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Thaler DS, Stahl MM, Stahl FW. Double-chain-cut sites are recombination hotspots in the Red pathway of phage lambda. J Mol Biol 1987; 195:75-87. [PMID: 2958632 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(87)90328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Red recombination pathway of phage lambda is shown to target recombination to double-chain ends of DNA. A double-chain cut, delivered in vivo to only one of two parents participating in a lambda lytic cross by a type II restriction endonuclease, increases the proportion of crossing over in the interval containing the cut compared with other intervals. The stimulating effect of a cut is evident whether replication is inhibited or permitted. Cut stimulation can move away from the initial cut-site, presumably by double-chain degradation. Movement of the stimulating effect of a cut is dependent on the Escherichia coli gene recA when the cross is carried out under conditions that inhibit phage replication. When replication is permitted, all aspects of cut-stimulated recombination are independent of recA. Evidence is presented to show that the reaction that is stimulated by cutting is often non-reciprocal at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Thaler
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
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2
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Rosenberg SM. Chi-stimulated patches are heteroduplex, with recombinant information on the phage lambda r chain. Cell 1987; 48:855-65. [PMID: 2949853 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90082-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Generalized recombination in Escherichia coli is elevated near Chi sites. In vitro, RecBCD enzyme can nick Chi a few nucleotides 3' of the terminal GG of the Chi sequence (5'-GCTGGTGG). The simplest model in which this nick at Chi participates in Chi function predicts that in phage lambda, Chi-stimulated recombinants not crossed-over for flanking markers (patches) should be heteroduplex, with recombinant information on the lambda I chain. I report here that patches are heteroduplex, but that recombinant information occurs primarily on the lambda r chain. This result rules out the simplest model in which the nick at Chi promotes initiation of recombination, forces reconsideration of Chi's role in recombination, and bears on molecular models for Rec-mediated recombination.
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3
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Bauer CE, Hesse SD, Gumport RI, Gardner JF. Mutational analysis of integrase arm-type binding sites of bacteriophage lambda. Integration and excision involve distinct interactions of integrase with arm-type sites. J Mol Biol 1986; 192:513-27. [PMID: 2951525 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(86)90273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Integrative recombination between specific attachment (att) regions of the bacteriophage lambda genome (attP) and the Escherichia coli genome (attB) results in a prophage flanked by the hybrid recombinant sites attL and attR. Each att site contains sequences to which proteins involved in recombination bind. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have constructed a related set of point mutations within each of the five Int "arm-type" binding sites located within attP, attL and attR. Footprint analyses of binding demonstrate that mutating the arm-type sites significantly disrupts the binding of Int. Recombination analyses of mutant att sites in vivo and in vitro demonstrate that only three wild-type arm-type sites within attP are required for efficient integrative recombination. Similar analyses demonstrate that efficient excision can occur with two other different sets of wild-type arm-type sites in attL and attR. These results demonstrate that integrative and excisive recombination may involve interactions of Int with distinct and different subsets of arm-type sites.
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4
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Nussinov R, Weisberg RA. Bacteriophage lambda int protein may recognize structural features of the attachment sites. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1986; 3:1133-44. [PMID: 2978733 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.1986.10508490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The bacteriophage lambda int protein binds to and promotes polynucleotide strand exchange within specific DNA segments called attachment sites. Previous work strongly suggests that the specificity of int protein action is based, at least in part, on its ability to recognize nucleotide sequences in the attachment sites. We suggest that int protein also recognizes structural features of the attachment sites such as the twist and roll angles between adjacent base pairs. This proposal is based on statistical analysis of the predicted twist and roll angles of a large collection of secondary attachment sites. The analysis shows that the oscillation patterns of these parameters are conserved in regions where int proteins binds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nussinov
- Section on Molecular Structure, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892
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5
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Bauer CE, Gardner JF, Gumport RI. Extent of sequence homology required for bacteriophage lambda site-specific recombination. J Mol Biol 1985; 181:187-97. [PMID: 3157003 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(85)90084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophage lambda integration and excision occur by reciprocal recombination within a 15-base homologous core region present in the recombining attachment (att) sites. Strand exchange within the core occurs at precise nucleotide positions, which define an overlap region in which the products of recombination contain DNA strands derived from different parents. In order to define the role of sequence homology during recombination we have constructed point mutations within the core and assayed their effects in vivo and in vitro on site-specific recombination. Two of the mutations are located at position -3 of the core, which is one base-pair outside of the overlap region where strand exchange occurs. These mutations do not affect integrative or excisive recombination, thereby suggesting that homology outside the overlap region is not required for recombination. Two other mutations are located at position -2 of the core, which is one base-pair within the overlap region. These mutations show severely depressed integrative and excisive recombination activities in vitro and in vivo when recombined against wild-type att sites. However, the -2 mutations show normal recombination activity when recombined against att sites containing the homologous mutation, thereby suggesting that homology-dependent DNA interactions are required within the overlap region for effective recombination. In vitro recombination between homoduplex attP sites and heteroduplex attB sites demonstrated that the DNA interactions require only one strand of the attB overlap region to be homologous to attP in order to promote recombination.
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6
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Abstract
The DNA structural features governing directionality in lambda site-specific recombination are shown to reside in regions of the phage attachment site more than 70 bp to the left and more than 40 bp to the right of the cross-over region. Disposition of these sequences on the same attachment site in integration, and on different attachment sites in excision, determines the opposite effects of Xis protein upon the two reactions (stimulation of excision and inhibition of integration). The binding of Xis to two adjacent directly repeated sequences in the left phage arm is shown to occur in a highly cooperative manner, to alter the conformation of the DNA, and to produce a 32-fold stimulation of Int binding to an adjacent locus.
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7
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Enquist LW, Weisberg RA. An integration-proficient int mutant of bacteriophage lambda. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1984; 195:62-9. [PMID: 6238223 DOI: 10.1007/bf00332725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized a novel int mutant of phage lambda. This mutant promotes efficient recombination between the phage and bacterial attachment sites, but, unlike wild type, does not promote efficient recombination of any other pair of attachment sites tested in most conditions. In particular, recombination between two phage or two prophage attachment sites is poor relative to the wild type frequency. We attribute this unusual phenotype to differences in the distribution of int protein binding sites among different attachment sites (Ross and Landy 1982, 1983). We suggest that int protein molecules bound to one of two recombining DNAs interact with empty sites or with bound proteins on the other, and that the mutant protein acts efficiently only if the distribution of protein binding sites within the two attachment sites is that of the attP-attB pair. Similar discrimination among attachment site pairs by wild type int protein may also modulate recombination frequencies.
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8
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Drexler H. Initiation by bacteriophage T1 of DNA packaging at a site between the P and Q genes of bacteriophage lambda. J Virol 1984; 49:754-9. [PMID: 6230461 PMCID: PMC255534 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.49.3.754-759.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of phage T1 on cells tandemly lysogenic for heteroimmune lambdoid prophages leads to a nonrandom packaging of lambda DNA by T1. A site, called esp-lambda, is located between the P and Q genes of lambda and results in increased packaging to the left by T1. When cloned into pBR322, the esp-lambda site causes a significant increase in transduction of the plasmid by T1. The nin5 deletion inactivates esp-lambda.
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9
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Pollock TJ, Nash HA. Knotting of DNA caused by a genetic rearrangement. Evidence for a nucleosome-like structure in site-specific recombination of bacteriophage lambda. J Mol Biol 1983; 170:1-18. [PMID: 6226803 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(83)80224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular recombination between two attachment sites on a circular substrate can invert one segment of the circle with respect to the other. We have studied the topological form of the products of such site-specific inversion as a function of two parameters of the substrate circle: the degree of supercoiling and the distance between the recombining sites. For both integrative and excisive recombination, supercoiled substrates produced knotted recombinants; the complexity of the knots reflects the distance separating the sites. This confirms and extends earlier observations and supports the hypothesis that random interwrapping of segments of the double-helical substrate persists during recombination. For integrative recombination, we find that even at conditions that should limit random interwrapping, absence of supercoiling and very short separation between attachment sites, only about one-half of the recombinant products are simple circles and the rest are knotted. Under the same conditions, excisive recombination yields only simple circular inverted recombinants. We propose that the excess knotting that characterizes integrative recombination reflects the requirement for wrapping of one attachment site, presumably attP, into a nucleosome-like structure. This hypothesis accounts for both the frequency of knots and the observation that the extra knots are trefoils rather than more complex forms.
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10
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Brenner S, Cesareni G, Karn J. Phasmids: hybrids between ColE1 plasmids and E. coli bacteriophage lambda. Gene X 1982; 17:27-44. [PMID: 6281134 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(82)90098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmids carrying cloned lambda att sites may be integrated into the bacteriophage genome by the site-specific recombination mechanism of lambda. The cross, referred to as "lifting" the plasmid, requires mixed infection of an Escherichia coli strain carrying the plasmid with two appropriately constructed "lifting" lambda phages. One phage donates a short left arm and the other donates a short right arm. These two short arms are of insufficient length to produce a viable phage genome and yield no recombinants when crossed on standard bacteria. However, viable recombinants are obtained when the genome length is extended by integration of one or more plasmids. We call these recombinants phasmids. They contain multiple att sites introduced at the ends of the integrated plasmids, and in the presence of integrase, recombination between these att sites can be exploited to effect release of the plasmid components. These novel genetic elements can be used in a variety of ways as vectors in genetic manipulation experiments. Sequences cloned in phasmids may be studied as a component of either a plasmid and or of a phage, and easily interconverted between the two states.
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11
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Struhl K. Deletion, recombination and gene expression involving the bacteriophage lambda attachment site. J Mol Biol 1981; 152:517-33. [PMID: 6460114 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Sternberg N, Hamilton D. Bacteriophage P1 site-specific recombination. I. Recombination between loxP sites. J Mol Biol 1981; 150:467-86. [PMID: 6276557 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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13
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Swindle J, Ajioka J, Georgopoulos C. Identification of the E. coli groNB(nusB) gene product. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1981; 182:409-13. [PMID: 6272060 DOI: 10.1007/bf00293928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The E. coli groNB(nusB) gene product has been previously shown to be necessary for bacteriophage lambda N protein function. The product of the groNB gene has been identified on SDS polyacrylamide gels after infection of UV-irradiated E. coli cells with various lambda groNB+ transducing phage derivatives. It is a polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 14,000 daltons. Transducing phage carrying either a deletion or an amber mutation in the groNB gene fail to synthesize the 14,000-Mr polypeptide chain upon infection of a sup+ host. However, am+ revertants of the lambda groNBam phage do induce the synthesis of the polypeptide.
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14
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Abstract
We have studied the interaction of highly purified Int protein with DNA restriction fragments from the lambda phage attachment site (attP) region. Two different DNA sequences are protected by bound Int protein against partial digestion by either pancreatic DNAase or neocarzinostatin. One Int binding site includes the 15 bp common core sequence (the crossover region for site-specific recombination) plus several bases of sequence adjoining the core in both the P and P' arms. The second Int-protected site occurs 70 bp to the right of the common core in the P' arm, just at the distal end of the sequence encoding Int protein. The two Int binding sites are of comparable size, 30-35 bp, but do not share any extensive sequence homology. The interaction of Int with the two sites is distinctly different, as defined by the observation that only the site in the P' arm and not the site at the common core region is protected by Int in the face of challenge by the polyanion heparin. Restriction fragments containing DNA from the bacterial attachment site (attB) region exhibit a different pattern of interaction with Int. In the absence of heparin, a smaller (15 bp) sequence, which includes the left half of the common core region and the common core-B arm juncture, is protected against nuclease digestion by Int protein. No sequences from this region are protected by Int in the presence of heparin.
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15
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Kikuchi Y, Nash H. The bacteriophage lambda int gene product. A filter assay for genetic recombination, purification of int, and specific binding to DNA. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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16
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Davies RW, Schreier PH, Büchel DE. Determination of the endpoints of partial deletion mutants of the attachment site of bacteriophage lambda by DNA sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res 1978; 5:3209-18. [PMID: 704352 PMCID: PMC342242 DOI: 10.1093/nar/5.9.3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The deletion mutants b508 and b522 of bacteriophage lambda both end within the attachment site. The formation of such deletions is dependent upon the presence of intact integrase, and thus the deletion endpoints may be related to the normal crossover site in site-specific recombination. We have determined the DNA sequences of the attachment site regions of these deletions. Comparison of the sequences with lambda wildtype shows that both the deletions end within the central common homology region but at different positions. The consequences of these findings for current models of site-specific recombination are discussed.
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17
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18
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Kamp D, Kahmann R, Zipser D, Roberts RJ. Mapping of restriction sites in the attachment site region of bacteriophage lambda. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1977; 154:231-48. [PMID: 927438 DOI: 10.1007/bf00571278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A find structure map of the EcoRI fragment containing the lambda attachment-site region has been constructed. 38 different restriction endonucleases have been employed and 170 sites located in this fragment. In addition, sites in adjacent regions have been determined for several enzymes. Complete cleavage maps of the entire lambda genome have been obtained for endonucleases BglII, BluI, KpnI, SacI, SacII, SalI and XbaI. The strategy employed for mapping included comparison of deletion and substitution mutants, analysis of mixed digests, and detailed analysis of subfragments.
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19
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Saito H, Uchida H. Initiation of the DNA replication of bacteriophage lambda in Escherichia coli K12. J Mol Biol 1977; 113:1-25. [PMID: 328896 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Hughes SG. A map of the cleavage sites for endonuclease AvaI in the chromosome of bacteriophage lambda. Biochem J 1977; 163:503-9. [PMID: 880215 PMCID: PMC1164730 DOI: 10.1042/bj1630503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The linear order of nine fragments generated by the action of endonuclease AvaI on the DNA of bacteriophage lambda was determined from the altered fragmentation patterns of bacteriophages containing known deletions and of hybrids of bacteriophages lambda and phi80. Digestion of 5'-terminally 32P-labelled bacteriophage-lambda DNA was used to identify the terminal fragments. Measurement of relative fragment lengths permitted rough mapping of the endonuclease-AvaI cleavage sites relative to the ends of the bacteriophage-lambda chromosome. The fragment order was confirmed and the map refined by analysis of the fragmentation of derivative phages containing single cleavage sites for endonuclease EcoRI.
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21
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22
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Roehrdanz RL, Dove WF. Studies of the stimulation by helper of lambda site-specific recombination in lytic crosses. Virology 1977; 79:32-9. [PMID: 867821 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Murray NE, Brammar WJ, Murray K. Lambdoid phages that simplify the recovery of in vitro recombinants. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1977; 150:53-61. [PMID: 319344 DOI: 10.1007/bf02425325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 623] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of phage lambda are described for use as vectors for fragments of DNA generated with the HindIII and EcoRI restriction enzymes. With some vectors, hybrid molecules are recognised by a change from a turbid to a clear plaque morphology resulting from the insertion of a fragment of DNA into the lambda gene coding for the phage regressor. Other vectors contain a central, replaceable fragment of DNA which imparts a readily recognisable phenotype. This central fragment may include either a gene for a mutant transfer RNA (suppressor) or a part of the lacZ gene of E. coli able to complement a lacZ host. The appropriate lacZ host and indicator plates permit the ready distinction between recombinant and vector phages by the colour of the plaques.
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24
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25
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Tiemer D, Enquist L, Leder P. Improved derivative of a phage lambda EK2 vector for cloning recombinant DNA. Nature 1976; 263:526-7. [PMID: 1067476 DOI: 10.1038/263526a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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27
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Henderson D, Weil J. A mutant of Escherichia coli that prevents growth of phage lambda and is bypassed by lambda mutants in a nonessential region of the genome. Virology 1976; 71:546-59. [PMID: 779235 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(76)90380-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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28
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Murray K, Murray NE. Phage lambda receptor chromosomes for DNA fragments made with restriction endonuclease III of Haemophilus influenzae and restriction endonuclease I of Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol 1975; 98:551-64. [PMID: 1104875 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(75)80086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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29
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Shimada K, Weisberg RA, Gottesman ME. Prophage lambda at unusual chromosomal locations. III. The components of the secondary attachment sites. J Mol Biol 1975; 93:415-29. [PMID: 1095763 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90237-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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30
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Gottesman S, Gottesman ME. Elements involved in site-specific recombination in bacteriophage lambda. J Mol Biol 1975; 91:489-99. [PMID: 807737 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(75)90275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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31
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Freifelder D, Levine EE. The formation of polylysogens during infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophage lambda. Virology 1975; 63:428-37. [PMID: 1090071 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(75)90315-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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32
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33
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34
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Lehman JF. Lambda site-specific recombination: local transcription and an inhibitor specified by the b2 region. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1974; 130:333-44. [PMID: 4852640 DOI: 10.1007/bf00333873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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35
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Abstract
DNA of bacteriophage lambda recombines in a cell-free extract prepared from an induced Escherichia coli lysogen of bacteriophage lambda. The assay for recombination in vitro takes advantage of the ability of such an extract to package lambda DNA and to assemble complete phage particles. For example, when lambda DNA that has been extracted from phage with the immunity of 434 is added to an extract, infectious lambda imm 434 particles are produced. The precursor DNA molecule in this packaging reaction is a multichromosomal polymer; circular monomers, for example, are not packaged.Nevertheless, when 434 circular DNA monomers are added to an extract, some phage that contain the imm 434 marker are produced. In this case, the circular DNA had recombined with lambda DNA in the extract and thereby had become part of a polymeric structure, which by the normal packaging process could give rise to infectious particles with the imm 434 marker. Genetic recombination is demonstrated when imm 434 circular monomer DNA carries amber mutations in genes A and B; then most of the 434 plaque formers produced in vitro are A(+)B(+), the genotype of the endogenous lambda DNA. Genetic crossing-over occurs through a region that contains the prophage attachment site, suggesting that recombination is carried out by the lambda Int functions. The 434 recombinant plaque formers are particles physically identical to wild-type 434 particles, as judged by their buoyant density in a CsCl equilibrium gradient.
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36
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37
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38
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Huskey RJ. Deletion mutants of bacteriophage lambda. IV. High frequency Int-promoted recombination. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1973; 127:39-46. [PMID: 4772128 DOI: 10.1007/bf00267781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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39
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Kourilsky P. Lysogenization by bacteriophage lambda. I. Multiple infection and the lysogenic response. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1973; 122:183-95. [PMID: 4573866 DOI: 10.1007/bf00435190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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40
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41
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Vlasák J, Lipavská H, Závada V, Vondrejs V. Joining of lambda bacteriophage DNA molecules in vitro using the gene product of the lambda int phage. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1972; 17:338-46. [PMID: 4562210 DOI: 10.1007/bf02884100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Chowdhury MR, Dumbar S, Becker A. Induction of an endonuclease by some substitution and deletion variants of phage lambda. Virology 1972; 49:314-8. [PMID: 4556928 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(72)80035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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43
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Folkmanis A, Freifelder D. Studies on lysogeny in Escherichia coli with bacteriophage lambda. Physical observation of the insertion process. J Mol Biol 1972; 65:63-73. [PMID: 4553260 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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44
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Shimada K, Weisberg RA, Gottesman ME. Prophage lambda at unusual chromosomal locations. I. Location of the secondary attachment sites and the properties of the lysogens. J Mol Biol 1972; 63:483-503. [PMID: 4552408 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(72)90443-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Parkinson JS, Huskey RJ. Deletion mutants of bacteriophage lambda. I. Isolation and initial characterization. J Mol Biol 1971; 56:369-84. [PMID: 4323931 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90471-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Davis RW, Parkinson JS. Deletion mutants of bacteriophage lambda. 3. Physical structure of att-phi. J Mol Biol 1971; 56:403-23. [PMID: 5551396 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(71)90473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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