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Paul AV, Wimmer E. Initiation of protein-primed picornavirus RNA synthesis. Virus Res 2015; 206:12-26. [PMID: 25592245 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plus strand RNA viruses use different mechanisms to initiate the synthesis of their RNA chains. The Picornaviridae family constitutes a large group of plus strand RNA viruses that possess a small terminal protein (VPg) covalently linked to the 5'-end of their genomes. The RNA polymerases of these viruses use VPg as primer for both minus and plus strand RNA synthesis. In the first step of the initiation reaction the RNA polymerase links a UMP to the hydroxyl group of a tyrosine in VPg using as template a cis-replicating element (cre) positioned in different regions of the viral genome. In this review we will summarize what is known about the initiation reaction of protein-primed RNA synthesis by the RNA polymerases of the Picornaviridae. As an example we will use the RNA polymerase of poliovirus, the prototype of Picornaviridae. We will also discuss models of how these nucleotidylylated protein primers might be used, together with viral and cellular replication proteins and other cis-replicating RNA elements, during minus and plus strand RNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniko V Paul
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, United States.
| | - Eckard Wimmer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, United States
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2
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Burr B, Burr FA, Rubenstein I, Simon MN. Purification and translation of zein messenger RNA from maize endosperm protein bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 75:696-700. [PMID: 16592496 PMCID: PMC411323 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.75.2.696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The messenger RNAs coding for the zein storage protein have been purified from other contaminating RNAs. The average molecular lengths are 1.1-1.2 kilobases, as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by electron microscopy. Products of messenger-dependent protein synthesis in vitro appear to be 1100 and 2000 daltons heavier than the native polypeptides. Zein is like secretory proteins in having a precursor with an additional amino-terminal sequence. Although only one mRNA is seen in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the combined size of the polypeptide products formed exceeds the coding capacity for one message of the size determined in this study. This suggests that there are at least two mRNAs of similar sizes for the zein polypeptides rather than one dicistronic message.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Burr
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
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Buisman AM, Sonsma JAJ, van Wijk MGS, Vermeulen JP, Roholl PJ, Kimman TG. Pathogenesis of poliovirus infection in PVRTg mice: poliovirus replicates in peritoneal macrophages. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:2819-2828. [PMID: 13679616 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19127-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of poliovirus infection, responsible for the induction of a poliovirus-specific mucosal immune response following intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation of virus in mice transgenic for the poliovirus receptor (PVRTg mice), was studied. Following inoculation of poliovirus, replication was determined by increase in virus titre (TCID50) and by PCR of poliovirus-specific negative-strand RNA in peritoneal macrophages, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, duodenum, brain, kidney and liver. The presence of poliovirus antigens in several cell types was detected by immunolabelling. It was demonstrated that poliovirus replicated in the peritoneal macrophages of PVRTg mice, since the virus titre in peritoneal cells was increased compared to the titre in the inoculum. Negative-strand RNA was detected in these cells and most of the poliovirus-immunostained cells had the morphology of macrophages and expressed the macrophage-specific markers CD86 and M1/70 on their surface. Furthermore, in peritoneal lavage, poliovirus was also present in CD19+ B cells, but not in dendritic or T cells. Moreover, poliovirus was detected in macrophage-like cells in the lamina propria of the intestine, but not in epithelial cells. Replication of poliovirus in mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches and brain was followed by excretion of virus in the faeces. This suggests that the virus is transported due to migration of macrophages from the peritoneal cavity to mesenteric lymph nodes and the lamina propria of Peyer's patches. It is likely that this route is responsible for the induction of virus-specific IgA in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Buisman
- Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - J A J Sonsma
- Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - M G S van Wijk
- Laboratory for Pathology and Immunobiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - J P Vermeulen
- Laboratory for Pathology and Immunobiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - P J Roholl
- Laboratory for Pathology and Immunobiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - T G Kimman
- Research Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Sawicki DL, Wang T, Sawicki SG. The RNA structures engaged in replication and transcription of the A59 strain of mouse hepatitis virus. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:385-396. [PMID: 11161278 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-2-385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the RI (replicative intermediate RNA) and native RF (replicative form RNA), mouse hepatitis virus-infected cells contained six species of RNA intermediates active in transcribing subgenomic mRNA. We have named these transcriptive intermediates (TIs) and native transcriptive forms (TFs) because they are not replicating genome-sized RNA. Based on solubility in high salt solutions, approximately 70% of the replicating and transcribing structures that accumulated in infected cells by 5-6 h post-infection were multi-stranded intermediates, the RI/TIs. The other 30% were in double-stranded structures, the native RF/TFs. These replicating and transcribing structures were separated by velocity sedimentation on sucrose gradients or by gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose 2B and Sephacryl S-1000, and migrated on agarose gels during electrophoresis, according to their size. Digestion with RNase T1 at 1-10 units/microgram RNA resolved RI/TIs into RF/TF cores and left native RF/TFs intact, whereas RNase A at concentrations of 0.02 microgram/microgram RNA or higher degraded both native RF/TFs and RI/TIs. Viral RI/TIs and native RF/TFs bound to magnetic beads containing oligo(dT)(25), suggesting that the poly(A) sequence on the 3' end of the positive strands was longer than any poly(U) on the negative strands. Kinetics of incorporation of [(3)H]uridine showed that both the RI and TIs were transcriptionally active and the labelling of RI/TIs was not the dead-end product of aberrant negative-strand synthesis. Failure originally to find TIs and TF cores was probably due to overdigestion with RNase A.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromatography, Gel
- Fibroblasts/virology
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Murine hepatitis virus/genetics
- Murine hepatitis virus/physiology
- Nuclease Protection Assays
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Poly A/analysis
- Poly A/chemistry
- Poly A/genetics
- Poly A/metabolism
- Poly U/chemistry
- Poly U/genetics
- Poly U/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/chemistry
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Ribonuclease T1/metabolism
- Ribonuclease, Pancreatic/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/genetics
- Uridine/metabolism
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea L Sawicki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, 3055 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA1
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, 3055 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA1
| | - Stanley G Sawicki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, 3055 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA1
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Todd S, Nguyen JH, Semler BL. RNA-protein interactions directed by the 3' end of human rhinovirus genomic RNA. J Virol 1995; 69:3605-14. [PMID: 7745708 PMCID: PMC189075 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.6.3605-3614.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The replication of a picornavirus genomic RNA is a template-specific process involving the recognition of viral RNAs as target replication templates for the membrane-bound viral replication initiation complex. The virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, 3Dpol, is a major component of the replication complex; however, when supplied with a primed template, 3Dpol is capable of copying polyadenylated RNAs which are not of viral origin. Therefore, there must be some other molecular mechanism to direct the specific assembly of the replication initiation complex at the 3' end of viral genomic RNAs, presumably involving cis-acting binding determinants within the 3' noncoding region (3' NCR). This report describes the use of an in vitro UV cross-linking assay to identify proteins which interact with the 3' NCR of human rhinovirus 14 RNA. A cellular protein(s) was identified in cytoplasmic extracts from human rhinovirus 14-infected cells which had a marked binding preference for RNAs containing the rhinovirus 3' NCR sequence. This protein(s) showed reduced cross-linking efficiency for a 3' NCR with an engineered deletion. Virus recovered from RNA transfections with in vitro transcribed RNA containing the same 3' NCR deletion demonstrated a defective replication phenotype in vivo. Cross-linking experiments with RNAs containing the poliovirus 3' NCR and cytoplasmic extracts from poliovirus-infected cells produced an RNA-protein complex with indistinguishable electrophoretic properties, suggesting that the appearance of the cellular protein(s) may be a common phenomenon of picornavirus infection. We suggest that the observed cellular protein(s) is sequestered or modified as a result of rhinovirus or poliovirus infection and is utilized in viral RNA replication, perhaps by binding to the 3' NCR as a prerequisite for replication complex assembly at the 3' end of the viral genomic RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Todd
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92717, USA
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6
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Novak JE, Kirkegaard K. Improved method for detecting poliovirus negative strands used to demonstrate specificity of positive-strand encapsidation and the ratio of positive to negative strands in infected cells. J Virol 1991; 65:3384-7. [PMID: 1851886 PMCID: PMC241002 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.3384-3387.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a ribonuclease protection method suitable for sensitive detection of an RNA species in the presence of a large excess of its complementary strand, as for the detection of negative strands of positive-strand RNA viruses. By using this method to probe for poliovirus negative strands in virions, we found that positive strands are present in at least 40,000-fold excess over negative strands. Thus, we have confirmed that poliovirus encapsidation is highly specific for positive strands and have demonstrated that the genome-linked protein VPg, which is covalently attached to the 5' ends of both positive and negative strands, cannot be the sole determinant of RNA packaging. We tested the ratios of viral positive strands to negative strands in cells at different times during infection; this value ranged from approximately 40/1 to 70/1, being highest at 4 h and lower at 2 and 6 h postinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Novak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0347
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7
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Abstract
The relationship between retroviral genes and oncogenes is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, G. W. Hooper Research Foundation, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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8
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Bishop JM. Retroviren und Onkogene II (Nobel-Vortrag). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1990. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19901020707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Richards
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84132
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Abstract
A lipoxygenase cDNA clone, pCD45, was identified in a Pisum sativum L. (pea) seed mRNA cDNA library by hybrid-release/translation followed by immunoprecipitation with antiserum raised against lipoxygenase from Glycine max L. (soya bean). pCD45 hybrid-selected an mRNA encoding the larger of the two polypeptides of Mr approximately 95 000 that were immunoprecipitated from cell-free translation products of pea seed poly(A)-containing RNA by the G. max anti-lipoxygenase. 'Northern'-blot analysis showed the mRNA that hybridized to pCD45 to be approximately 3000 nucleotides in length. Three to five copies of the lipoxygenase gene corresponding to pCD45 were estimated to be present per haploid Pisum genome; hybridization of the cDNA insert from pCD45 to G. max DNA was also detected.
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Richards OC, Martin SC, Jense HG, Ehrenfeld E. Structure of poliovirus replicative intermediate RNA. Electron microscope analysis of RNA cross-linked in vivo with psoralen derivative. J Mol Biol 1984; 173:325-40. [PMID: 6199505 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the poliovirus replicative intermediate RNA was examined by electron microscopy after cross-linking in vivo with 4'-aminomethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen. After purification from infected cells, undenatured RI appeared as a double-stranded backbone of genome length, with an average of three (and occasionally up to eight) nascent, single-stranded tails. After denaturation, however, only single strands of heterogeneous length were visualized, indicating that the RI in the cell contains little or no duplex structure, and thus nascent chains are only transiently hydrogen-bonded to their template over short regions. The double-stranded backbone of undenatured RI, observed previously by others and in these experiments, is due to collapse of complementary chains during the deproteinization and purification procedures. The effectiveness of the in vivo cross-linking procedure was demonstrated by the complete inhibition of viral RNA synthesis in treated cells and by direct binding of [3H]AMT to RI molecules in vivo. Mature polio virions are impermeable to AMT; however, growth of virus in cells incubated with AMT in the dark resulted in normal yields of virus particles containing RNA genomes, whose infectivity could be subsequently photo-inactivated. The frequency of AMT-induced cross-linking was determined by analyses of double-stranded poliovirus RNA (RF). Cross-linking in vitro followed by spreading for electron microscopy under denaturing conditions yielded bubbled duplex structures with a minimum of one interstrand cross-link per 80 base-pairs. RF cross-linked in vivo also showed extensive cross-linking, decreased about fivefold from the in vitro cross-linked value. Thus, the failure to detect cross-linked RI under these conditions indicates that extensive base-pairing does not exist in vivo.
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12
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Foard DE, Gutay PA, Ladin B, Beachy RN, Larkins BA. In vitro synthesis of the Bowman-Birk and related soybean protease inhibitors. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1982; 1:227-243. [PMID: 24317965 DOI: 10.1007/bf00021034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/1982] [Revised: 07/14/1982] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Poly (A)(+) RNAs from immature soybean seeds were size fractionated in denaturing sucrose gradients to identify mRNA that directs the cell-free synthesis of the Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor and the related inhibitors PI I-IV. Polypeptides synthesized in vitro were labeled with ((35)S)-cysteine and ((3)H)-serine and detected by immunoprecipitation with anti Bowman-Birk and anti PI I-IV sera. Immunoprecipitates of the translation products comigrated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels with the dimeric or trimeric aggregates of the authentic inhibitor proteins, which self-associate under certain conditions. Further evidence that these immunoprecipitates contained authentic polypeptides corresponding to the Bowman-Birk or PI IV inhibitor was shown by sequential amino acid analyses of peptides generated by cleavage with cyanogen bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Foard
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 47907, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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13
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The role of mRNA competition in regulating translation. III. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo results. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)68470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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14
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Richards OC, Ehrenfeld E. Heterogeneity of the 3' end of minus-strand RNA in the poliovirus replicative form. J Virol 1980; 36:387-94. [PMID: 6253664 PMCID: PMC353655 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.36.2.387-394.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The 3' terminus of the strand (minus strand) complementary to poliovirion RNA (plus strand) has been examined to see whether this sequence extends to the 5'-nucleotide terminus of the plus strand, or whether minus-strand synthesis terminates prematurely, perhaps due to the presence of a nonreplicated nucleotide primer for initiation of plus-strand synthesis. The 3' terminus was labeled with 32P using [5'-32P]pCp and RNA ligase, and complete RNase digests were performed with RNases A, T1, and U2. 32P-oligonucleotides were analyzed for size by polyacrylamide-urea gel electrophoresis. The major oligonucleotide products formed were consistent with the minus strand containing 3' ends complementary and flush with the 5' end of the plus strand. However, a variable proportion of the isolated minus strands from different preparations were heterogeneous in length and appeared to differ from each other by the presence of one, two, or three 3'-terminal A residues.
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16
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Meyer J, Lundquist RE, Maizel JV. Structural studies of the RNA component of the poliovirus replication complex. II. Characterization by electron microscopy and autoradiography. Virology 1978; 85:445-55. [PMID: 208235 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Lundquist RE, Maizel JV. Structural studies of the RNA component of the poliovirus replication complex. I. Purification and biochemical characterization. Virology 1978; 85:434-44. [PMID: 208234 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Yogo Y, Wimmer E. Sequence studies of poliovirus RNA. III. Polyuridylic acid and polyadenylic acid as components of the purified poliovirus replicative intermediate. J Mol Biol 1975; 92:467-77. [PMID: 167176 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Thach SS, Dobbertin D, Lawrence C, Golini F, Thach RE. The mechanism of viral replication. Structure of replication complexes of encephalomyocarditis virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1974; 71:2549-53. [PMID: 4366773 PMCID: PMC388497 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.71.6.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure of the purified replicative intermediate of encephalomyocarditis virus was determined by electron microscopy. Approximately 80% of the replicative intermediate complexes were characterized by a filament of double-stranded RNA of widely variable length, which had a "bush" of single-stranded RNA at one end. In many examples one or more additional single-stranded bushes were appended internally to the double-stranded RNA filament. These results support the view that before deproteinization, replicative intermediate contains little if any double-stranded RNA.
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Thach SS, Thach RE. Mechanism of viral replication. I. Structure of replication complexes of R17 bacteriophage. J Mol Biol 1973; 81:367-80. [PMID: 4588279 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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21
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Faras AJ, Taylor JM, Levinson WE, Goodman HM, Bishop JM. RNA-directed DNA polymerase of Rous sarcoma virus: initiation of synthesis with 70 S viral RNA as template. J Mol Biol 1973; 79:163-83. [PMID: 4355596 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(73)90277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Faras AJ, Garapin AC, Levinson WE, Bishop JM, Goodman HM. Characterization of the low-molecular-weight RNAs associated with the 70S RNA of Rous sarcoma virus. J Virol 1973; 12:334-42. [PMID: 4355935 PMCID: PMC356628 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.12.2.334-342.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Two low-molecular-weight RNAs are associated with the 70S RNA complex of Rous sarcoma virus: a previously described 4S RNA and a newly identified 5S RNA. The 4S RNA constitutes 3 to 4% of the 70S RNA complex or the equivalent of 12 to 20 molecules per 70S RNA. It exhibits a number of structural properties characteristic of transfer RNA as revealed by two-dimensional electrophoresis of oligonucleotides obtained from a T1 ribonuclease digest of the 4S RNA species. The 5S RNA is approximately 120 nucleotides in length, constitutes 1% of the 70S RNA complex or the equivalent of 3 to 4 molecules per molecules of 70S RNA, and is identical in nucleotide composition and structure to 5S RNA from uninfected chicken embryo fibroblasts. Melting studies indicate that the 5S RNA is released from the 70S RNA complex at the same temperature required to dissociate 70S RNA into its constituent 35S subunits. In contrast, greater than 80% of the 4S RNA is released from 70S RNA prior to its conversion into subunits. The possible biological significance of these 70S-associated RNAs is discussed.
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Garapin AC, Varmus HE, Faras AJ, Levinson WE, Bishop JM. RNA-directed DNA synthesis by virions of Rous sarcoma virus: further characterization of the templates and the extent of their transcription. Virology 1973; 52:264-74. [PMID: 4139806 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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24
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25
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Best M, Evans B, Bishop JM. Double-stranded replication form of poliovirus RNA: phenotype of heterozygous molecules. Virology 1972; 47:592-603. [PMID: 4335073 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Semancik JS, Weathers LG. Exocortis virus: an infectious free-nucleic acid plant virus with unusual properties. Virology 1972; 47:456-66. [PMID: 4333740 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Quintrell N, Fanshier L, Evans B, Levinson W, Bishop JM. Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase(s) of Rous sarcoma virus: effects of virion-associated endonuclease on the enzymatic product. J Virol 1971; 8:17-27. [PMID: 4328411 PMCID: PMC356209 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.1.17-27.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purified preparations of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) contain ribonuclease which is either a constituent of the virion surface or an adsorbed contaminant. Treatment of the virus with nonionic detergent to activate ribonucleic acid (RNA)-dependent deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase renders the viral genome susceptible to hydrolysis by the external ribonuclease. The extent of this susceptibility can be substantially reduced by the use of limited amounts of detergent. At a concentration of detergent which provides a maximum initial rate of DNA synthesis, the degradation of endogenous viral RNA results in a reduced yield of high molecular weight DNA: RNA hybrid from the polymerase reaction. Attempts to detect virion-associated deoxyribonuclease, by using a variety of double helical DNA species as substrates, have been unsuccessful, but small amounts of nuclease activity directed against single-stranded DNA may be present in purified virus.
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Garapin AC, Fanshier L, Leong JA, Jackson J, Levinson W, Bishop JM. Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerases of Rous sarcoma virus: kinetics of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and specificity of the products. J Virol 1971; 7:227-32. [PMID: 4329398 PMCID: PMC356103 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.7.2.227-232.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase(s) of Rous sarcoma virus synthesizes two principal products-single-stranded DNA in the form of a DNA:ribonucleic acid (RNA) hybrid and double-stranded DNA. All of the single-stranded product and 50% of the double-stranded product can be hybridized to 70S viral RNA. These results, in combination with data obtained by analysis of the kinetics of double-stranded DNA synthesis, indicate that the synthesis of double-stranded DNA is a sequel to the synthesis of single-stranded DNA and is dependent upon the latter for the provision of initial template.
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Falcoff R, Falcoff E, Catinot L. Interferon induction by and infectivity of ultraviolet-irradiated double- and multistranded viral RNA's. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 217:195-8. [PMID: 4323578 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(70)90137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Nilsson-Tillgren T. Studies on the biosynthesis of TMV. 3. Isolation and characterization of the replicative form and the replicative intermediate RNA. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1970; 109:246-56. [PMID: 5519987 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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