On the mechanism of platinum(II)/SnCl2 catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins. Studies of the reactivity of alkyl complexes containing chelating diphosphines

Theoretical insights into the nature of PtSn bond: Reevaluating the bonding/back-bonding properties of trichlorostannate with comparison to the cyano ligand

The coordinating properties of the trichlorostannate ligand in hydrido platinum trichlorostannato and platinum bis-trichlorostannato complexes, containing various phosphine ligands, have been elucidated by means of charge decomposition analysis, the Ziegler-Rauk Energy Decomposition with the Natural Orbitals for Chemical Valence, Domain-Averaged Fermi Hole, and natural bond orbital methods. Trichlorostannate has been found to be a strong σ-donor and a weak π-acceptor ligand with coordination properties not far from those of the cyano ligand. For back-bonding, the tin-chlorine σ∗ orbitals are mostly responsible. In contrast to previous assumptions, the 5d orbitals of tin play no role at all in the interaction with the platinum center. QTAIM calculations suggest, that the platinum-tin interaction should be interpreted as donor-acceptor, rather than covalent type. Trichlorostannate has been found to have weaker trans influence in comparison to the cyano ligand. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Molecular-weight-enlarged multiple-pincer ligands: synthesis and application in palladium-catalyzed allylic substitution reactions

Three different pincer ligand systems are synthesized via nucleophilic substitution reactions of polyaromatic benzyl bromides as support molecules and phenol derivatives as ligand precursors. Retention tests using a polymeric nanofiltration membrane show moderate to good retention in THF and CH(2)Cl(2). Concentration-dependent NMR spectroscopy gives no indication for the formation of aggregates in solution. The three ligand systems are active in both the allylic alkylation and allylic amination reactions and show high selectivity towards the linear trans products. An investigation of the kinetic parameters of the allylic amination reaction show that the reaction of cinnamyl acetate with morpholine is of zero order in cinnamyl acetate and of first order in morpholine. The order in catalyst is found to be one, and the rate constant k' is determined for a reaction under standard conditions. Moreover, one of the tri(pincer)-palladium complexes is used as soluble, molecular-weight-enlarged homogeneous catalyst in continuous allylic alkylation and amination reactions. The conversion of the allylic alkylation reaches a maximum of 30 %, while a maximum conversion of 80 % is reached in the allylic amination reaction. No palladium black was formed.

Alcoholysis of acylpalladium(II) complexes relevant to the alternating copolymerization of ethene and carbon monoxide and the alkoxycarbonylation of alkenes: the importance of Cis-coordinating phosphines

The mechanism and kinetics of the solvolysis of complexes of the type [(L-L)Pd(C(O)CH(3))(S)](+)[CF(3)SO(3)](-) (L-L = diphosphine ligand, S = solvent, CO, or donor atom in the ligand backbone) was studied by NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy with the use of the ligands a-j: SPANphos (a), dtbpf (b), Xantphos (c), dippf (d), DPEphos (e), dtbpx (f), dppf (g), dppp (h), calix-6-diphosphite (j). Acetyl palladium complexes containing trans-coordinating ligands that resist cis coordination (SPANphos, dtbpf) showed no methanolysis. Trans complexes that can undergo isomerization to the cis analogue (Xantphos, dippf, DPEphos) showed methanolyis of the acyl group at a moderate rate. The reaction of [trans-(DPEphos)Pd(C(O)CH(3))](+)[CF(3)SO(3)](-) (2e) with methanol shows a large negative entropy of activation. Cis complexes underwent competing decarbonylation and methanolysis with the exception of 2j, [cis-(calix-diphosphite)Pd(C(O)CH(3))(CD(3)OD)](+)[CF(3)SO(3)](-). The calix-6-diphosphite complex showed a large positive entropy of activation. It is concluded that ester elimination from acylpalladium complexes with alcohols requires cis geometry of the acyl group and coordinating alcohol. The reductive elimination of methyl acetate is described as a migratory elimination or a 1,2-shift of the alkoxy group from palladium to the acyl carbon atom. Cis complexes with bulky ligands such as dtbpx undergo an extremely fast methanolysis. An increasing steric bulk of the ligand favors the formation of methyl propanoate relative to the insertion of ethene leading to formation of oligomers or polymers in the catalytic reaction of ethene, carbon monoxide, and methanol.

One-hydrogen polarization in hydroformylation promoted by platinum-tin and iridium carbonyl complexes: a new type of parahydrogen-induced effect

The first use of parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) in hydroformylation is described including a novel one-hydrogen polarization (oneH-PHIP) in the product RCHO proton. Observed in propanal formed in the reaction of trans-PtCl(COEt)(PPh3)2 + SnCl2 under parahydrogen, oneH-PHIP was examined using the model hydroformylation catalyst Ir(COEt)(CO)2(dppe) (dppe = bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) that yields the characterized acyl dihydride IrH2(COEt)(CO)(dppe). It is found that oneH-PHIP occurs as a consequence of second-order effects in the acyl dihydride species coupled with stereospecific reductive elimination of aldehyde. Thus, even though hydrogen transfer to substrate in hydroformylation is nonpairwise, parahydrogen effects prove useful mechanistically.

Parahydrogen induced polarization and the oxidative addition of hydrogen to iridium tribromostannyl carbonylate anions

Activation of dihydrogen by a system composed of (Bu(4)N)[IrBr(2)(CO)(2)] (1) and tin dibromide in varying ratios was studied using parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) which allows the detection of transient dihydrides not observable in conventional (1)H NMR spectra. While the oxidative addition of dihydrogen to neutral and cationic Ir(I) species is common, there are only a few examples of H(2) addition to anionic complexes. Tin dibromide reacts with iridium(I) complex 1 in acetone forming equilibrium mixtures of cis- and trans-tribromostannyl derivatives [IrBr(n)()(SnBr(3))(2)(-)(n)()(CO)(2)](-), n = 0,1, the existence of which is inferred from the stereochemistries of the dihydrogen addition products determined using PHIP. The sigma-donating effect of the SnBr(3)(-) ligand facilitates the oxidative addition to the iridium center. The structures of the dihydrides formed upon addition of dihydrogen are assigned on the basis of hydride chemical shifts and values of (2)J((1)H-(117,119)Sn). The only dihydride observed in conventional (1)H NMR spectra is cis-trans-cis-[IrH(2)(SnBr(3))(2)(CO)(2)](-), the identity of which was confirmed using the (13)C labeled Ir(I) precursor. Both [IrBr(2)(CO)(2)](-) and its tribromostannyl derivatives catalyze cis-pairwise addition of dihydrogen to phenylacetylene.