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Abstract
Application of silyl functionalities is one of the most promising strategies among various ‘elements chemistry’ approaches for the development of novel and distinctive drug candidates. Replacement of one or more carbon atoms of various biologically active compounds with silicon (so-called sila-substitution) has been intensively studied for decades, and is often effective for alteration of activity profile and improvement of metabolic profile. In addition to simple C/Si exchange, several novel approaches for utilizing silicon in medicinal chemistry have been suggested in recent years, focusing on the intrinsic differences between silicon and carbon. Sila-substitution offers great potential for enlarging the chemical space of medicinal chemistry, and provides many options for structural development of drug candidates.
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Lühning LH, Strehl J, Schmidtmann M, Doye S. Hydroaminoalkylation of Allylsilanes and a One-Pot Procedure for the Synthesis of 1,5-Benzoazasilepines. Chemistry 2017; 23:4197-4202. [PMID: 28124797 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Allylsilanes undergo highly regioselective intermolecular alkene hydroaminoalkylation with secondary amines in the presence of a titanium mono(formamidinate) catalyst. Corresponding reactions of a suitable allyl(2-bromophenyl)silane which exclusively deliver the branched hydroaminoalkylation products combined with a subsequent Buchwald-Hartwig amination result in the development of an elegant one-pot procedure for the synthesis of literature-unknown silicon analogues of 1,5-benzodiazepines, the so-called 1,5-benzoazasilepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars H Lühning
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Julia Strehl
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sven Doye
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
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Hydrogen bonding principles in inclusion compounds of triphenylsilanol and pyrrolidine: Synthesis and structural features of [(Ph3SiOH)4·HN(CH2)4] and [Ph3SiOH·HN(CH2)4·CH3CO2H]. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bauer JO, Stiller J, Marqués‐López E, Strohfeldt K, Christmann M, Strohmann C. Silyl‐Modified Analogues of 2‐Tritylpyrrolidine: Synthesis and Applications in Asymmetric Organocatalysis. Chemistry 2010; 16:12553-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan O. Bauer
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund (Germany), Fax: (+49) 231‐755‐7062
| | - Julian Stiller
- Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund (Germany), Fax: (+49) 231‐755‐5363
| | - Eugenia Marqués‐López
- Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund (Germany), Fax: (+49) 231‐755‐5363
| | - Katja Strohfeldt
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund (Germany), Fax: (+49) 231‐755‐7062
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund (Germany), Fax: (+49) 231‐755‐5363
| | - Carsten Strohmann
- Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto‐Hahn‐Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund (Germany), Fax: (+49) 231‐755‐7062
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Ozçubukçu S, Schmidt F, Bolm C. Organosilanols as Catalysts in Asymmetric Aryl Transfer Reactions. Org Lett 2005; 7:1407-9. [PMID: 15787518 DOI: 10.1021/ol050242+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Various ferrocene-based organosilanols have been synthesized in four steps starting from achiral ferrocene carboxylic acid. Applying these novel planar-chiral ferrocenes as catalysts in asymmetric phenyl transfer reactions to substituted benzaldehydes afforded products with high enantiomeric excesses. The best result (91% ee) was achieved in the addition to p-chlorobenzaldehyde with organosilanol 2b, which has a tert-butyl substituent on the oxazoline ring and an isopropyl group on the silanol fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Ozçubukçu
- Institut für Organische Chemie der RWTH Aachen, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Tacke R, Handmann VI, Kreutzmann K, Keim C, Mutschler E, Lambrecht G. 2-Methylimidazol-1-yl-Substituted Analogs of Hexahydro-difenidol (HHD) and Hexahydro-sila-difenidol (HHSiD) as M3 Receptor-Preferring Muscarinic Antagonists: A Study on C/Si Bioisosterism. Organometallics 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/om020346d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhold Tacke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Biozentrum Niederursel, Universität Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, Geb. N 260, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Vera I. Handmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Biozentrum Niederursel, Universität Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, Geb. N 260, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kai Kreutzmann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Biozentrum Niederursel, Universität Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, Geb. N 260, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christine Keim
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Biozentrum Niederursel, Universität Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, Geb. N 260, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ernst Mutschler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Biozentrum Niederursel, Universität Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, Geb. N 260, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Günter Lambrecht
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany, and Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Biozentrum Niederursel, Universität Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, Geb. N 260, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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Jeges G, Skoda-Földes R, Kollár L, Pintér Z, Horváth J, Tuba Z. Consecutive Stille-coupling–hydrosilylation–Diels–Alder reaction of 17-iodo-5α-androst-16-ene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1169(00)00439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tacke R, Forth B, Waelbroeck M, Gross J, Mutschler E, Lambrecht G. Unsaturated derivatives of the muscarinic antagonists hexahydro-sila-difenidol (HHSiD) and p-fluoro-hexahydro-sila-difenidol (p-F-HHSiD) with an (E)-SiCHCHCH2rmN moiety: Syntheses and binding affinities at muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Organomet Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(95)05584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mutschler E, Moser U, Wess J, Lambrecht G. Muscarinic receptor subtypes--pharmacological, molecular biological and therapeutical aspects. PHARMACEUTICA ACTA HELVETIAE 1995; 69:243-58. [PMID: 7651968 DOI: 10.1016/0031-6865(94)00045-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Mutschler
- Pharmakologisches Institut für Naturwissenschaftler, Biozentrum Niederursel, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Tacke R, Pikies J, Wiesenberger F, Ernst L, Schomburg D, Waelbroeck M, Christophe J, Lambrecht G, Gross J, Mutschler E. Sila-biperiden undendo-Sila-biperiden: Synthesen, Kristallstrukturen und antimuscarinische Eigenschaften. J Organomet Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(94)88024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bungardt E, Vockert E, Feifel R, Moser U, Tacke R, Mutschler E, Lambrecht G, Surprenant A. Characterization of muscarinic receptors mediating vasodilation in guinea-pig ileum submucosal arterioles by the use of computer-assisted videomicroscopy. Eur J Pharmacol 1992; 213:53-61. [PMID: 1499657 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(92)90232-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic receptors of resistance vessels (submucosal arterioles, outside diameter 50-75 microns) from the guinea-pig small intestine were investigated in vitro using a computer-assisted videomicroscopy system (Diamtrak). The muscarinic receptor which mediates vasodilation of precontracted [U-46619 (300 nM) or (-)-noradrenaline (10 microM)] arterioles was characterized with several muscarinic agonists and subtype-selective antagonists. The following agonists all produced equivalent maximum vasodilation (given in rank order of potency): acetylcholine = arecaidine propargyl ester (APE) greater than oxotremorine = (+/-)-muscarine = (+/-)-methacholine greater than carbachol greater than 4-[[N-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamoyl]oxy]-2-butynyltrimethylammonium iodide (4-Cl-McN-A-343). 4-[[N-(3-Chlorophenyl)-carbamoyl]oxy]-2-butynyltrimethylammonium chloride (McN-A-343) and N-ethyl-guvacine propargyl ester (NEN-APE) produced minimal or no arteriolar vasodilation. The muscarinic antagonists pirenzepine, (+-)-5,11-dihydro-11-[[[2-[2-((dipropylamino)methyl)-1-piperidinyl] ethyl]amino]-carbonyl]-6H-pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)-benzodiazepin-6-one (AF-DX 384), 11-[[4-[4-(diethylamino)butyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl]-5,11-dihydro- 6H-pyrido(2,3-b)(1,4)-benzodiazepin-6-one (AQ-RA 741), p-fluorohexahydro-sila-difenidol (p-F-HHSiD), 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) and (R)- and (S)-hexahydro-difenidol [(R)-HHD, (S)-HHD] shifted the muscarine, methacholine or carbachol dose-response curve to the right in a competitive manner. Schild analysis of the data yielded pA2 values for pirenzepine (6.74/6.9), AF-DX 384 (6.72), AQ-RA 741 (6.58), p-F-HHSiD (7.53/7.57), 4-DAMP (9.06), (R)-HHD (7.88/8.32) and (S)-HHD (5.52/5.88). Thus, it can be concluded that submucosal arterioles possess only the M3 functional muscarinic receptor, the activation of which causes blood vessel dilation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bungardt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Frankfurt, Germany
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