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Abstract
Purpose of Review Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is a powerful tool for studying viral replication and pathogenesis. Most reovirus infections are subclinical, however recent work has catapulted reovirus into the clinical spotlight. Recent Findings Owing to its capacity to kill cancer cells more efficiently than normal cells, reovirus is under development as a therapeutic for a variety of cancers. New efforts have focused on genetically engineering reovirus to increase its oncolytic capacity, and determining how reovirus potentiates immunotherapy. Other recent studies highlight a potential role for reovirus in celiac disease (CeD). Using mouse models of CeD, reovirus caused loss of oral tolerance to dietary antigens, opening the possibility that reovirus could trigger CeD in humans. Summary We will focus on new developments in reovirus oncolysis and studies suggesting a role for reovirus as a trigger for celiac disease (CeD) that make reovirus a potential friend and foe to human health.
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Kalmakoff J, Lewandowski LJ, Black DR. Comparison of the ribonucleic Acid subunits of reovirus, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus, and wound tumor virus. J Virol 2010; 4:851-6. [PMID: 16789117 PMCID: PMC375948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.4.6.851-856.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) from intact cytoplasmic polynedrosis virus (CPV) and wound tumor virus (WTV) was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using RNA from type 3 reovirus as a standard, it was calculated that CPV-RNA consisted of 9 subunits corresponding to a molecular weight of 12.7 x 10(6) and WTV-RNA consisted of 12 subunits corresponding to a molecular weight of 15.5 x 10(6).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kalmakoff
- Department of Molecular Biology and Virus Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Karl Bill Joklik
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Joklik WK, Roner MR. Molecular recognition in the assembly of the segmented reovirus genome. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 53:249-81. [PMID: 8650305 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W K Joklik
- Department of Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Abstract
Conditions under which reovirus RNA is infectious have been worked out. In brief, single-stranded (plus-stranded, ss) and/or double-stranded (ds) RNA of reovirus serotype 3 (ST3 virus) is lipofected into L929 mouse fibroblasts together with a rabbit reticulocyte lysate in which ss or melted dsRNA has been translated. After 8 hr the cells are then infected with a helper virus, ST2 reovirus. Virus yields are harvested 24 or 48 hr later. Under these conditions virus that forms plaques by 5 days is produced, all of which is ST3 virus; ST2 virus forms plaques only after 12 days. No reassortants are present among the progeny. The virus yields are about 0.2 PFU/cell; immunofluorescence assays show that this progeny is derived from about 4% of the cells. Double-stranded RNA is 20 times as infectious as ssRNA; ds and ssRNA together yield 10 times as much infectious virus as dsRNA alone, the reason being that dsRNA greatly increases the infectiousness of ssRNA. All species of both ss and dsRNA are required for the operation of this additive effect. The primed rabbit reticulocyte lysate is not essential, but increases virus yields by 100-fold. Its activity is proportional to the time for which translation has proceeded; however, this activity is not due solely to newly synthesized proteins because destruction of the RNA following translation abolishes activity which cannot be restored by simple addition of more RNA. Translation of all species of RNA is essential. Whereas no reassortants are formed when ss and dsRNA of different genotypes are lipofected together, mixtures of dsRNAs of different genotypes do yield reassortants. The same is true for such mixtures of ssRNA. These findings will permit the introduction of new or altered genome segments into the reovirus genome. They open the way to the identification of encapsidation and assortment signals on reovirus genome segments, the characterization of functional domains on reovirus proteins, and the development of reovirus as an expression vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Roner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Schubert M, Lazzarini RA. Structure and origin of a snapback defective interfering particle RNA of vesicular stomatitis virus. J Virol 1981; 37:661-72. [PMID: 6261012 PMCID: PMC171054 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.37.2.661-672.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequence of the region which covalently links the complementary strands of the "snapback" RNA of vesicular stomatitis virus, DI011, is (Formula: see text). Both strands of the defective interfering (DI) particle RNA were complementary for their full length and were covalently linked by a single phosphate group. Because the strands were exactly the same length and complementary, template strand and daughter strand nucleocapsids generated during replication of DI 011 were undistinguishable on the basis of sequence, a property not shared by other types of DI particle RNAs. Treatment of the RNA with RNase T1 in high-ionic-strength solutions cleaved the RNA only between positions 1 and 1'. These results and the availability of the guanosine residue in position 1' to kethoxal, a reagent that specifically derivatizes guanosines of single-stranded RNA, suggest that steric constraints keep a small portion of the "turnaround" region in an open configuration. The sequence of the turnaround region was not related in any obvious way to the sequences at the 3' and 5' termini and limited the number of possible models for the origin of this type of DI particle RNA. Two models for the genesis of DI 011 RNA are discussed. We favor one in which the progenitor DI 011 RNA was generated by replication across a nascent replication fork.
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McCrae MA, Joklik WK. The nature of the polypeptide encoded by each of the 10 double-stranded RNA segments of reovirus type 3. Virology 1978; 89:578-93. [PMID: 716218 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hastings KE, Shaw JE. The action of ribonuclease T1 on reovirus double-stranded RNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 1977; 183:516-27. [PMID: 411422 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(77)90387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
The virus-specific double-stranded genome RNA and polypeptides present in virions and cells infected with the three mammalian reovirus serotypes have been examined by co-electrophoresis in several different polyacrylamide gel systems. The double-stranded RNA and polypeptide species previously described for type 3 Dearing were found to have corresponding species in the other serotypes examined. In each serotype several RNA and polypeptide species were found to have different electrophoretic mobilities from the corresponding RNA or polypeptide species of type 3 Dearing. The combination of electrophoretic variants among the RNAs and polypeptides of the reovirus serotypes gave electrophoretic markers in all 10 of the reovirus genes. The usefulness of these electrophoretic markers in "mapping" the reovirus genome is discussed.
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Samuel CE, Joklik WK. Biosynthesis of reovirus-specified polypeptides. Initiation of reovirus messenger RNA translation in vitro and identification of methionyl-x initiation peptides. Virology 1976; 74:403-13. [PMID: 982834 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Zweerink HJ, Morgan EM, Skyler JS. Reovirus morphogenesis: characterization of subviral particles in infected cells. Virology 1976; 73:442-53. [PMID: 960572 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Huismans H, Joklik WK. Reovirus-coded polypeptides in infected cells: isolation of two native monomeric polypeptides with affinity for single-stranded and double-stranded RNA, respectively. Virology 1976; 70:411-24. [PMID: 1266045 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Stephenson JR, Tronick SR, Aaronson SA. Murine leukemia virus mutants with temperature-sensitive defects in precursor polypeptide cleavage. Cell 1975. [DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(75)90044-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Morgan EM, Zweerink HJ. Characterization of transcriptase and replicase particles isolated from reovirus-infected cells. Virology 1975; 68:455-66. [PMID: 1198927 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Schuerch AR, Mitchell WR, Joklik WK. Isolation of intact individual species of single- and double-stranded RNA after fractionation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 1975; 65:331-45. [PMID: 1130684 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(75)90517-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Floyd RW, Stone MP, Joklik WK. Separation of single-stranded ribonucleic acids by acrylamide-agarose-urea gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 1974; 59:599-609. [PMID: 4134777 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(74)90313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
The ten double-stranded RNA segments of the reovirus genome are not transcribed at equal frequencies until later times during the course of infection. When an inhibitor of protein synthesis such as cycloheximide was added to infected cells at the beginning of infection, only four of the ten segments were transcribed. By two hr post infection, five and possibly seven of the segments were being transcribed. By four hr post infection all ten segments were being transcribed but not yet at equal relative frequencies. The transcription pattern at intermediate (4 hr) and late (10 hr) times were verified without using cycloheximide. A repressor present in the host cell may be responsible for controlling transcription of the reovirus genome.
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Banerjee AK, Stolzfus CM, Ward RL, Shatkin AJ. Transcription of reovirus RNA. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1974; 3:181-200. [PMID: 4856694 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-4529-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Chromatography, DEAE-Cellulose
- Chymotrypsin/pharmacology
- DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- L Cells
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron
- Molecular Weight
- Oligonucleotides/analysis
- Phosphorus Radioisotopes
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Reoviridae/enzymology
- Reoviridae/metabolism
- Ribonucleases/metabolism
- Ribonucleotides/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tritium
- Viral Proteins/analysis
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Villa-Komaroff L, McDowell M, Baltimore D, Lodish HF. Translation of reovirus mRNA, poliovirus RNA and bacteriophage Qbeta RNA in cell-free extracts of mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol 1974; 30:709-23. [PMID: 4369395 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(74)30068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Furusawa T, Kawase S. Virus-specific RNA synthesis in the midgut of silkworm, Bombyx mori, infected with cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus. J Invertebr Pathol 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-2011(73)90160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Semancik JS, Vidaver AK, Van Etten JL. Characterization of segmented double-helical RNA from bacteriophage phi6. J Mol Biol 1973; 78:617-25. [PMID: 4357756 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lai MH, Wérenne JJ, Joklik WK. The preparation of reovirus top component and its effect on host DNA and protein synthesis. Virology 1973; 54:237-44. [PMID: 4736596 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
A crude membrane fraction was isolated from both killer M(k) and isogenic nonkiller M(o) strains of yeast labeled with [(3)H]adenine. Nucleic acids were extracted from this fraction and centrifuged to equilibrium in an ethidium bromide-Cs(2)SO(4) solution. A peak of radioactivity coincident with a single fluorescent band was present in the membrane fraction isolated from cells of the killer strain but was absent from that isolated from nonkiller cells. This material has been characterized as double-stranded RNA by treatment with various nucleases and by chromatography on a cellulose CF-11 column. Sedimentation in a sucrose gradient indicates an S value of 8-10.
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Lai MH, Joklik WK. The induction of interferon by temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus, UV-irradiated reovirus, and subviral reovirus particles. Virology 1973; 51:191-204. [PMID: 4346295 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90379-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cross RK, Fields BN. Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus type 3: studies on the synthesis of viral RNA. Virology 1972; 50:799-809. [PMID: 4674371 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90434-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Simmons DT, Strauss JH. Replication of Sindbis virus. II. Multiple forms of double-stranded RNA isolated from infected cells. J Mol Biol 1972; 71:615-31. [PMID: 4675143 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(72)80027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Zweerink HJ, Ito Y, Matsuhisa T. Synthesis of reovirus double-stranded RNA within virionlike particles. Virology 1972; 50:349-58. [PMID: 4673850 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ito Y, Joklik WK. Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus. 3. Evidence that mutants of group D ("RNA-negative") are structural polypeptide mutants. Virology 1972; 50:282-6. [PMID: 5081849 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ito Y, Joklik WK. Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus. II. Anomalous electrophoretic migration of certain hybrid RNA molecules composed of mutant plus strands and wild-type minus strands. Virology 1972; 50:202-8. [PMID: 4673273 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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39
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Ito Y, Joklik WK. Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus. I. Patterns of gene expression by mutants of groups C, D, and E. Virology 1972; 50:189-201. [PMID: 4673272 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90359-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ward RL, Shatkin AJ. Association of reovirus mRNA with viral proteins: a possible mechanism for linking the genome segments. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 152:378-84. [PMID: 4627357 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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41
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Dingjan-Versteegh A, van Vloten-Doting L, Jaspars EM. Alfalfa mosaic virus hybrids constructed by exchanging nucleoprotein components. Virology 1972; 49:716-22. [PMID: 4627343 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Gauntt CJ. Effect of interferon on synthesis of ssRNA in reovirus type 3-infected L cell cultures. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 47:1228-36. [PMID: 5029866 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(72)90966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Furuichi Y, Miura K. The 3'-termini of the genome RNA segments of silkworm cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. J Mol Biol 1972; 64:619-32. [PMID: 5022191 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Silverstein SC, Astell C, Levin DH, Schonberg M, Acs G. The mechanisms of reovirus uncoating and gene activation in vivo. Virology 1972; 47:797-806. [PMID: 5012651 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Roy D, Graziadei WD, Lengyel P, Konigsberg W. Amino terminal sequences of several reovirus type 3 capsid proteins are identical. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 46:1066-71. [PMID: 5062421 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(72)80081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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46
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Nichols JL, Hay AJ, Joklik WK. 5'-terminal nucleotide sequence of reovirus mRNA synthesized in vitro. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1972; 235:105-7. [PMID: 4501191 DOI: 10.1038/newbio235105a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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47
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48
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McDowell MJ, Joklik WK. An in vitro protein synthesizing system from mouse L fibroblasts infected with reovirus. Virology 1971; 45:724-33. [PMID: 5125566 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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50
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Shatkin AJ. Viruses with segmented ribonucleic acid genomes: multiplication of influenza versus reovirus. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1971; 35:250-66. [PMID: 5114967 PMCID: PMC378389 DOI: 10.1128/br.35.3.250-266.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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