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Abstract
The sunY gene of bacteriophage T4 contains a self-splicing group I intron. The ligated exons encode an open reading frame of 605 amino acids, whose inferred molecular mass is 68 kDa. However, none of the proteins made following T4 infection have been assigned to the sunY gene, and no mutations have been mapped to this locus. We show here that the primary product of the sunY gene is a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 64 kDa, which is processed to a protein approximately 4 kDa smaller. Unlike most other processed T4 proteins, cleavage occurs independently of both the T4 processing protease, the product of gene 21, and late phage protein synthesis. Insertional mutagenesis demonstrated that the sunY protein is not necessary for normal T4 growth under the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zeeh
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Albany 12222
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2
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Abstract
A plasmid expressing the cloned bacteriophage T4 gene 42 gave the same levels of complementation of gene 42 mutants in a polarity-suppressing rho mutant as in a rho+ host. A reading frame likely corresponding to gene 42 and putative promoter and terminator sequences were identified in the partial sequence of the cloned fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thylén
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Sweden
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3
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Guild N, Gayle M, Sweeney R, Hollingsworth T, Modeer T, Gold L. Transcriptional activation of bacteriophage T4 middle promoters by the motA protein. J Mol Biol 1988; 199:241-58. [PMID: 3280803 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(88)90311-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation of middle genes in bacteriophage T4 requires the phage-encoded motA protein. Many middle genes are involved in deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis and phage DNA replication. In the absence of motA, the gene products that are required for DNA synthesis are transcribed from other, upstream promoters. Using primer extension sequencing on RNA templates isolated from T4 motA+ and motA- infected cells, we have characterized 14 motA-dependent transcripts. The T4 middle promoters have a consensus sequence of nine base-pairs, (a/t)(a/t)TGCTT(t/c)A, spaced 11 to 13 nucleotides away from the Escherichia coli--10 consensus sequence, TAnnnT. The motA protein also can act as a transcriptional repressor for at least one early gene. Furthermore, the phage-encoded motA protein can activate in trans a middle promoter resident on a plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Guild
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309
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4
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McPheeters DS, Christensen A, Young ET, Stormo G, Gold L. Translational regulation of expression of the bacteriophage T4 lysozyme gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:5813-26. [PMID: 3526285 PMCID: PMC311593 DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.14.5813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacteriophage T4 lysozyme gene is transcribed at early and late times after infection of E. coli, but the early mRNA is not translated. DNA sequence analysis and mapping of the 5' ends of the lysozyme transcripts produced at different times after T4 infection show that the early mRNA is initiated some distance upstream from the gene. The early mRNA is not translated because of a stable secondary structure which blocks the translational initiation site. The stable RNA structure has been demonstrated by nuclease protection in vivo. After DNA replication begins, two late promoters are activated; the late transcripts are initiated at sites such that the secondary structure can not form, and translation of the late messages occurs.
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5
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Broida J, Abelson J. Sequence organization and control of transcription in the bacteriophage T4 tRNA region. J Mol Biol 1985; 185:545-63. [PMID: 4057254 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage T4 contains genes for eight transfer RNAs and two stable RNAs of unknown function. These are found in two clusters at 70 X 10(3) base-pairs on the T4 genetic map. To understand the control of transcription in this region we have completed the sequencing of 5000 base-pairs in this region. The sequence contains a part of gene 3, gene 1, gene 57, internal protein I, the tRNA genes and five open reading frames which most likely code for heretofore unidentified proteins. We have used subclones of the region to investigate the kinetics of transcription in vivo. The results show that transcription in this region consists of overlapping early, middle and late transcripts. Transcription is directed from two early promoters, one or two middle promoters and perhaps two late promoters. This region contains all of the features that are seen in T4 transcription and as such is a good place to study the phenomenon in more detail.
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6
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Goldfarb A, Malik S. Changed promoter specificity and antitermination properties displayed in vitro by bacteriophage T4-modified RNA polymerase. J Mol Biol 1984; 177:87-105. [PMID: 6086941 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A 5.5 X 10(3) base-pair fragment of bacteriophage T4 DNA carrying genes 1, 3, 57, ipI and a cluster of transfer RNA genes was used as template for RNA polymerase isolated from uninfected Escherichia coli and from T4-infected bacteria. RNA transcripts were fractionated by gel electrophoresis and mapped by using as transcription template the 5.5 X 10(3) base fragment cleaved with different restriction enzymes. The comparison of the transcripts synthesized by the two RNA polymerases revealed a dramatic difference in their initiation specificities and abilities to utilize a transcription termination site. The T4-modified polymerase utilizes three new promoters on the template DNA fragment that are not utilized by the host enzyme. The modified enzyme, however, fails to produce some of the transcripts synthesized by the host RNA polymerase. The ability of T4-modified RNA polymerase to terminate transcription at a terminator present in the template DNA fragment is greatly reduced as compared to the unmodified host enzyme. The factors responsible for the new initiation and termination properties are associated with RNA polymerase core component. Analysis of RNA polymerase from bacteria infected with T4 mutants demonstrates that the new promoter specificity and the antitermination effect are caused by different factors.
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7
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Thermes C, Brody E. T4-induced antipolarity: temporal heterogeneity in response of early transcription units. J Virol 1984; 50:191-201. [PMID: 6699944 PMCID: PMC255599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.50.1.191-201.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
When T4 infects Escherichia coli in the absence of protein synthesis, rho-mediated termination takes place on early polycistronic transcription units. During the early period of development, the appearance of delayed early transcripts becomes insensitive to the inhibition of protein synthesis. In the absence of the T4 gene product mot, an inducer for the middle mode of transcription, only the early polycistronic messengers are synthesized. In mot- -infected cells, the synthesis of the distal transcripts still becomes completely insensitive to the polar effect of chloramphenicol. This happens because potential rho-sensitive termination sites are not used in these cells. In this respect, overcoming polarity induced by chloramphenicol can be called a process of antitermination. The mot-independent antitermination can be studied by addition of chloramphenicol during infections with mot- bacteriophage. The effect is stable; it allows a constant percentage of rho-sensitive termination sites in the cell to be traversed by RNA polymerase for at least 10 min at 42 degrees C. By examining six different transcription units on the T4 genome, we find that each transcription unit has a cis-acting component (or components) which determines when its rho-sensitive termination site stops functioning. In extreme cases, rho acts with 100% efficiency in some transcription units, whereas it is almost inactive in others.
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8
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Daegelen P, D'Aubenton-Carafa Y, Brody E. The role of rho in bacteriophage T4 development. I. Control of growth and polarity. Virology 1982; 117:105-20. [PMID: 7039086 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Daegelen P, D'Aubenton-Carafa Y, Brody E. The role of rho in bacteriophage T4 development. II. mot-dependent (middle mode) RNA synthesis. Virology 1982; 117:121-34. [PMID: 7039088 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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10
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Bacteriophage T4 infection mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-80400-6.50013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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Young ET, Menard RC. Sizes of bacteriophage T4 early mRNA's separated by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identified by in vitro translation and by hybridization to recombinant T4 plasmids. J Virol 1981; 40:772-89. [PMID: 6459465 PMCID: PMC256689 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.40.3.772-789.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined the sized of specific T4 prereplicative nRNA's by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and we used the following two techniques to identify specific gene transcripts; cell-free protein synthesis accompanied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to distinguish T4 polypeptides and hybridization to recombinant plasmids containing T4 DNA of known genetic composition. In our first analysis, the use of nonsense and in-phase deletion mutants allowed unambiguous identification of the functional transcripts that encoded genes 32, rIIB, and rIIA. In addition, we identified the functional transcript that encoded genes 43, 45, 30, 39, and 52, the beta-glucosyl transferase gene, and the deletion 293 region. A single peak of mRNA activity that coded for gp43, gp39, gprIIA, beta-glucosyl transferase, and the polypeptide encoded in the deletion 293 region was present; the other polypeptides were encoded in multiple mRNA species, gp46 and gp32 were encoded by two mRNA's and gp52 and gprIIB were encoded by three nRNA's. By hybridizing fractionated, pulse-labeled early RNA to cloned restriction fragments of T4 DNA, we identified the same specific transcripts for genes 43, 52, and rIIB. In addition, a lower-molecular-weight RNA (presumably degraded nRNA) was present even in pulse-labeled RNA preparations. The distribution of pulse-labeled RNAs that hybridized to gene 39, gene 30, gene rIIA, gene 40 plus gene 41, and gene 42 plus the beta-glucosyl transferase gene indicated extensive degradation. We detected cotranscription of genes rIIA and rIIB by rehybridization of RNA first annealed to an rIIB plasmid and then eluted and annealed to an rIIA plasmid. The size distributions of normal and chloramphenicol-treated RNAs that hybridized to plasmids containing T4 immediate early gene 30, gene 39, gene 40 plus gene 41, and gene 42 plus the beta-glucosyl transferase gene were not significantly different.
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12
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Abstract
We studied transcription of T4 late genes by in vitro translation of size-fractionated late RNA and by hybridization of T4 late RNA to plasmids containing identified T4 late genes. We identified mRNA species that coded for the late proteins gp10, gp18, gp21, gp22, gp23, and gp24. Functional mRNA's that coded for the early proteins gp32 and IPIII were also detected after fractionation of late RNA. As in preparations of early RNA, gene 32 message activity was present in two species of RNA, which had molecular weights of approximately 0.5 x 10(6) and 0.8 x 10(6), and IPIII message activity was present in multiple species of RNA. Gene 24 and gene 10 message activities migrated as single species that had approximate molecular weights of 0.5 x 10(6) and 1.2 x 10(6), respectively. mRNA activity for gp18 migrated heterogeneously. We detected multiple transcripts from gene 23 by in vitro translation and by hybridization of late RNA to plasmids containing genes 21 through 23. Both types of analysis indicated that the major gene 23 transcript had a molecular weight of 0.75 x 10(6). In addition, two gene 23 transcripts having molecular weights of about 1.0 x 10(6) and 1.3 x 10(6) were present; these RNA species also coded for gp21 and gp22. Physical linkage of transcripts from genes 21, 22, and 23 was demonstrated by hybridization.
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13
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Goldfarb A, Daniel V. Mapping of transcription units in the bacteriophage T4 tRNA gene cluster. J Mol Biol 1981; 146:393-412. [PMID: 7024554 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90039-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Knowlton RG, Soll L, Yarus M. Dual specificity of su+ 7 tRNA. Evidence for translational discrimination. J Mol Biol 1980; 139:705-20. [PMID: 6997500 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(80)90056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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16
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17
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Linder CH, Sköld O. Control of early gene expression of bacteriophage T4: involvement of the host rho factor and the mot gene of the bacteriophage. J Virol 1980; 33:724-32. [PMID: 6251243 PMCID: PMC288597 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.33.2.724-732.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Many early mRNA species of bacteriophage T4 are not synthesized after infection of Escherichia coli in the presence of chloramphenicol. This has been interpreted as a need for T4 protein(s) to be synthesized to allow expression of some early genes, e.g., those for deoxycytidinetriphosphatase, deoxynucleosidemonophosphate kinase and UDP-glucose-DNA beta-glucosyltransferase. In the experiments described here, early mRNA of bacteriophage T4 was allowed to accumulate during chloramphenicol treatment. After the addition of rifampin to inhibit further RNA synthesis, and subsequent removal of chloramphenicol, the accumulated mRNA was permitted to express itself into measured enzyme activities. It was shown that the early mRNA species coding for deoxycytidinetriphosphatase and UDP-glucose-DNA beta-glucosyltransferase could be formed in the presence of chloramphenicol if the E. coli host cell carried a mutation in the structural gene for the RNA chain termination factor rho. This was interpreted to mean that T4 protein(s) with anti-rho activity is normally required for the expression of these two early genes. An altered rho-factor could not, however, relieve the need of phage protein synthesis for the formation of another early mRNA, that coding for deoxynucleosidemonophosphate kinase. In this case the mot gene of T4 seemed to be involved, since the primary infection of E. coli cells with the mot gene mutant tsG1 did not allow subsequent deoxynucleoside monophosphate kinase mRNA synthesis after wild-type phage infection in the presence of chloramphenicol. In control experiments, deoxynucleoside monophosphate kinase mRNA synthesis induced by wild-type phage superinfecting in the presence of chloramphenicol was facilitated by the primary infection with T4 phage containing an unmutated mot gene.
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18
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19
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Mattson T, Van Houwe G, Epstein RH. Isolation and characterization of conditional lethal mutations in the mot gene of bacteriophage T4. J Mol Biol 1978; 126:551-70. [PMID: 745239 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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20
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Lemaire G, Gold L, Yarus M. Autogenous translational repression of bacteriophage T4 gene 32 expression in vitro. J Mol Biol 1978; 126:73-90. [PMID: 739544 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Persson H, Pettersson U, Mathews MB. Synthesis of a structural adenovirus polypeptide in the absence of viral DNA replication. Virology 1978; 90:67-79. [PMID: 716228 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90334-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Goldfarb A, Seaman E, Daniel V. In vitro transcription and isolation of a polycistronic RNA product of the T4 tRNA operon. Nature 1978; 273:562-4. [PMID: 661965 DOI: 10.1038/273562a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Sarimo SS, Aaltonen L. DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in OLL55-infected Lactobacillus lactis. Arch Microbiol 1978; 116:191-5. [PMID: 637659 DOI: 10.1007/bf00406036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Frederick RJ, Snyder L. [Regulation of anti-late RNA synthesis in bacteriophage T4: a delayed early control]. J Mol Biol 1977; 114:461-76. [PMID: 335074 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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25
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Moorman AF, Lamie F, Grivell LA. A coupled transcription--translation system derived from Escherichia coli: the use of immobilized deoxyribonuclease to eliminate endogenous DNA. FEBS Lett 1976; 72:67-72. [PMID: 791687 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80900-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Russel M, Gold L, Morrissett H, O'Farrell PZ. Translational, autogenous regulation of gene 32 expression during bacteriophage T4 infection. J Biol Chem 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32967-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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27
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Thermes C, Daegelen P, De Franciscis V, Brody E. In vitro system for induction of delayed early RNA of bacteriophage T4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976; 73:2569-73. [PMID: 785471 PMCID: PMC430689 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.8.2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentrated lysates of Escherichia coli that had been infected with bacteriophage T4 in the presence of chloramphenicol show the same restriction of transcription in vitro as is found in vivo. Restricted lysates can be complemented with lysates from infected cells to induce production of delayed early RNA. Complementation takes place between the RNA polymerase of the restricted lysate and the DNA of the unrestricted lysate. We present evidence that delayed early RNA in these lysates is initiated at quasi-late (middle) promoters, and that such recognition is related to changes in the state of the template DNA.
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28
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Daegelen P, Brody E. Early bacteriophage T4 transcription. A diffusible product controls rIIA and rIIB RNA synthesis. J Mol Biol 1976; 103:127-42. [PMID: 785005 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(76)90055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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29
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Walsh ML, Pennica D, Cohen PS. The distribution of functional bacteriophage T4 mRNA on polysomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173:732-8. [PMID: 1275516 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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31
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Linder CH, Fast R. Regulation of early mRNA synthesis after bacteriophage T4 infection of Escherichia coli. J Virol 1975; 16:463-9. [PMID: 1099229 PMCID: PMC354692 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.16.3.463-469.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of T4-specific mRNA synthesis was studied during leucine starvation of a leucine-requiring stringent Escherichia coli B strain. This was done by imposing starvation prior to T4 infection and then letting RNA synthesis proceed for different time periods. Rifampin or streptolydigin was added to stop further RNA synthesis, and protein synthesis was restored by addition of leucine. Samples were withdrawn at different times, and the enzyme-forming capacities found that, during conditions which elicit the stringent response in uninfected bacteria, immediate early mRNA is not stringently regulated. This conclusion contradicts the earlier conclusion of others, obtained by measuring incorporation of radioactive uracil; this is explained by the observation of Edlin and Neuhard (1967), confirmed and extended by us to the T4-infected cell, that the incorporation of uracil into RNA of a stringent strain is virtually blocked by amino acid starvation, whereas that of adenine continues at 30 to 50% of the rate seen in the presence of the required amino acid.
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32
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Young ET. Analysis of bacteriophage T4 chloramphenicol RNA by DNA-RNA hybridization and by cell-free protein synthesis, and the effect of Escherichia coli polarity-suppressing alleles on its synthesis. J Mol Biol 1975; 96:393-424. [PMID: 1100847 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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33
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Baros A, Witmer HJ. Effect of chloramphenicol and starvation for an essential amino acid on the synthesis and decay of T4 bacteriophage-specific messengers transcribed from early and quasi-late promoters. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 169:415-27. [PMID: 170861 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Witmer HJ, Baros A, Forbes J. Effect of chloramphenicol and starvation for an essential amino acid on polypeptide and polyribonucleotide synthesis in Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage T4. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 169:406-14. [PMID: 1101828 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90182-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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Goldman E, Lodish HF. Competition between bacteriophage f2 RNA and bacteriophage T4 messenger RNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1975; 64:663-72. [PMID: 1096881 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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36
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Knopf K, Bujard H. Structure and function of the genome of coliphage T5. Transcription in vitro of the "nicked" and "nick-free" T5+ DNA. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1975; 53:371-85. [PMID: 1095368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb04077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purified T5+ DNA in nicked form and after repair of the specific single-strand interruptions with DNA ligase was used in transcription studies using Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (holoenzyme) in the presence and absence of E. coli termination protein rho. The transcriptional products were analyzed with respect to their size distribution and the sequences transcribed from the different templates. The results indicate that the single-strand breaks in the DNA of bacteriophage T5, though in genetically defined positions, do not have any specific effect on transcription in vitro. Furthermore, the E. coli rho protein, although it depresses net RNA synthesis and reduces the average molecular weight of the transcripts, seems to act in a non-specific way in this system.
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37
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Pitale MP, Jayaraman R. Transcription of bacteriophage T4 genome in vitro. Heterogeneity of RNA polymerase in crude extracts of normal and T4-infected Escherichia coli B. Biochemistry 1975; 14:1265-71. [PMID: 1091288 DOI: 10.1021/bi00677a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain RNA polymerase preparations carrying the necessary specificity determinants to transcribe the delayed-early genes of bacteriophage T4, crude extracts of uninfected and T4-infected Escherichia coli were fractionated in glycerol gradients of low ionic strength. In contrast to the reported sedimentation behavior of the purified enzyme, the RNA polymerase activity in crude extracts of normal and infected cells sedimented heterogeneously over a wide range of sedimentation coefficients. When the "heavy" (24-33 S) and "light" (14-20 S) regions of the gradient were precipitated with ammonium sulfate and recentrifuged, the former split into two subfractions, one again sedimenting heavy and the other sedimenting light. The latter did not split under the same conditions. The resulting subfractions from uninfected cell extracts had different thermal thermal stabilities at 50 degrees (half-lives ranging from 2-3 to 25 min) while those from T4-infected cell extracts were very thermolabile (half-life of 1-2 min). All the subfractions were more active on T4 DNA than on calf-thymus DNA. They also formed rifampicin-resistant, RNA chain initiation complexes with T4 DNA. Based on the kinetics of heat inactivation with T4 and calf thymus DNAs as templates and preferential transcription of T4 DNA, it is proposed that the T4-infected cell enzymes prepared as described here harbor heat-labile initiation factor(s). During infection the heavy sedimenting RNA polymerase activity disappears after 2.5 min at 37 degrees. This appears to require phage-specific protein synthesis because (a) it does not happen in the presence of chloramphenicol and (b) it does not happen in T4 ghost-infected cells.
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38
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Trimble RB, Maley F. The influence of potassium and rifampicin on the expression of bacteriophage T2 prereplicative genes in vitro and in vivo. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 167:377-87. [PMID: 165779 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Snyder LR, Montgomery DL. Inhibition of T4 growth by an RNA polymerase mutation of Escherichia coli: physiological and genetic analysis of the effects during phage development. Virology 1974; 62:184-96. [PMID: 4278501 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Cohen PS, Natale PJ, Buchanan JM. Transcriptional regulation of T4 bacteriophage-specific enzymes synthesized in vitro. J Virol 1974; 14:292-9. [PMID: 4367905 PMCID: PMC355514 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.2.292-299.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to dihydrofolate reductase and four other phage-specific enzymes, the initiation of deoxynucleotide kinase is essentially prevented if rifampin is added to a culture of Escherichia coli B cells within 1.5 min after infection with T4. Deoxynucleotide kinase thus belongs to a group of so-called delayed-early enzymes that is not initiated from an immediate-early promoter site. We prepared crude extracts from infected cells in a manner designed to maintain the integrity of the complexes of native, endogenous T4 DNA with bacterial structural and enzymatic units concerned with RNA synthesis. The initiation of the synthesis of the mRNA for dihydrofolate reductase, an example of an immediate-early enzyme, and deoxynucleotide kinase, a special type of delayed-early enzyme, was studied with these extracts prepared from cells infected in the absence or presence of chloramphenicol. Initiation of transcription of the dihydrofolate reductase gene is immediate when programmed by extracts made either from cells treated with chloramphenicol prior to infection (CM extracts) or from cells 3 min into the normal infection cycle (3-min extracts). However, initiation of transcription of the deoxynucleotide kinase gene programmed by CM extracts is delayed 2 min relative to the immediate initiation of transcription of the deoxynucleotide kinase gene programmed by 3-min extracts. These experiments duplicated in vitro effects of the antibiotics on the synthesis of phage-specific mRNA previously noted only in vivo.
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Cremer K, Schlessinger D. Ca2+ Ions Inhibit Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Degradation, but Permit Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Transcription and Translation in Deoxyribonucleic Acid-coupled Systems from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Craig EA, Raskas HJ. Effect of cycloheximide on RNA metabolism early in productive infection with adenovirus 2. J Virol 1974; 14:26-32. [PMID: 4836598 PMCID: PMC355473 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.14.1.26-32.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of cycloheximide during the early phase of adenovirus 2 replication causes an increase in the virus-specific content of newly synthesized mRNA. The total cytoplasmic RNA from control cultures labeled 2 to 5 h after infection hybridized to viral DNA 0.8%, whereas RNA synthesized in the presence of cycloheximide annealed 6%. Cytosine arabinoside, an inhibitor of DNA synthesis, did not affect the percent hybridization to viral DNA. Oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography was used to purify the portion of cytoplasmic RNA containing poly(A). The poly(A)-containing RNA from cultures labeled in the presence of cycloheximide hybridized to viral DNA 32% as compared to 2.2% for RNA from control cultures. Hybridization-inhibition experiments between RNAs from control- and cycloheximide-treated cultures demonstrated that the cultures treated with cycloheximide did not have an increased content of viral RNA or a new class of viral RNA sequences. Therefore, the increased hybridization appears to be caused by a reduction in synthesis of cellular cytoplasmic mRNA. Nucleoplasmic RNAs lacking and containing poly(A) were annealed to viral DNA. For both classes, RNA from cultures treated with cycloheximide hybridized 5- to 10-fold more than RNA from control-infected cultures. Therefore, the increased hybridization of cytoplasmic RNA synthesized in the presence of cycloheximide is caused either by reduced transcription of the cellular genome or by greatly increased instability of cellular heterogeneous nuclear RNA.
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Black LW, Abremski K. Restriction of phage T4 internal protein I mutants by a strain of Escherichia coli. Virology 1974; 60:180-91. [PMID: 4601629 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bachrach U, Benchetrit L. Studies on phage internal proteins. 3. Specific binding of T4 internal proteins to T4 DNA. Virology 1974; 59:443-54. [PMID: 4833538 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Walsh ML, Cohen PS. Polyribosome metabolism in bacteriophage T4 infected Escherichia coli. General properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 162:369-73. [PMID: 4600955 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90194-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Walsh ML, Cohen PS. Polyribosme metabolism in bacteriophage T4 infected Escherichia coli. Isolation and characterization of two classes of polyribosomes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 162:374-84. [PMID: 4601315 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bachrach U, Benchetrit L. Studies on phage internal proteins. II. Cleavage of a precursor of internal proteins during the morphogenesis of bacteriophage T4. Virology 1974; 59:51-8. [PMID: 4596841 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Spiegelman GB, Whiteley H. In Vivo and in Vitro Transcription by Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase from SP82-infected Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Chem 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)42908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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