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Abstract
When a virus infects a host cell, it hijacks the biosynthetic capacity of the cell to produce virus progeny, a process that may take less than an hour or more than a week. The overall time required for a virus to reproduce depends collectively on the rates of multiple steps in the infection process, including initial binding of the virus particle to the surface of the cell, virus internalization and release of the viral genome within the cell, decoding of the genome to make viral proteins, replication of the genome, assembly of progeny virus particles, and release of these particles into the extracellular environment. For a large number of virus types, much has been learned about the molecular mechanisms and rates of the various steps. However, in only relatively few cases during the last 50 years has an attempt been made-using mathematical modeling-to account for how the different steps contribute to the overall timing and productivity of the infection cycle in a cell. Here we review the initial case studies, which include studies of the one-step growth behavior of viruses that infect bacteria (Qβ, T7, and M13), human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus, poliovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus, baculovirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, and herpes simplex virus. Further, we consider how such models enable one to explore how cellular resources are utilized and how antiviral strategies might be designed to resist escape. Finally, we highlight challenges and opportunities at the frontiers of cell-level modeling of virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jacob Redovich
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Crystal structure of the bacteriophage Qβ coat protein in complex with the RNA operator of the replicase gene. J Mol Biol 2013; 426:1039-49. [PMID: 24035813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The coat proteins of single-stranded RNA bacteriophages specifically recognize and bind to a hairpin structure in their genome at the beginning of the replicase gene. The interaction serves to repress the synthesis of the replicase enzyme late in infection and contributes to the specific encapsidation of phage RNA. While this mechanism is conserved throughout the Leviviridae family, the coat protein and operator sequences from different phages show remarkable variation, serving as prime examples for the co-evolution of protein and RNA structure. To better understand the protein-RNA interactions in this virus family, we have determined the three-dimensional structure of the coat protein from bacteriophage Qβ bound to its cognate translational operator. The RNA binding mode of Qβ coat protein shares several features with that of the widely studied phage MS2, but only one nucleotide base in the hairpin loop makes sequence-specific contacts with the protein. Unlike in other RNA phages, the Qβ coat protein does not utilize an adenine-recognition pocket for binding a bulged adenine base in the hairpin stem but instead uses a stacking interaction with a tyrosine side chain to accommodate the base. The extended loop between β strands E and F of Qβ coat protein makes contacts with the lower part of the RNA stem, explaining the greater length dependence of the RNA helix for optimal binding to the protein. Consequently, the complex structure allows the proposal of a mechanism by which the Qβ coat protein recognizes and discriminates in favor of its cognate RNA.
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Jain R, Srivastava R. Metabolic investigation of host/pathogen interaction using MS2-infected Escherichia coli. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2009; 3:121. [PMID: 20042079 PMCID: PMC2813233 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-3-121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA viruses are responsible for a variety of illnesses among people, including but not limited to the common cold, the flu, HIV, and ebola. Developing new drugs and new strategies for treating diseases caused by these viruses can be an expensive and time-consuming process. Mathematical modeling may be used to elucidate host-pathogen interactions and highlight potential targets for drug development, as well providing the basis for optimizing patient treatment strategies. The purpose of this work was to determine whether a genome-scale modeling approach could be used to understand how metabolism is impacted by the host-pathogen interaction during a viral infection. Escherichia coli/MS2 was used as the host-pathogen model system as MS2 is easy to work with, harmless to humans, but shares many features with eukaryotic viruses. In addition, the genome-scale metabolic model of E. coli is the most comprehensive model at this time. RESULTS Employing a metabolic modeling strategy known as "flux balance analysis" coupled with experimental studies, we were able to predict how viral infection would alter bacterial metabolism. Based on our simulations, we predicted that cell growth and biosynthesis of the cell wall would be halted. Furthermore, we predicted a substantial increase in metabolic activity of the pentose phosphate pathway as a means to enhance viral biosynthesis, while a break down in the citric acid cycle was predicted. Also, no changes were predicted in the glycolytic pathway. CONCLUSIONS Through our approach, we have developed a technique of modeling virus-infected host metabolism and have investigated the metabolic effects of viral infection. These studies may provide insight into how to design better drugs. They also illustrate the potential of extending such metabolic analysis to higher order organisms, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Jain
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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4
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Abstract
The role of natural selection in the optimal design of organisms is controversial. Optimal forms, functions, or behaviors of organisms have long been claimed without knowledge of how genotype contributes to phenotype, delineation of design constraints, or reference to alternative designs. Moreover, arguments for optimal designs have been often based on models that were difficult, if not impossible, to test. Here, we begin to address these issues by developing and probing a kinetic model for the intracellular growth of bacteriophage Q beta in Escherichia coli. The model accounts for the energetic costs of all template-dependent polymerization reactions, in ATP equivalents, including RNA-dependent RNA elongation by the phage replicase and synthesis of all phage proteins by the translation machinery of the E. coli host cell. We found that translation dominated phage growth, requiring 85% of the total energy expenditure. Only 10% of the total energy was applied to activities other than the direct synthesis of progeny phage components, reflecting primarily the cost of making the negative-strand RNA template that is needed for replication of phage genomic RNA. Further, we defined an energy efficiency of phage growth and showed its direct relationship to the yield of phage progeny. Finally, we performed a sensitivity analysis and found that the growth of wild-type phage was optimized for progeny yield or energy efficiency, suggesting that phage Q beta has evolved to optimally utilize the finite resources of its host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwijin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1607, USA
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5
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Witherell GW, Gott JM, Uhlenbeck OC. Specific interaction between RNA phage coat proteins and RNA. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1991; 40:185-220. [PMID: 2031083 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60842-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G W Witherell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309
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6
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Beckett D, Wu HN, Uhlenbeck OC. Roles of operator and non-operator RNA sequences in bacteriophage R17 capsid assembly. J Mol Biol 1988; 204:939-47. [PMID: 3221401 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the role of sequences other than the translational operator on bacteriophage R17 assembly, in vitro capsid assembly was studied with R17 coat protein and a variety of RNAs. For a series of RNA oligomers of the same chain length, sequences that bind coat protein dimer with a lower affinity require higher concentrations of RNA and protein for assembly. Among a series of non-specific RNA molecules of differing lengths, lower protein and RNA concentrations are required for assembly of capsids containing longer RNAs. For RNA molecules of any length, the presence of a single high-affinity translational operator sequence lowered the concentration requirements for capsid assembly. However, the advantage for encapsidation provided by the operator sequence is small for large RNA molecules. The experiments indicate that in the overall assembly process the interaction of coat protein with non-specific sequences is at least as important as its interaction with the specific translational operator sequence. In light of the data, a mechanism of achieving selective packaging of the R17 genomic RNA in vivo is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Beckett
- University of Colorado, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boulder 80309-0215
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7
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Carey J, Cameron V, Krug M, de Haseth PL, Uhlenbeck OC. Failure of translational repression in the phage f2 op3 mutant is not due to an altered coat protein-RNA interaction. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)43614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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9
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Goldberger RF, Deeley RG, Mullinix KP. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotic organisms. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1976; 18:1-67. [PMID: 181963 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Abstract
The polarity effect of the coat protein gene of the ribonucleic acid of RNA bacteriophages on the polymerase gene translation will be taken as the basis of the polymerase translation control mechanism. A further condition for this mechanism discussed in this work is the dependence of the phage RNA replication on host cell translation factors. The ribosome binding sites of the phage RNA play a decisive role to realize the control mechanism coding for definite ribosome binding probabilities. The relation between them quantifies the reached polymerase concentration in the early phase of the development of the RNA bacteriophage system in the infected cell.
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11
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Leipold B, Hofschneider PH. Isolation of an infectious RNA-A-protein complex from the bacteriophage M12. FEBS Lett 1975; 55:50-2. [PMID: 1095422 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(75)80954-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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13
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Abstract
The in vivo process of virion assembly was studied in rifampin-treated, MS2-infected Escherichia coli during late times of infection-after 18 min postinfection. Differential sucrose gradient sedimentation of infected-cell lysates taken at various times after radioactive labeling indicated a definite temporal order of appearance of phage-specific protein in assembly-related structures. Labeled MS2 protein appears first as a low-molecular-weight peak at the tops of gradients, then as a peak at 40S and as a large number of almost unseparable structures between 40 and 80S, and finally as 80S mature phage particles. During the chase of a short labeling period, radioactive phage protein was found to disappear from gradients in the same temporal order as it appeared; the soluble peak disappears first, followed by the 40 to 70S region. The chased label appears quantitatively in the 80S phage peak. Labeled phage RNA was found to appear first in the 40S peak, then in the structures between 40 and 70S, and finally in 80S phage particles. The order of disappearance of labeled phage RNA during a chase is the same as its appearance. Resedimentation of the 40 to 70S region indicated the presence of distinct structures at 60 and 70S and many indistinct ones between 40 and 60S. The smaller intermediates exhibit separable maturation protein-rich and coat protein-rich segments, indicating nonrandom binding of the two proteins during the initial steps of assembly. Larger, discrete intermediates appear at 60 and 70S. Treatment of the various structures with pancreatic RNase results in destruction of those from 40 through 60S; treatment of the 70S structure results in the conversion of some of it to a 45S peak, presumably the complete capsid. A small fraction of the 80S phage peak is also sensitive to RNase, resulting in a similar 45S peak. Pulse-chase experiments indicate that structures from 40 through 60S as well as the RNase-sensitive 70S structure are assembly intermediates, but that the RNase-insensitive 70S and the RNase-sensitive 80S structures are not.
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14
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Berzin V, Rosenthal G, Gren EJ. Cellular macromolecule synthesis in Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage MS2. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1974; 45:233-42. [PMID: 4609303 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Young DV, Srinivasan PR. Growth of ribonucleic acid bacteriophage f2 in a conditional putrescine auxotroph of Escherichia coli: evidence for a polyamine role in translation. J Bacteriol 1974; 117:1280-8. [PMID: 4591952 PMCID: PMC246611 DOI: 10.1128/jb.117.3.1280-1288.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The ribonucleic acid (RNA) bacteriophage, f2, grows poorly in a conditional putrescine auxotroph during polyamine starvation. The addition of putrescine simultaneously with f2 enhances phage growth, shortens the latent period, and increases the burst size. The stimulation of f2 growth is reflected in higher rates of phage RNA and protein syntheses as measured by radioactive labeling of infected cells in the presence of rifampin. Putrescine does not affect f2 adsorption or the penetration of its RNA. Rather, in vitro assays demonstrate that in putrescine-supplemented cells more molecules of f2 replicase are made per incoming parental RNA than in polyamine-starved cultures. The ability of polyamines to stimulate the translation of a preformed messenger suggests a physiological role for these organic cations in normal protein synthesis.
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16
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Jay G, Kaempfer R. Host interference with viral gene expression: mode of action of bacterial factor i. J Mol Biol 1974; 82:193-212. [PMID: 4593478 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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17
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Arrand JR, Hindley J. Nucleotide sequence of a ribosome binding site on RNA synthesized in vitro from coliphage T7. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1973; 244:10-3. [PMID: 4578422 DOI: 10.1038/newbio244010a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Hindley J. Structure and strategy in phage RNA. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1973; 26:269-321. [PMID: 4575322 DOI: 10.1016/0079-6107(73)90021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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19
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Remaut E, Fiers W. Studies on the bacteriophage MS2. XVI. The termination signal of the A protein cistron. J Mol Biol 1972; 71:243-61. [PMID: 4564480 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Bernardi A, Spahr PF. Nucleotide sequence at the binding site for coat protein on RNA of bacteriophage R17. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1972; 69:3033-7. [PMID: 4507620 PMCID: PMC389701 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.69.10.3033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The binding of a few molecules [1-6] of RNA bacteriophage coat protein to 1 molecule of RNA represses in vitro translation of the RNA synthetase cistron. Digestion of the complex, R17 coat protein-R17 RNA, by T1 RNase yields an RNA fragment bound to the coat protein. The nucleotide sequence of this fragment (59 residues) reveals that it contains the punctuation signal between the coat protein and RNA synthetase cistrons, suggesting that this is the site on the RNA where the coat protein acts as a translational repressor.
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21
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Kozak M, Nathans D. Differential inhibition of coliphage MS2 protein synthesis by ribosome-directed antibiotics. J Mol Biol 1972; 70:41-55. [PMID: 4561347 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90162-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Lago BD, Birnbaum J, Demain AL. Fermentation process for double-stranded ribonucleic acid, an interferon inducer. Appl Microbiol 1972; 24:430-6. [PMID: 4562479 PMCID: PMC376536 DOI: 10.1128/am.24.3.430-436.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded ribonucleic acid (ds-RNA) isolated from Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage MS2 is a potent interferon inducer. High levels of ds-RNA are formed in nonpermissive cells infected with MU9, an amber coat protein mutant of MS2. This mutant has been used to develop a process for large-scale ds-RNA production. Preparation of quantities of MU9 lysate sufficient for ds-RNA production in fermentors is described. Over 300 mug of ds-RNA/ml can be accumulated after MU9 infection of cultures grown to high density in corn steep liquor medium. This is approximately 300 times the amount of ds-RNA made by MS2 infection of cells grown in tryptone medium. Maximum ds-RNA formation requires only 3 hr. The ds-RNA is stable and remains inside nonaerated cells for at least 17 hr.
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23
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Vandamme E, Remaut E, van Montagu M, Fiers W. Studies on the bacteriophage MS 2. XVII. Suppressor-sensitive mutants of the A protein cistron. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1972; 117:219-28. [PMID: 5057548 DOI: 10.1007/bf00271649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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24
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Remsen JF, Cerutti PA. Ultraviolet inactivation and miscoding of irradiated R17-RNA in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1972; 48:430-6. [PMID: 4557730 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(72)80069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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25
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Kozak M, Nathans D. Translation of the genome of a ribonucleic acid bacteriophage. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1972; 36:109-34. [PMID: 4555183 PMCID: PMC378432 DOI: 10.1128/br.36.1.109-134.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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26
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Kamen R. A new method for the purification of Q RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 262:88-100. [PMID: 4552904 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(72)90221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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27
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Cramer JH, Sinsheimer RL. Replication of bacteriophage MS2. X. Phage-specific ribonucleoprotein particles found in MS2-infected Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1971; 62:189-214. [PMID: 4945529 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Schleif RF. L-arabinose operon messenger of Escherichia coli. Its inducibility and translation efficiency relative to lactose operon messenger. J Mol Biol 1971; 61:275-9. [PMID: 4947695 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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29
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Kozak M, Nathans D. Fate of maturation protein during infection by coliphage MS2. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 234:209-11. [PMID: 4942983 DOI: 10.1038/newbio234209a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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30
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Schleif R, Greenblatt J, Davis RW. Dual control of arabinose genes on transducing phage lambda-dara. J Mol Biol 1971; 59:127-50. [PMID: 4934313 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90417-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Godson GN. Characterization and synthesis of phi X174 proteins in ultraviolet-irradiated and unirradiated cells. J Mol Biol 1971; 57:541-53. [PMID: 4931681 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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32
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33
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Voorma HO, Benne R, den Hertog TJ. Binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes programmed with bacteriophage MS2-RNA. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 18:451-62. [PMID: 5545002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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34
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35
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Ward R, Konings RN, Hofschneider PH. Coat protein repression of bacteriophage M12 RNA directed polysome formation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1970; 17:106-15. [PMID: 5486574 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1970.tb01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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36
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Sugiyama T, Nakada D. Translational control of bacteriophage MS2 RNA cistrons by MS2 coat protein: affinity and specificity of the interaction of MS2 coat protein with MS2 RNA. J Mol Biol 1970; 48:349-55. [PMID: 5448594 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(70)90166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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37
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Phillips LA, Truden JL, Iglewski WJ, Hotham-Iglewski B, Franklin RM. Replication of bacteriophage ribonucleic acid: alterations in polyribosome patterns in Escherichia coli infected with amber mutants of bacteriophage R17. Virology 1969; 39:781-90. [PMID: 4902256 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(69)90016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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38
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Voorma HO, Benne R, Scholte ter Horst FH. Binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to ribosomes programmed with bacteriophage MS2 RNA. J Mol Biol 1969; 45:423-8. [PMID: 5367036 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(69)90116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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39
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Lodish HF. Independent initiation of translation of two bacteriophage f2 proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1969; 37:127-36. [PMID: 4899577 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(69)90890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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40
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Eggen K, Nathans D. Regulation of protein synthesis directed by coliphage MS2 RNA. II. In vitro repression by phage coat protein. J Mol Biol 1969; 39:293-305. [PMID: 4903176 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(69)90318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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