch culture condition. The specific productivity of a monoclonal antibody (qp) under the AOX1 promoter was higher at 86h of induction in the ML than in the OL (0.026 vs 0.020mgg(-1)h(-1)). However, the oxygen-limited condition was a robust process suitable for longer induction (180h) due to high cell fitness. Our study suggests that the maximal production of a recombinant protein is highly dependent on methanol consumption rate that is affected by the availability of methanol and oxygen molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehoon Kim
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc, 16 Cavendish Ct., Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
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Argyros R, Nelson S, Kull A, Chen MT, Stadheim TA, Jiang B. A phenylalanine to serine substitution within an O-protein mannosyltransferase led to strong resistance to PMT-inhibitors in Pichia pastoris. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62229. [PMID: 23667461 PMCID: PMC3648545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein O-mannosyltransferases (PMTs) catalyze the initial reaction of protein O-mannosylation by transferring the first mannose unit onto serine and threonine residues of a nascent polypeptide being synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The PMTs are well conserved in eukaryotic organisms, and in vivo defects of these enzymes result in cell death in yeast and congenital diseases in humans. A group of rhodanine-3-acetic acid derivatives (PMTi) specifically inhibits PMT activity both in vitro and in vivo. As such, these chemical compounds have been effectively used to minimize the extent of O-mannosylation on heterologously produced proteins from different yeast expression hosts. However, very little is known about how these PMT-inhibitors interact with the PMT enzyme, or what structural features of the PMTs are required for inhibitor-protein interactions. To better understand the inhibitor-enzyme interactions, and to gain potential insights for developing more effective PMT-inhibitors, we isolated PMTi-resistant mutants in Pichia pastoris. In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a point mutation within the PpPMT2 gene. We demonstrate that this F664S point mutation resulted in a near complete loss of PMTi sensitivity, both in terms of growth-inhibition and reduction in O-mannosylglycan site occupancy. Our results provide genetic evidence demonstrating that the F664 residue plays a critical role in mediating the inhibitory effects of these PMTi compounds. Our data also indicate that the main target of these PMT-inhibitors in P. pastoris is Pmt2p, and that the F664 residue most likely interacts directly with the PMTi-compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Argyros
- GlycoFi Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Nelson
- GlycoFi Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Angela Kull
- GlycoFi Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Ming-Tang Chen
- GlycoFi Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Terrance A. Stadheim
- GlycoFi Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Bo Jiang
- GlycoFi Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cukan MC, Hopkins D, Burnina I, Button M, Giaccone E, Houston-Cummings NR, Jiang Y, Li F, Mallem M, Mitchell T, Moore R, Nylen A, Prinz B, Rios S, Sharkey N, Zha D, Hamilton S, Li H, Stadheim TA. Erratum to “Binding of DC-SIGN to glycoproteins expressed in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris” [J. Immunol. Methods Volume 386/1–2 (2012) 34–42]. J Immunol Methods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Chen MT, Lin S, Shandil I, Andrews D, Stadheim TA, Choi BK. Generation of diploid Pichia pastoris strains by mating and their application for recombinant protein production. Microb Cell Fact 2012; 11:91. [PMID: 22748191 PMCID: PMC3503796 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-11-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yeast mating provides an efficient means for strain and library construction. However, biotechnological applications of mating in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris have been hampered because of concerns about strain stability of P. pastoris diploids. The aim of the study reported here is to investigate heterologous protein expression in diploid P. pastoris strains and to evaluate diploid strain stability using high cell density fermentation processes. Results By using a monoclonal antibody as a target protein, we demonstrate that recombinant protein production in both wild-type and glycoengineered P. pastoris diploids is stable and efficient during a nutrient rich shake flask cultivation. When diploid strains were cultivated under bioreactor conditions, sporulation was observed. Nevertheless, both wild-type and glycoengineered P. pastoris diploids showed robust productivity and secreted recombinant antibody of high quality. Specifically, the yeast culture maintained a diploid state for 240 h post-induction phase while protein titer and N-linked glycosylation profiles were comparable to that of a haploid strain expressing the same antibody. As an application of mating, we also constructed an antibody display library and used mating to generate novel full-length antibody sequences. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study reports for the first time a comprehensive characterization of recombinant protein expression and fermentation using diploid P. pastoris strains. Data presented here support the use of mating for various applications including strain consolidation, variable-region glycosylation antibody display library, and process optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tang Chen
- GlycoFi, Biologics Discovery, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co,, Inc, 21 Lafayette Street, Suite 200, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA.
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Love KR, Politano TJ, Panagiotou V, Jiang B, Stadheim TA, Love JC. Systematic single-cell analysis of Pichia pastoris reveals secretory capacity limits productivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37915. [PMID: 22685548 PMCID: PMC3369916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals represent the fastest growing sector of the global pharmaceutical industry. Cost-efficient production of these biologic drugs requires a robust host organism for generating high titers of protein during fermentation. Understanding key cellular processes that limit protein production and secretion is, therefore, essential for rational strain engineering. Here, with single-cell resolution, we systematically analysed the productivity of a series of Pichia pastoris strains that produce different proteins both constitutively and inducibly. We characterized each strain by qPCR, RT-qPCR, microengraving, and imaging cytometry. We then developed a simple mathematical model describing the flux of folded protein through the ER. This combination of single-cell measurements and computational modelling shows that protein trafficking through the secretory machinery is often the rate-limiting step in single-cell production, and strategies to enhance the overall capacity of protein secretion within hosts for the production of heterologous proteins may improve productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Routenberg Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Timothy J. Politano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vasiliki Panagiotou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bo Jiang
- GlycoFi, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck and Co., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Terrance A. Stadheim
- GlycoFi, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck and Co., Lebanon, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nett JH, Gomathinayagam S, Hamilton SR, Gong B, Davidson RC, Du M, Hopkins D, Mitchell T, Mallem MR, Nylen A, Shaikh SS, Sharkey N, Barnard GC, Copeland V, Liu L, Evers R, Li Y, Gray PM, Lingham RB, Visco D, Forrest G, DeMartino J, Linden T, Potgieter TI, Wildt S, Stadheim TA, d'Anjou M, Li H, Sethuraman N. Optimization of erythropoietin production with controlled glycosylation-PEGylated erythropoietin produced in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2011; 157:198-206. [PMID: 22100268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Pichia pastoris is a methylotropic yeast that has gained great importance as an organism for protein expression in recent years. Here, we report the expression of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in glycoengineered P. pastoris. We show that glycosylation fidelity is maintained in fermentation volumes spanning six orders of magnitude and that the protein can be purified to high homogeneity. In order to increase the half-life of rhEPO, the purified protein was coupled to polyethylene glycol (PEG) and then compared to the currently marketed erythropoiesis stimulating agent, Aranesp(®) (darbepoetin). In in vitro cell proliferation assays the PEGylated protein was slightly, and the non-PEGylated protein was significantly more active than comparator. Pharmacodynamics as well as pharmacokinetic activity of PEGylated rhEPO in animals was comparable to that of Aranesp(®). Taken together, our results show that glycoengineered P. pastoris is a suitable production host for rhEPO, yielding an active biologic that is comparable to those produced in current mammalian host systems.
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Lin S, Houston-Cummings NR, Prinz B, Moore R, Bobrowicz B, Davidson RC, Wildt S, Stadheim TA, Zha D. A novel fragment of antigen binding (Fab) surface display platform using glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. J Immunol Methods 2011; 375:159-65. [PMID: 22019510 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A fragment of antigen binding (Fab) surface display system was developed using a glycoengineered Pichia pastoris host strain genetically modified to secrete glycoproteins with mammalian mannose-type Man(5)GlcNAc(2) N-linked glycans. The surface display method described here takes advantage of a pair of coiled-coil peptides as the linker while using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sed1p GPI-anchored cell surface protein as an anchoring domain. Several Fabs were successfully displayed on the cell surface using this system and the expression level of the displayed Fabs was correlated to that of secreted Fabs from the same glycoengineered host in the absence of the cell wall anchor. Strains displaying different model Fabs were mixed and, through cell sorting, the strain displaying more expressed Fab molecule or the strain displaying the Fab with higher affinity for an antigen was effectively enriched by FACS. This novel yeast surface display system provides a general platform for the display of Fab libraries for affinity and/or expression maturation using glycoengineered Pichia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Lin
- GlycoFi Inc., A wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co Inc., Lebanon, NH 03766, United States
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14
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Hopkins D, Gomathinayagam S, Rittenhour AM, Du M, Hoyt E, Karaveg K, Mitchell T, Nett JH, Sharkey NJ, Stadheim TA, Li H, Hamilton SR. Elimination of β-mannose glycan structures in Pichia pastoris. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1616-26. [PMID: 21840970 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, is an important organism used for the production of therapeutic proteins. However, the presence of fungal-like glycans, such as those containing β-mannose (Man) linkages, can elicit an immune response or bind to Man receptors, thus reducing their efficacy. Recent studies have confirmed that P. pastoris has four genes from the β-mannosyl transferase (BMT) family and that Bmt2p is responsible for the majority of β-Man linkages on glycans. While expressing recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in a developmental glycoengineered strain devoid of BMT2 gene expression, cross-reactivity was observed with an antibody raised against host cell antigens. Treatment of the rhEPO with protein N-glycosidase F eliminated cross-reactivity, indicating that the antigen was associated with the glycan. Thorough analysis of the glycan profile of rhEPO demonstrated the presence of low amounts of α-1,2-mannosidase resistant high-Man glycoforms. In an attempt to eliminate the α-mannosidase resistant glycoforms, we used a systemic approach to genetically knock-out the remaining members of the BMT family culminating in a quadruple bmt2,4,1,3 knock-out strain. Data presented here conclude that the additive elimination of Bmt2p, Bmt3p and Bmt1p activities are required for total abolition of β-Man-associated glycans and their related antigenicity. Taken together, the elimination of β-Man containing glycoforms represents an important step forward for the Pichia production platform as a suitable system for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hopkins
- GlycoFi Inc., A wholly-Owned Subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., 21 Lafayette street, Suite 200, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
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15
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Zhang N, Liu L, Dumitru CD, Cummings NRH, Cukan M, Jiang Y, Li Y, Li F, Mitchell T, Mallem MR, Ou Y, Patel RN, Vo K, Wang H, Burnina I, Choi BK, Huber H, Stadheim TA, Zha D. Glycoengineered Pichia produced anti-HER2 is comparable to trastuzumab in preclinical study. MAbs 2011; 3:289-98. [PMID: 21487242 PMCID: PMC3149709 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.3.15532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cell culture systems are used predominantly for the production of therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) products. A number of alternative platforms, such as Pichia engineered with a humanized N-linked glycosylation pathway, have recently been developed for the production of mAbs. The glycosylation profiles of mAbs produced in glycoengineered Pichia are similar to those of mAbs produced in mammalian systems. This report presents for the first time the comprehensive characterization of an anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) mAb produced in a glycoengineered Pichia, and a study comparing the anti-HER2 from Pichia, which had an amino acid sequence identical to trastuzumab, with trastuzumab. The comparative study covered a full spectrum of preclinical evaluation, including bioanalytical characterization, in vitro biological functions, in vivo anti-tumor efficacy and pharmacokinetics in both mice and non-human primates. Cell signaling and proliferation assays showed that anti-HER2 from Pichia had antagonist activities comparable to trastuzumab. However, Pichia-produced material showed a 5-fold increase in binding affinity to FcγIIIA and significantly enhanced antibody dependant cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, presumably due to the lack of fucose on N-glycans. In a breast cancer xenograft mouse model, anti-HER2 was comparable to trastuzumab in tumor growth inhibition. Furthermore, comparable pharmacokinetic profiles were observed for anti-HER2 and trastuzumab in both mice and cynomolgus monkeys. We conclude that glycoengineered Pichia provides an alternative production platform for therapeutic mAbs and may be of particular interest for production of antibodies for which ADCC is part of the clinical mechanism of action.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antibody Affinity/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/drug effects
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Area Under Curve
- Binding, Competitive/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Fucose/metabolism
- Genetic Engineering
- Humans
- Macaca fascicularis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Pichia/genetics
- Pichia/metabolism
- Polysaccharides/metabolism
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacokinetics
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Trastuzumab
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyan Zhang
- Department of Biologics Research; Merck Research Laboratories; West Point, PA USA
| | - Liming Liu
- Drug Metabolism; Merck Research Laboratories; West Point, PA USA
| | - Calin Dan Dumitru
- Department of Biologics Research; Merck Research Laboratories; West Point, PA USA
| | | | | | | | - Yuan Li
- Department of Biologics Research; Merck Research Laboratories; West Point, PA USA
| | - Fang Li
- GlycoFi Inc.; Lebanon, NH USA
| | | | | | - Yangsi Ou
- Department of Biologics Research; Merck Research Laboratories; West Point, PA USA
| | | | - Kim Vo
- Department of Biologics Research; Merck Research Laboratories; West Point, PA USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Biologics Research; Merck Research Laboratories; West Point, PA USA
| | | | | | - Hans Huber
- Department of Biologics Research; Merck Research Laboratories; West Point, PA USA
| | | | - Dongxing Zha
- Drug Metabolism; Merck Research Laboratories; West Point, PA USA
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16
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Jiang Y, Li F, Zha D, Potgieter TI, Mitchell T, Moore R, Cukan M, Houston-Cummings NR, Nylen A, Drummond JE, McKelvey TW, d’Anjou M, Stadheim TA, Sethuraman N, Li H. Purification process development of a recombinant monoclonal antibody expressed in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 76:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Nett JH, Stadheim TA, Li H, Bobrowicz P, Hamilton SR, Davidson RC, Choi BK, Mitchell T, Bobrowicz B, Rittenhour A, Wildt S, Gerngross TU. A combinatorial genetic library approach to target heterologous glycosylation enzymes to the endoplasmic reticulum or the Golgi apparatus of Pichia pastoris. Yeast 2011; 28:237-52. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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18
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Love KR, Panagiotou V, Jiang B, Stadheim TA, Love JC. Integrated single-cell analysis shows Pichia pastoris secretes protein stochastically. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 106:319-25. [PMID: 20148400 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The production of heterologous proteins by secretion from cellular hosts is an important determinant for the cost of biotherapeutics. A single-cell analytical method called microengraving was used to examine the heterogeneity in secretion by the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. We show that constitutive secretion of a human Fc fragment by P. pastoris is not cell-cycle dependent, but rather fluctuates between states of high and low productivity in a stochastic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Routenberg Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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19
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Lin S, Shen Z, Zha D, Sharkey N, Prinz B, Hamilton S, Pavoor TV, Bobrowicz B, Shaikh SS, Rittenhour AM, Potgieter TI, Bobrowicz P, Stadheim TA. Selection of Pichia pastoris strains expressing recombinant immunoglobulin G by cell surface labeling. J Immunol Methods 2010; 358:66-74. [PMID: 20338179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple cell labeling method for sorting yeast Pichia pastoris antibody expressing strains is described. A small portion of secreted recombinant antibody retained on the cell surface was labeled with fluorescence detection antibody. The signal intensity of the labeled cell was correlated with the cell's antibody productivity. Using this labeling technique to sort a mixture model induced in the same fermenter where the cells of high producing strain were spiked into a population of a low producing strain at the frequency of 1:100,000, one round of sorting achieved a approximately 5000-fold enrichment of the high producing strain. A variety of P.pastoris strains expressing antibody sorted based on the signal intensity on the cell surface yielded titer improvements by 30% to 300%. Our data demonstrate that Pichia cell surface labeling is a simple, effective and reliable method for sorting Pichia antibody expressing strains for productivity improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Lin
- GlycoFi, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
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20
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Potgieter TI, Cukan M, Drummond JE, Houston-Cummings NR, Jiang Y, Li F, Lynaugh H, Mallem M, McKelvey TW, Mitchell T, Nylen A, Rittenhour A, Stadheim TA, Zha D, d’Anjou M. Production of monoclonal antibodies by glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2009; 139:318-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Revised: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Gong B, Cukan M, Fisher R, Li H, Stadheim TA, Gerngross T. Characterization of N-linked glycosylation on recombinant glycoproteins produced in Pichia pastoris using ESI-MS and MALDI-TOF. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 534:213-23. [PMID: 19277549 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-022-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins is an active area of research and drug development. Typically, improvements in therapeutic glycoprotein efficacy have focused on engineering additional N-glycosylation sites into the primary amino acid sequence or attempting to control a particular glycoform profile on a protein through process improvements. Recently, a number of alternative expression systems have appeared that are challenging the dominance of mammalian cell culture. Our laboratory has focused on the re-engineering of the secretory pathway in the yeast Pichia pastoris to perform glycosylation reactions that mimic processing of N-glycans in humans. We have demonstrated that human antibodies with specific human N-glycan structures can be produced in glycoengineered lines of Pichia pastoris and that antibody-mediated effector functions can be optimized by generating specific glycoforms. In this chapter we provide detailed protocols for the analysis of glycosylation on intact glycoproteins by MALDI-TOF and site specific N-glycan occupancy on digested glycoprotein using ESI-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gong
- GlycoFi Inc., 21 Lafayette Street, Suite 200, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
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22
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Hamilton SR, Davidson RC, Sethuraman N, Nett JH, Jiang Y, Rios S, Bobrowicz P, Stadheim TA, Li H, Choi BK, Hopkins D, Wischnewski H, Roser J, Mitchell T, Strawbridge RR, Hoopes J, Wildt S, Gerngross TU. Humanization of yeast to produce complex terminally sialylated glycoproteins. Science 2006; 313:1441-3. [PMID: 16960007 DOI: 10.1126/science.1130256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Yeast is a widely used recombinant protein expression system. We expanded its utility by engineering the yeast Pichia pastoris to secrete human glycoproteins with fully complex terminally sialylated N-glycans. After the knockout of four genes to eliminate yeast-specific glycosylation, we introduced 14 heterologous genes, allowing us to replicate the sequential steps of human glycosylation. The reported cell lines produce complex glycoproteins with greater than 90% terminal sialylation. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of these yeast strains, functional recombinant erythropoietin was produced.
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23
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Abstract
Protein-based drugs constitute about a quarter of new approvals with a majority being glycoproteins. Increasing use of glycoproteins, such as monoclonal antibodies, at high therapeutic doses is challenging current production capacity. Mammalian cell culture, which is currently the production system of choice for glycoproteins, has several disadvantages including high cost of goods, long cycle times and, importantly, limited control over glycosylation. In view of this, several expression systems are currently being explored as alternatives to mammalian cell culture, these include yeast, plant and insect expression systems. Each of these has different merits for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins and can lead to enhanced therapeutic efficiency.
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24
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Li H, Sethuraman N, Stadheim TA, Zha D, Prinz B, Ballew N, Bobrowicz P, Choi BK, Cook WJ, Cukan M, Houston-Cummings NR, Davidson R, Gong B, Hamilton SR, Hoopes JP, Jiang Y, Kim N, Mansfield R, Nett JH, Rios S, Strawbridge R, Wildt S, Gerngross TU. Optimization of humanized IgGs in glycoengineered Pichia pastoris. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24:210-5. [PMID: 16429149 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a major potential drug class. Human antibodies are glycosylated in their native state and all clinically approved mAbs are produced by mammalian cell lines, which secrete mAbs with glycosylation structures that are similar, but not identical, to their human counterparts. Glycosylation of mAbs influences their interaction with immune effector cells that kill antibody-targeted cells. Here we demonstrate that human antibodies with specific human N-glycan structures can be produced in glycoengineered lines of the yeast Pichia pastoris and that antibody-mediated effector functions can be optimized by generating specific glycoforms. Glycoengineered P. pastoris provides a general platform for producing recombinant antibodies with human N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Li
- GlycoFi Inc. 21 Lafayette Street, Lebanon, New Hampshire 03766, USA
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25
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Bobrowicz P, Davidson RC, Li H, Potgieter TI, Nett JH, Hamilton SR, Stadheim TA, Miele RG, Bobrowicz B, Mitchell T, Rausch S, Renfer E, Wildt S. Engineering of an artificial glycosylation pathway blocked in core oligosaccharide assembly in the yeast Pichia pastoris: production of complex humanized glycoproteins with terminal galactose. Glycobiology 2004; 14:757-66. [PMID: 15190003 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwh104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant percentage of eukaryotic proteins contain posttranslational modifications, including glycosylation, which are required for biological function. However, the understanding of the structure-function relationships of N-glycans has lagged significantly due to the microheterogeneity of glycosylation in mammalian produced proteins. Recently we reported on the cellular engineering of yeast to replicate human N-glycosylation for the production of glycoproteins. Here we report the engineering of an artificial glycosylation pathway in Pichia pastoris blocked in dolichol oligosaccharide assembly. The PpALG3 gene encoding Dol-P-Man:Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-PP-Dol mannosyltransferase was deleted in a strain that was previously engineered to produce hybrid GlcNAcMan(5)GlcNAc(2) human N-glycans. Employing this approach, combined with the use of combinatorial genetic libraries, we engineered P. pastoris strains that synthesize complex GlcNAc(2)Man(3)GlcNAc(2) N-glycans with striking homogeneity. Furthermore, through expression of a Golgi-localized fusion protein comprising UDP-glucose 4-epimerase and beta-1,4-galactosyl transferase activities we demonstrate that this structure is a substrate for highly efficient in vivo galactose addition. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the artificial in vivo glycoengineering of yeast represents a major advance in the production of glycoproteins and will emerge as a practical tool to systematically elucidate the structure-function relationship of N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bobrowicz
- GlycoFi, Inc., 21 Lafayette Street, Suite 200, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
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26
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Davidson RC, Nett JH, Renfer E, Li H, Stadheim TA, Miller BJ, Miele RG, Hamilton SR, Choi BK, Mitchell TI, Wildt S. Functional analysis of the ALG3 gene encoding the Dol-P-Man: Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol mannosyltransferase enzyme of P. pastoris. Glycobiology 2004; 14:399-407. [PMID: 15033937 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwh023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
N-glycans are synthesized in both yeast and mammals through the ordered assembly of a lipid-linked core Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2) structure that is subsequently transferred to a nascent protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. Once folded, glycoproteins are then shuttled to the Golgi, where additional but divergent processing occurs in mammals and fungi. We cloned the Pichia pastoris homolog of the ALG3 gene, which encodes the enzyme that converts Man(5)GlcNAc(2)-Dol-PP to Man(6)GlcNAc(2)-Dol-PP. Deletion of this gene in an och1 mutant background resulted in the secretion of glycoproteins with a predicted Man(5)GlcNAc(2) structure that could be trimmed to Man(3)GlcNAc(2) by in vitro alpha-1,2-mannosidase treatment. However, several larger glycans ranging from Hex(6)GlcNAc(2) to Hex(12)GlcNAc(2) were also observed that were recalcitrant to an array of mannosidase digests. These results contrast the far simpler glycan profile found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae alg3-1 och1, indicating diverging Golgi processing in these two closely related yeasts. Finally, analysis of the P. pastoris alg3 deletion mutant in the presence and absence of the outer chain initiating Och1p alpha-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity suggests that the PpOch1p has a broader substrate specificity compared to its S. cerevisiae counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Davidson
- Glycofi, Inc., 21 Lafayette Street Suite 200, Lebanon, NH 03766 Velocity 11; 435 Acacia Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA
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27
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Hamilton SR, Bobrowicz P, Bobrowicz B, Davidson RC, Li H, Mitchell T, Nett JH, Rausch S, Stadheim TA, Wischnewski H, Wildt S, Gerngross TU. Production of complex human glycoproteins in yeast. Science 2003; 301:1244-6. [PMID: 12947202 DOI: 10.1126/science.1088166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We report the humanization of the glycosylation pathway in the yeast Pichia pastoris to secrete a human glycoprotein with uniform complex N-glycosylation. The process involved eliminating endogenous yeast glycosylation pathways, while properly localizing five active eukaryotic proteins, including mannosidases I and II, N-acetylglucosaminyl transferases I and II, and uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosamine transporter. Targeted localization of the enzymes enabled the generation of a synthetic in vivo glycosylation pathway, which produced the complex human N-glycan N-acetylglucosamine2-mannose3-N-acetylglucosamine2 (GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2). The ability to generate human glycoproteins with homogeneous N-glycan structures in a fungal host is a step toward producing therapeutic glycoproteins and could become a tool for elucidating the structure-function relation of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Hamilton
- Thayer School of Engineering and the Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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28
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Elliott SF, Coon CI, Hays E, Stadheim TA, Vincenti MP. Bcl-3 is an interleukin-1-responsive gene in chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts that activates transcription of the matrix metalloproteinase 1 gene. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46:3230-9. [PMID: 12483727 DOI: 10.1002/art.10675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the role of Bcl-3, a member of the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) family and a known regulator of NF-kappaB, in interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) transcription in chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts. METHODS SW-1353 cells, a human chondrosarcoma cell line, were stimulated with IL-1beta, and the harvested RNA was subjected to microarray analysis and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The SW-1353 cells were stimulated with IL-1 or transfected with a plasmid that constitutively expressed Bcl-3, and then MMP-1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was assayed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. SW-1353 cells were transfected with antisense oligonucleotides to Bcl-3, and IL-1-induced MMP-1 mRNA expression was assayed by quantitative RT-PCR. SW-1353 cells and rabbit synovial fibroblasts were transfected with a 4.3-kb human MMP-1 promoter construct along with Bcl-3 and NF-kappaB1 expression constructs, and MMP-1 transcription was assayed. RESULTS Microarray analysis and real-time RT-PCR showed Bcl-3 to be an IL-1beta-responsive gene in SW-1353 cells. Exogenous expression of Bcl-3 in SW-1353 cells activated MMP-1 transcription. Endogenous Bcl-3 expression was required for IL-1beta induction of MMP-1 gene expression. Bcl-3 also activated MMP-1 transcription in primary synovial fibroblasts. We showed previously that NF-kappaB1 contributes to IL-1beta induction of MMP-1 transcription in stromal cells. We showed here that Bcl-3 can cooperate with NF-kappaB1 to activate MMP-1 transcription in SW-1353 cells. CONCLUSION These data define a new role for Bcl-3 in joint cells as an IL-1beta-responsive early gene involved in cell-mediated cartilage remodeling. Our findings implicate Bcl-3 as an important contributor to chronic inflammatory disease states, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Elliott
- Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA
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29
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Stadheim TA, Suh N, Ganju N, Sporn MB, Eastman A. The novel triterpenoid 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) potently enhances apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor in human leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:16448-55. [PMID: 11880365 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108974200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a potent activator of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway that leads to up-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins. Hence, TNF induces apoptosis in the presence of inhibitors of protein or RNA synthesis. We report that a novel triterpenoid, 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9,-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) inhibits NF-kappaB-mediated gene expression at a step after translocation of activated NF-kappaB to the nucleus. This effect appears specific for the NF-kappaB pathway as CDDO does not inhibit gene expression induced by the phorbol ester 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). CDDO in combination with TNF caused a dramatic increase in apoptosis in ML-1 leukemia cells that was associated with activation of caspase-8, cleavage of Bid, translocation of Bax, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation. Experiments with caspase inhibitors demonstrated that caspase-8 was an initiator of this pathway. TNF also induced a transient activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which upon addition of CDDO was converted to a sustained activation. The activation of JNK was also dependent on caspase-8. Sustained activation of JNK is frequently pro-apoptotic, yet inhibition of JNK did not prevent Bax translocation or cytochrome c release, demonstrating its lack of involvement in CDDO/TNF-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis was acutely induced by CDDO/TNF in every leukemia cell line tested including those that overexpress Bcl-x(L), suggesting that the mitochondrial pathway is not required for apoptosis by this combination. These results suggest that the apoptotic potency of the CDDO/TNF combination occurs through selective inhibition of NF-kappaB-dependent anti-apoptotic proteins, bypassing potential mitochondrial resistance mechanisms, and thus may provide a basis for the development of novel approaches to the treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance A Stadheim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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30
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Stadheim TA, Kucera GL. c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) is required for mitoxantrone- and anisomycin-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells. Leuk Res 2002; 26:55-65. [PMID: 11734304 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(01)00099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, has emerged as a common mechanism by which cells respond to chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the signaling mechanisms that mediate drug-induced apoptosis are still widely unknown. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades trigger stimulus-specific responses in cells with ERK being associated with proliferation and differentiation, and JNK/SAPK and p38 mediating stress and apoptotic responses. Here, we found that mitoxantrone and anisomycin stimulated a dose- and time-dependent induction of JNK/SAPK activity, and to a lesser extent p38 activity, that preceded the appearance of apoptosis as measured by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. These compounds did not induce ERK activity. We further demonstrated that p38 activity was not involved in the induction of apoptosis since the use of the p38 inhibitor, SB203580, did not prevent drug-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Additionally, direct inhibition of JNK/SAPK signaling through the use of dominant-negative MKK4/SEK1 (SEK-AL) inhibited mitoxantrone- and anisomycin-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that mitoxantrone- and anisomycin-induced apoptosis is dependent on JNK/SAPK, but not p38, activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance A Stadheim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Stadheim TA, Xiao H, Eastman A. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mediates cell cycle phase independent apoptosis in vinblastine-treated ML-1 cells. Cancer Res 2001; 61:1533-40. [PMID: 11245462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents induce alterations in intracellular signal transduction cascades that culminate in the initiation of the apoptotic program. Here, the relationship between the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) response and apoptosis in ML-1 cells treated with vinblastine and paclitaxel was investigated. We show that these compounds elicit different effects on MAPKs with vinblastine, but not paclitaxel, increasing both c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 activity. However, vinblastine and paclitaxel both induced apoptosis with similar kinetics, suggesting that increased JNK and p38 activity is not required for apoptosis that is induced by microtubule interfering agents. Strikingly, the abrogation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-signaling by the MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)1/2 inhibitor PD098059 in combination with vinblastine robustly induced apoptosis in ML-1 cells at a rate much faster than treatment with vinblastine alone and occurred at all phases of the cell cycle. This apoptotic induction was attributed to JNK activation because: (a) non-JNK-activating concentrations of vinblastine failed to increase apoptosis in the presence of PD098059; (b) apoptosis induced by paclitaxel, which did not activate JNK, was not potentiated by PD098059; and (c) transduction of an inhibitor of JNK activity partially suppressed both JNK activity and apoptosis induced by vinblastine plus PD098059. Additionally, we found that the activation of JNK by vinblastine occurred upstream of effector caspase activation because treatment with a pan-specific caspase inhibitor (valine-alanine-aspartate-fluoromethylketone) resulted in complete abrogation of apoptosis with no effect on MAPK signaling. Taken together, these data suggest that inhibition of the MEK-->ERK signal transduction cascade alleviates cell cycle dependence for vinblastine-induced apoptosis by a mechanism that requires JNK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Stadheim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Abstract
1-beta-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells, which was preceded by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). 2'-Amino-3'-methoxyflavone (PD098059) and 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole (SB203580) were used to inhibit the activity of ERK and p38, respectively. SEK-AL, a dominant-negative mutant of SEK1, was transfected into HL-60 cells (HL-60/SEK-AL) to assess the role of JNK/SAPK activity in apoptosis. PD098059 (25 microM) inhibited ara-C-induced caspase-3-like activity but was ineffective in altering ara-C-mediated apoptotic DNA fragmentation and clonogenicity. On the other hand, SB203580 (20 microM) inhibited ara-C-induced caspase-3-like activity, apoptotic DNA fragmentation, and clonogenicity. The inhibition of JNK1 activation in HL-60/SEK-AL cells did not block ara-C-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation. These results suggest that ara-C-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation and loss of clonogenicity occur through a p38-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Stadheim
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Stadheim TA, Kucera GL. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity is required for TPA-mediated inhibition of drug-induced apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 245:266-71. [PMID: 9535820 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia cells respond to toxic stimuli by undergoing a form of programmed cell death known as apoptosis. However, the signaling events responsible for the execution of this form of death are poorly understood. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades are involved in the cellular response to extracellular stimuli. Specifically, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) have been associated with proliferation and differentiation, whereas the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinases (JNK/SAPKs) have been implicated in cell arrest and death. We report the use of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in the inhibition of apoptosis in HL-60 cells stimulated with the JNK/SAPK activator anisomycin. This anti-apoptotic effect was accompanied by a sustained increase in ERK activity. Furthermore, the use of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors suggested that PKC was involved in the induction of ERK activity and in the inhibition of apoptosis by TPA since the inhibition of apoptosis was attenuated when cells were pretreated with PKC inhibitors. Lastly, we observed that the use of the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 inhibited TPA-mediated ERK activity and abrogated the anti-apoptotic effects of TPA. However, apoptotic inhibition was not solely ERK-dependent since cells lacking JNK/SAPK stimulation did not undergo apoptosis. Therefore, we conclude that TPA inhibits the induction of apoptosis in anisomycin-treated HL-60 cells through an ERK-dependent pathway and that this effect can be reversed by the attenuation of ERK activity accompanied with the stimulation of JNK/SAPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Stadheim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, 27157, USA
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