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Long B, Easter J, Koyfman A. High risk and low incidence diseases: Pediatric digestive volvulus. Am J Emerg Med 2024; 82:153-160. [PMID: 38908340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2024.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pediatric digestive volvulus is a serious condition that carries with it a high rate of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE This review highlights the pearls and pitfalls of pediatric digestive volvulus, including the presentation, diagnosis, and management in the emergency department (ED) based on current evidence. DISCUSSION Pediatric digestive volvulus is a deadly condition most commonly associated with malrotation. It occurs when the stomach or small intestine twists on itself, resulting in ischemia and potentially strangulation with necrosis and perforation. Presentation differs based on the gastrointestinal (GI) segment affected, degree of twisting, and acuity of the volvulus. Gastric volvulus most commonly presents with retching with or without nonbilious emesis and epigastric distension with pain, while midgut volvulus typically presents with bilious emesis in infants. Patients with GI necrosis and perforation may present with hemodynamic compromise and peritonitis. If suspected, emergent consultation with the pediatric surgery specialist is necessary, and if this is not available, transfer to a center with a pediatric surgeon is recommended. Imaging includes plain radiography, ultrasound, or upper GI series, while treatment includes resuscitation, administration of antibiotics, and emergent surgical decompression and detorsion of the involved segments. CONCLUSION An understanding of pediatric digestive volvulus and its many potential mimics can assist emergency clinicians in diagnosing and managing this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Joshua Easter
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alex Koyfman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
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Ziegler AL, Caldwell ML, Craig SE, Hellstrom EA, Sheridan AE, Touvron MS, Pridgen TA, Magness ST, Odle J, Van Landeghem L, Blikslager AT. Enteric glial cell network function is required for epithelial barrier restitution following intestinal ischemic injury in the early postnatal period. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G228-G246. [PMID: 38147796 PMCID: PMC11211042 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00216.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic damage to the intestinal epithelial barrier, such as in necrotizing enterocolitis or small intestinal volvulus, is associated with higher mortality rates in younger patients. We have recently reported a powerful pig model to investigate these age-dependent outcomes in which mucosal barrier restitution is strikingly absent in neonates but can be rescued by direct application of homogenized mucosa from older, juvenile pigs by a yet-undefined mechanism. Within the mucosa, a postnatally developing network of enteric glial cells (EGCs) is gaining recognition as a key regulator of the mucosal barrier. Therefore, we hypothesized that the developing EGC network may play an important role in coordinating intestinal barrier repair in neonates. Neonatal and juvenile jejunal mucosa recovering from surgically induced intestinal ischemia was visualized by scanning electron microscopy and the transcriptomic phenotypes were assessed by bulk RNA sequencing. EGC network density and glial activity were examined by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, three-dimensional (3-D) volume imaging, and Western blot and its function in regulating epithelial restitution was assessed ex vivo in Ussing chamber using the glia-specific inhibitor fluoroacetate (FA), and in vitro by coculture assay. Here we refine and elaborate our translational model, confirming a neonatal phenotype characterized by a complete lack of coordinated reparative signaling in the mucosal microenvironment. Furthermore, we report important evidence that the subepithelial EGC network changes significantly over the early postnatal period and demonstrate that the proximity of a specific functional population of EGC to wounded intestinal epithelium contributes to intestinal barrier restitution following ischemic injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study refines a powerful translational pig model, defining an age-dependent relationship between enteric glia and the intestinal epithelium during intestinal ischemic injury and confirming an important role for enteric glial cell (EGC) activity in driving mucosal barrier restitution. This study suggests that targeting the enteric glial network could lead to novel interventions to improve recovery from intestinal injury in neonatal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Madison L Caldwell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sara E Craig
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Emily A Hellstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Anastasia E Sheridan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Melissa S Touvron
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Tiffany A Pridgen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Scott T Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jack Odle
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Anthony T Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
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Guan X, Wang Z, He Q, Lv J, Yu J, Zhong W. Nomogram for Estimating the Risks of Intestinal Ischemia and Necrosis in Neonates With Midgut Volvulus: A Retrospective Study. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:888594. [PMID: 35795333 PMCID: PMC9251320 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.888594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed diagnosis and inaccurate judgment of the severity of the disease may be the principal reasons for the poor prognosis associated with neonatal midgut volvulus. We aimed to develop a nomogram model that timely assesses the risks of intestinal ischemia and necrosis in the neonate with midgut volvulus. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data from neonates with midgut volvulus who were admitted to Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center from January 2009 to December 2019. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to obtain independent factors to build a predictive model. The independent factors were used to develop the nomogram model. RESULTS Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, serum C-reactive protein, serum sodium, serum albumin, and pH levels were independent predictors for intestinal ischemia and necrosis in patients with midgut volvulus. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the predictive model was 0.985 (95% confidence interval, 0.966-0.999; P < 0.001). The sensitivity was 90.48%, and the specificity was 93.10%. A nomogram model was established using the six independent predictors, with a C-index of 0.859 and a favorable consistency between the predicted and actual intestinal ischemia and necrosis rates according to the internal validation. CONCLUSION The constructed nomogram model could be a superior tool for predicting intestinal ischemia and necrosis in neonates with midgut volvulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisi Guan
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuming He
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjian Lv
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiakang Yu
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
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Castle C, Beasley SW, Taghavi K. Access to emergency paediatric surgery for testicular torsion or intestinal volvulus in New Zealand: A system perspective. J Paediatr Child Health 2022; 58:146-151. [PMID: 34375478 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.15684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The risk of organ loss is increased in children with testicular torsion or intestinal volvulus if surgical management is not expedient. The current retrospective study aims to review the time-course from first symptom to 'knife to skin' in these conditions, to determine where delays occur and facilitate a systems approach to better manage these children. METHODS One hundred consecutive paediatric cases of scrotal exploration for presumed testicular torsion, and 100 neonatal cases presenting with possible malrotation/volvulus were analysed to evaluate the exact time-course of events from admission to surgery. RESULTS (i) Scrotal exploration: the median time from onset of symptoms to presentation was 12 h (interquartile range (IQR): 5-48 h). In children over 5 years of age, 36% (33/93) were transferred from an external district service area. (ii) Malrotation/volvulus: the median duration of symptoms prior to arrival/assessment was 12 h (IQR: 4-24 h). The median cumulative in-hospital time was over 6 h (368 min, IQR: 247-634 min). CONCLUSIONS Time to presentation contributes significantly to testicular ischaemic time. This delay to timely surgical intervention is multi-factorial, and must be addressed at a public health level. Support and training in the management of testicular torsion should be provided to all adult surgeons/trainees that may care for these children. In general, this condition is best managed at the presenting hospital whenever appropriate expertise is available. Novel pathways that streamline care may improve efficiency at an institutional level. Addressing issues of access to specialised neonatal surgery is more vexed on account of the tyranny of distance, and the pre-requisite level of surgical expertise required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Castle
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Child Health Service, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Spencer W Beasley
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kiarash Taghavi
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Child Health Service, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Nguyen HN, Navarro OM, Guillerman RP, Silva CT, Sammer MBK. Untwisting the complexity of midgut malrotation and volvulus ultrasound. Pediatr Radiol 2021; 51:658-668. [PMID: 33398405 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04876-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal US is emerging as an alternative to the upper gastrointestinal (GI) series as the preferred diagnostic imaging test for midgut malrotation complicated by volvulus. Unlike the upper GI series, US is free from ionizing radiation, does not require oral contrast agent, and can be performed portably and at times remotely from the interpreting radiologist, expediting diagnosis. Although some institutions do not have a standardized US protocol for midgut volvulus, many routinely use US in the setting of an infant or child with acute abdominal signs or symptoms to evaluate for common conditions such as hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, intussusception, necrotizing enterocolitis and appendicitis. Because these common conditions can overlap in age and clinical presentation with midgut volvulus, the aim of this pictorial essay is to provide instruction on the technique and diagnostic findings of midgut volvulus on US to ensure confident, accurate interpretation, and prompt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiThuy N Nguyen
- Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Oscar M Navarro
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - R Paul Guillerman
- Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cicero T Silva
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marla B K Sammer
- Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Transition to ultrasound as the first-line imaging modality for midgut volvulus: keys to a successful roll-out. Pediatr Radiol 2021; 51:506-515. [PMID: 33416922 PMCID: PMC7790938 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Nguyen HN, Sammer MB, Bales B, Cano MC, Trout AT, Dillman JR, Hayatghaibi SE. Time-Driven Activity-Based Cost Comparison of Three Imaging Pathways for Suspected Midgut Volvulus in Children. J Am Coll Radiol 2020; 17:1563-1570. [PMID: 32697960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2020.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use time-driven activity-based costing to compare the costs of pathways for evaluating suspected pediatric midgut volvulus using either fluoroscopic upper gastrointestinal examination (UGI) or focused abdominal ultrasound (US). METHODS Process maps were created through patient shadowing, medical record review, and frontline staff interviews. Using time-driven activity-based costing methodology, practical capacity cost rates were calculated for personnel, equipment, and facility costs. Supply costs were included at institutional purchase prices. The cost of each process substep was determined by multiplying step-specific capacity costs by the median time required for each step, and substep costs were summed to generate total pathway cost. Multivariate sensitivity analyses were performed applying minimum and maximum labor costs. Assuming UGI would be used to troubleshoot nondiagnostic US, a break-even analysis was performed to determine the cost impact of varying frequencies of UGI on the total cost of the US-based pathway. RESULTS Process maps were created from 105 (48 girls, 57 boys) patient encounters. Base case pathway times were 90 min (UGI) and 55 min (US). Base case cost for UGI was $282.74 (range: $170.86-$800.82) when performed by a radiology practitioner assistant and $545.66 (range: $260.97-$1,974.06) when performed by a radiologist. Base case cost for US was $155.67 (range: $122.94-$432.29) when performed by a sonographer and $242.64 (range: $147.46-$1,330.05) when performed by a radiologist. For a US-based pathway, the total cost break-even pathway mix (percent UGI required for troubleshooting) was 57%. CONCLUSION US can be a faster and less costly alternative to UGI in pediatric patients with suspected midgut volvulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiThuy N Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Marla B Sammer
- Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Radiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Brandy Bales
- Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa C Cano
- Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew T Trout
- Director, Clinical Research, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jonathan R Dillman
- Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Associate Chair, Research, Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Shireen E Hayatghaibi
- Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; University of Texas, School of Public Health, Houston, Texas.
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Ziegler AL, Pridgen TA, Mills JK, Gonzalez LM, Van Landeghem L, Odle J, Blikslager AT. Epithelial restitution defect in neonatal jejunum is rescued by juvenile mucosal homogenate in a pig model of intestinal ischemic injury and repair. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200674. [PMID: 30138372 PMCID: PMC6107120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ischemic injury results sloughing of the mucosal epithelium leading to host sepsis and death unless the mucosal barrier is rapidly restored. Volvulus and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in infants have been associated with intestinal ischemia, sepsis and high mortality rates. We have characterized intestinal ischemia/repair using a highly translatable porcine model in which juvenile (6-8-week-old) pigs completely and efficiently restore barrier function by way of rapid epithelial restitution and tight junction re-assembly. In contrast, separate studies showed that younger neonatal (2-week-old) pigs exhibited less robust recovery of barrier function, which may model an important cause of high mortality rates in human infants with ischemic intestinal disease. Therefore, we aimed to further refine our repair model and characterize defects in neonatal barrier repair. Here we examine the defect in neonatal mucosal repair that we hypothesize is associated with hypomaturity of the epithelial and subepithelial compartments. Following jejunal ischemia in neonatal and juvenile pigs, injured mucosa was stripped from seromuscular layers and recovered ex vivo while monitoring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and 3H-mannitol flux as measures of barrier function. While ischemia-injured juvenile mucosa restored TEER above control levels, reduced flux over the recovery period and showed 93±4.7% wound closure, neonates exhibited no change in TEER, increased flux, and a 11±23.3% increase in epithelial wound size. Scanning electron microscopy revealed enterocytes at the wound margins of neonates failed to assume the restituting phenotype seen in restituting enterocytes of juveniles. To attempt rescue of injured neonatal mucosa, neonatal experiments were repeated with the addition of exogenous prostaglandins during ex vivo recovery, ex vivo recovery with full thickness intestine, in vivo recovery and direct application of injured mucosal homogenate from neonates or juveniles. Neither exogenous prostaglandins, intact seromuscular intestinal layers, nor in vivo recovery enhanced TEER or restitution in ischemia-injured neonatal mucosa. However, ex vivo exogenous application of injured juvenile mucosal homogenate produced a significant increase in TEER and enhanced histological restitution to 80±4.4% epithelial coverage in injured neonatal mucosa. Thus, neonatal mucosal repair can be rescued through direct contact with the cellular and non-cellular milieu of ischemia-injured mucosa from juvenile pigs. These findings support the hypothesis that a defect in mucosal repair in neonates is due to immature repair mechanisms within the mucosal compartment. Future studies to identify and rescue specific defects in neonatal intestinal repair mechanisms will drive development of novel clinical interventions to reduce mortality in infants affected by intestinal ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tiffany A. Pridgen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Juliana K. Mills
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liara M. Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jack Odle
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Enyuma COA, Adam A, Aigbodion SJ, McDowall J, Gerber L, Buchanan S, Laher AE. Role of the ultrasonographic ‘whirlpool sign’ in intestinal volvulus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ANZ J Surg 2018; 88:1108-1116. [DOI: 10.1111/ans.14495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Callistus O. A. Enyuma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine; University of Calabar/Teaching Hospital; Calabar Nigeria
| | - Ahmed Adam
- Division of Urology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Sunday J. Aigbodion
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Jared McDowall
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Louis Gerber
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Sean Buchanan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Abdullah E. Laher
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of the Witwatersrand; Johannesburg South Africa
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Miyano G, Miyake H, Kaneshiro M, Koyama M, Morita K, Yamoto M, Nouso H, Fukumoto K, Urushihara N. Simultaneous laparoscopic repair of intestinal malrotation and ileal duplication. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.epsc.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Ezer SS, Oguzkurt P, Temiz A, Ince E, Gezer HO, Demir S, Hicsonmez A. Intestinal malrotation needs immediate consideration and investigation. Pediatr Int 2016; 58:1200-1204. [PMID: 27353636 DOI: 10.1111/ped.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical presentation, diagnostic studies, and volvulus rate and to describe the unusual clinical clues of intestinal malrotation. METHODS A retrospective descriptive review was carried out of all patients diagnosed with intestinal malrotation between 2002 and 2014. Patients were divided into two groups: infants (≤1 year, n = 16; group 1); and children (>1 year, n = 12; group 2). Patient demographics, clinical history, symptoms, physical examination, diagnostic work-up, operative findings and early outcome were evaluated. RESULTS Bilious vomiting was the cardinal complaint in both groups. Unusual symptoms such as respiratory insufficiency, dehydration, afebrile convulsion, and lethargy were prominent symptoms in six patients in group 1, whereas history of frequent hospitalization due to recurrent abdominal pain and feeding intolerance were prominent in six patients in group 2. Midgut volvulus was identified in 15 patients, four of whom were in group 2. Standard Ladd's procedure was done in addition to correction of volvulus. CONCLUSION Malrotation with or without midgut volvulus is not a rare condition and should be kept in mind for any age group. Specific signs of diagnosis are not easily identified. In the case of unusual clinical presentation, diagnosis may be delayed and can result in catastrophic consequences if intestinal perfusion occurs. Although midgut volvulus is seen most frequently in infants, risk and complication rate are high beyond 1 year of age as well, and can manifest as failure to thrive, food intolerance, and abdominal pain needing recurrent hospitalization. Diagnostic suspicion and interdisciplinary coordination are essential for timely diagnosis and surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semire Serin Ezer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Başkent University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pelin Oguzkurt
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Başkent University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abdulkerim Temiz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Başkent University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Ince
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Başkent University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ozkan Gezer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Başkent University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Senay Demir
- Department of Radiology, Başkent University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Akgun Hicsonmez
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Başkent University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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Sakala MD, Oliphant M, Anthony EY. Bright Red Rectal Bleeding: The Bottom Line from Neonates to Older Adults: Gastrointestinal Imaging. Radiographics 2016; 36:1600-1. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2016160063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Koch C, Taghavi K, Hamill J, Mirjalili SA. Redefining the projectional and clinical anatomy of the duodenojejunal flexure in children. Clin Anat 2015; 29:175-82. [PMID: 26378736 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The duodenojejunal flexure (DJF) is an important surgical landmark that enables the pediatric surgeon to establish whether normal intestinal rotation has occurred. The degree of variation in the position of the DJF has not been studied in the pediatric population, and there have been only limited studies on adults. The aim of the present study was to determine the position and relationships of the DJF in infants and children utilizing cross-sectional imaging. Computer tomography scans of 120 children were divided into three age groups and systematically analyzed. The DJF position was measured in relation to the vertebral body level, midline, anterior-posterior distance from the vertebral body, transpyloric plane, and mesenteric vessels. The position of the third part of the duodenum and the length of the mesenteric root were also determined. There was considerable variation in the DJF position with respect to the above landmarks in all three age groups. The vertebral body level of the DJF was centered on L1, but ranged between T11 and L3. In 3% of children with normal rotation the SMA/SMV relationship was abnormal. The third part of the duodenum was consistently found to be retromesenteric. The length of the mesenteric root ranged from 7 to 22 cm, and generally lengthened with increasing age. Owing to its variable position in infants and children, the DJF on its own may not be a reliable landmark for establishing normal intestinal rotation. Assessing for normal rotation is multifaceted and further comparative studies are required to characterize the anatomical features of normal and abnormal rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Koch
- Department of Radiology, Auckland City Hospital, New Zealand
| | - Kiarash Taghavi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Wellington Hospital, New Zealand
| | - James Hamill
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Starship Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Ali Mirjalili
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Kulaylat AN, Hollenbeak CS, Engbrecht BW, Dillon PW, Safford SD. The impact of children's hospital designation on outcomes in children with malrotation. J Pediatr Surg 2015; 50:417-22. [PMID: 25746700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefit of Ladd's procedure for malrotation at a Children's Hospital (CH) has not previously been established. Our aim was to characterize the potential variations in management and outcomes between CH and Non-Children's Hospitals (NCH) in the treatment of malrotation with Ladd's procedure. METHODS There were 2827 children identified with malrotation and complete information from the Kids' Inpatient Database (2003, 2006, 2009). Outcomes were compared between CH and NCH and evaluated with logistic and linear regressions. Additional propensity score matching was used to balance covariates between CH and NCH. RESULTS There were 2261 (80.0%) children with malrotation undergoing Ladd's procedures treated at CH; 566 (20.0%) were treated at NCH. In multivariate analysis, CH was associated with a 39% lower odds of resection (p=0.004), with no differences observed for mortality, morbidity and LOS. Comparison of a propensity score matched cohort confirmed these findings, as well as demonstrated no significant differences in associated costs. CONCLUSIONS The majority of pediatric intestinal malrotation is managed at CH. While measured outcomes of mortality, morbidity, LOS, and costs were not different at NCH, CH was less likely to perform intestinal resection during Ladd's procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif N Kulaylat
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States; Division of Outcomes, Research and Quality, Department of Surgery and Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Christopher S Hollenbeak
- Division of Outcomes, Research and Quality, Department of Surgery and Public Health Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States.
| | - Brett W Engbrecht
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Peter W Dillon
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Shawn D Safford
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prognosis of midgut volvulus in neonates and infants younger than 1 year remains poor, as diagnostic findings may not be apparent until gut infarction had occurred. To characterize factors that help to predict complex midgut volvulus early was aim of this study. METHODS Institutionally approved retrospective analysis of all children younger than 1 year treated for midgut volvulus at the author's center from January 2002 to December 2011. Medical history, symptoms, laboratory and radiologic findings as well as sequelae of midgut volvulus were evaluated. RESULTS In 10 years, 37 children fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 43% developed complications, and mortality rate was 16%. In 30% of the patients, the only clinical sign was a sudden worsening of the general condition and abdominal distension (complex 19% vs. simple 38%). In one child with simple midgut volvulus, all clinical, laboratory and radiologic signs were negative. CART analysis identified a base excess below -1.70 and preterm birth (<36 weeks) as the best discriminators of complex and simple midgut volvulus. A score >1pt (comprised of these two factors) was found in all children with complex and in 14% of simple midgut volvulus (p < 0.001). A positive score (>1pt) offers a sensitivity of 100% (81.7-100%), specificity of 85.7% (71.8-85.7%), a PPV of 84.2% (68.8-84.2%) and NPV 100% (83.8-100%). DISCUSSION The study shows that midgut volvulus has a substantial morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, not all affected children get picked up by history, laboratory and imaging. However, the proposed score helps to identify subject with increased risk of complications. It has the potential to facilitate and accelerate diagnosis of complex midgut volvulus; ultimately, it might help to reduce morbidity and mortality.
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16
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Knafo SE, Rosenblatt AJ, Morrisey JK, Flanders JA, Thompson MS, Knapp-Hoch HM. Diagnosis and treatment of mesenteric volvulus in a red kangaroo (Macropus rufus). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2014; 244:844-50. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.244.7.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee HC, Pickard SS, Sridhar S, Dutta S. Intestinal malrotation and catastrophic volvulus in infancy. J Emerg Med 2012; 43:e49-51. [PMID: 22325550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.06.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal malrotation in the newborn is usually diagnosed after signs of intestinal obstruction, such as bilious emesis, and corrected with the Ladd procedure. OBJECTIVES The objective of this report is to describe the presentation of severe cases of midgut volvulus presenting in infancy, and to discuss the characteristics of these cases. CASE REPORT We performed a 7-year review at our institution and present two cases of catastrophic midgut volvulus presenting in the post-neonatal period, ending in death soon after the onset of symptoms. These two patients also had significant laboratory abnormalities compared to patients with more typical presentations resulting in favorable outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Although most cases of intestinal malrotation in infancy can be treated successfully, in some circumstances, patients' symptoms may not be detected early enough for effective treatment, and therefore may result in catastrophic midgut volvulus and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Chong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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18
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pediatric small-bowel volvulus (SBV) is a surgical emergency, and early diagnosis is difficult. We analyzed the clinical manifestations, imaging findings, and laboratory parameters in children with SBV and attempted to determine the risk factors for bowel gangrene. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty-nine children (35 boys and 14 girls) with SBV who were admitted to the hospital for a period of 13 years were enrolled. Clinical and laboratory parameters and evaluation measures included fever, abdominal pain, vomiting, bloody stool, peritoneal signs, severe dehydration, disease duration, white blood cell counts, sugar, C-reactive protein (CRP), sodium, potassium, metabolic acidosis, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. These parameters were statistically compared between patients with and without bowel gangrene. RESULTS Thirty-six patients (73.5%) were 5 years old or younger, and nearly half were younger than 1 year old. Abdominal pain and vomiting were 2 major symptoms. Malrotation was the most common cause of SBV. In univariate analysis, nonbilious vomiting, peritoneal signs, severe dehydration, leukocytosis (WBC count >18,000 cells/mm3), elevated CRP (>50 mg/dL), and hyponatremia (<130 mmol/L) were significantly associated with bowel gangrene (P < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, nonbilious vomiting, leukocytosis, and elevated CRP were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with bowel gangrene. The resection rate for bowel gangrene was 44.9%, and no mortality was found. Seven (14.3%) patients had postoperative complications, including short-bowel syndrome (n = 2), adhesion ileus (n = 3), and intraabdominal abscess (n = 3). Seven experienced failure to thrive in later follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Specific clinical manifestations and laboratory parameters are helpful in the identification of bowel gangrene in children with SBV.
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Mathews R, Thenabadu S, Jaiganesh T. Abdominal pain with a twist. Int J Emerg Med 2011; 4:21. [PMID: 21635723 PMCID: PMC3113714 DOI: 10.1186/1865-1380-4-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Malrotation in children is due to either an incomplete or non-rotation of the foetal mid-gut during perinatal development. Presentation is usually in the first few weeks of life, often with life-threatening volvulus and ischaemia. However, it can be a rare cause of abdominal pain in older children and young adults. We present such a case, as a reminder to emergency physicians that malrotation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent or chronic abdominal pain not only in children but also in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Mathews
- Emergency Department, St Georges Hospital-London, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London, SW17 0QT, UK.
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20
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Dahl-Farhoumand A, Birraux J, Darani A, Wildhaber BE. Use of a silicone patch in the management of severe ischemic small bowel volvulus. World J Pediatr 2011; 7:171-2. [PMID: 21574034 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-011-0270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Yu DC, Thiagarajan RR, Laussen PC, Laussen JP, Jaksic T, Weldon CB. Outcomes after the Ladd procedure in patients with heterotaxy syndrome, congenital heart disease, and intestinal malrotation. J Pediatr Surg 2009; 44:1089-95; discussion 1095. [PMID: 19524722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heterotaxy syndrome (HS) patients often present with congenital heart disease and intestinal malrotation. Controversy exists regarding the management of these patients. Risk of midgut volvulus, morbidity from elective operations, and overall prognosis must be weighed when considering a Ladd procedure on asymptomatic HS/intestinal malrotation patients. METHODS This is a retrospective review comparing HS and non-heterotaxy syndrome (NHS) patients undergoing a Ladd procedure at Children's Hospital Boston (Mass) from January 1997 to September 2007. RESULTS Thirty-one HS and 51 NHS patients were identified. After a Ladd procedure, HS patients remained in the hospital 12.9 days, had a 9.7% risk of small bowel obstruction, and a 9.7% in-hospital mortality. If allowed to develop abdominal symptoms, 27% of HS patients with intestinal malrotation had a midgut volvulus at surgery. Intra-HS group comparison demonstrated longer hospital stays in symptomatic patients (P = .01). Mortality was greater in the HS than NHS patients, but deaths were related to cardiac disease and not to the Ladd procedure. CONCLUSIONS Elective Ladd procedures are well tolerated by HS patients. Given the risk of midgut volvulus and in light of improved survival beyond infanthood, once identified, HS patients with asymptomatic malrotation should be offered a prophylactic Ladd procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Yu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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22
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Neonatal Laparoscopic Ladd's Procedure Can Safely Be Performed Even If the Bowel Shows Signs of Ischemia. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2009; 19 Suppl 1:S167-70. [DOI: 10.1089/lap.2008.0153.supp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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23
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Adikibi BT, Strachan CL, MacKinlay GA. Neonatal Laparoscopic Ladd's Procedure Can Safely Be Performed Even If the Bowel Shows Signs of Ischemia. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/lap.2008.0153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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24
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Abstract
Intestinal malrotation (IM) and cardiovascular defects (CCVD) are both common congenital defects. We investigated the prevalence and types of CCVD in a 25-year IM population, and its association with post-IM-operative morbidity and mortality. Data on the type of CCVD, other congenital defects, syndromes, associations, post-IM-operative morbidity and mortality were retrospectively reviewed from the records of IM patients born between 1980 and 2005. Data were analyzed on (significant) differences between CCVD subgroups, and risk factors for both morbidity and mortality were calculated. Seventy-seven of 284 IM patients (27.1%) were diagnosed with a major or minor CCVD (37 and 40 patients, respectively). Syndromes and associations were more frequently diagnosed in patients with major than with a minor CCVD (67.6 vs. 40%, respectively). Post-IM-operative complications, although frequently observed (61%), did not differ between patients with major and minor CCVD. Physical CCVD signs before IM surgery increased post-IM-operative morbidity significantly (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.4-11.0). Fifteen patients died (19.5%), seven due to cardiovascular cause. Mortality risk was increased by intestinal ischemia and post-IM-operative complications and by major CCVD after correction for age at weight at the time of IM operation. Congenital cardiovascular defects in children with intestinal malrotation are common, with high morbidity and mortality rates after IM operation. Elective IM surgery in young patients with CCVD should be performed in a centre with adequate paediatric cardiac care. Benefits of laparoscopic intervention need further study.
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25
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Alkan M, Oguzkurt P, Alkan O, Ezer SS, Hiçsönmez A. A Rare but Serious Complication of Ladd's Procedure: Recurrent Midgut Volvulus. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2007; 1:130-4. [PMID: 21487558 PMCID: PMC3073800 DOI: 10.1159/000110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An eighteen-month-old boy who had undergone a Ladd's procedure for malrotation in the newborn period presented with acute onset of nausea, vomiting, rectal bleeding, and confusion. Laparotomy revealed midgut volvulus, mesenteric lymphadenopathy and massive chylous ascites. Recurrent midgut volvulus following Ladd's procedure is extremely rare but should be borne in mind in cases of persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms. Timely surgery is necessary to avoid intestinal gangrene and decrease morbidity and mortality related to consequences of midgut volvulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Alkan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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26
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Tashjian DB, Weeks B, Brueckner M, Touloukian RJ. Outcomes after a Ladd procedure for intestinal malrotation with heterotaxia. J Pediatr Surg 2007; 42:528-31. [PMID: 17336193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2006.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intestinal rotation abnormalities and complex congenital heart disease associated with heterotaxia coexist. Despite the risk for midgut volvulus, performing a Ladd procedure for asymptomatic malrotation with heterotaxia remains to be controversial because the presumed risk for postoperative complications is thought to exceed the benefits of the operation. The purpose of this study was to review the incidence of complications after a Ladd procedure in asymptomatic patients with heterotaxia to guide recommendations for this patient population. METHODS The medical records of all patients with heterotaxia who underwent a Ladd procedure for asymptomatic malrotation between 1984 and 2004 were reviewed. Type of cardiac disease, postoperative complications, and survival were recorded. RESULTS Twenty-two patients (9 boys and 13 girls) with heterotaxia underwent an elective Ladd procedure after their medical stabilization or surgical correction or palliation of their cardiac anomaly. Of these patients, 19 were younger than 1 month at the time of the operation. The remaining 3 patients underwent the operation when they were between 2 and 5 months old. Three of the 22 patients (14%) developed postoperative intestinal obstruction: lysis of adhesions was performed in 1 patient; another patient required a staged bowel resection for a closed loop obstruction; and yet another patient had recurrent midgut volvulus 4 years after an incomplete initial Ladd procedure. All patients survived the initial and secondary procedures. Four deaths, all more than 1 month after the surgery, occurred as sequelae of the underlying cardiac anomaly. Length of follow-up ranged from 1 to 17 years. CONCLUSIONS We report on a 14% risk of postoperative bowel obstruction after an elective Ladd procedure, as compared with a small but significant incidence of midgut volvulus in patients with malrotation in the setting of complex congenital heart disease. Our results support the conclusion that an elective Ladd procedure at a time of relative cardiac stability for selected patients with heterotaxia has an acceptably low morbidity and should be considered to prevent midgut volvulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Tashjian
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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27
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Strouse PJ. Disorders of intestinal rotation and fixation ("malrotation"). Pediatr Radiol 2004; 34:837-51. [PMID: 15378215 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-004-1279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Malrotation with volvulus is one of the true surgical emergencies of childhood. Prompt radiological diagnosis is often paramount to achieving a good outcome. An understanding of the normal and anomalous development of the midgut provides a basis for understanding the pathophysiology and the clinical presentation of malrotation and malrotation complicated by volvulus. In this essay, the radiologic findings of malrotation and volvulus are reviewed and illustrated with particular attention to the child with equivocal imaging findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Strouse
- Section of Pediatric Radiology, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, MI, Ann Arbor 48109-0252, USA.
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28
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Koffeman GI, van Gemert WG, George EK, Veenendaal RA. Classification, epidemiology and aetiology. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 17:879-93. [PMID: 14642855 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6918(03)00099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal failure and its most important cause, short-bowel syndrome (SBS), are rare clinical entities leading to a vast complex of symptoms and complications with significant morbidity and mortality. Both conditions occur as the result of a massive reduction in enteral nutrient absorptive capacity. Disease manifestation is based on aetiological and anatomical characteristics such as remaining intestinal length and the presence of a functionally intact colon. Congenital and perinatal conditions, for example, intestinal atresia, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and intestinal volvulus are the most important causes in children. The aetiology in adults is based on diseases inducing loss of intestinal function or loss of intestinal surface area after extensive surgical resections. The most frequent causes are mesenteric infarction, radiation enteritis and Crohn's disease. Knowledge of the epidemiology of intestinal failure and SBS is limited, being mainly based on the extrapolated figures of home parenteral nutrition centres and single-centre studies. At present, the incidence of SBS is estimated to be 2-5 per million.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert I Koffeman
- Paediatric Surgical Centre Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22700, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Abstract
The subject of malrotation and midgut volvulus in infancy and childhood is reviewed from the perspective of experience with 138 patients evaluated in a published series and a further 82 cases seen since. Embryology, historical aspects, clinical presentation, investigation, surgery, and outcome are discussed. The diagnosis of malrotation and volvulus should always be kept in mind when assessing any infant or child with symptoms of vomiting and pain, particularly when the vomiting is bile-stained. The diagnosis cannot be excluded if diarrhea is present, when clinical findings are bland, or even with normal abdominal radiographs. A contrast meal and follow-through should be done and, if correctly interpreted, should be diagnostic. Ultrasound examination may be helpful but is not secure enough to exclude the diagnosis. Laparotomy or laparoscopy is the only way to be sure. Malrotation with its propensity for volvulus is truly a time bomb lying within.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J W Millar
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town and Red Cross Children's Hospital, Rondesbosch, South Africa
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A DeRusso
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Children's Center, 600 North Wolfe Street, Brady 320, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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32
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Abstract
This report describes a rare case of intrauterine midgut volvulus that presented at term. The pregnancy was uncomplicated. There were no signs of fetal distress or polyhydramnios, and the child was delivered vaginally. This patient had the unusual presentation in that at the time of delivery, the patient was distended and acidotic. She immediately required an extensive resection of gangrenous small bowel. Comparing this case to the 10 other cases of fetal intestinal volvulus that have been reported, it seems this child was particularly fortunate that the volvulus occurred at a point in gestation when she was mature enough to tolerate birth and surgery. This case is also the first demonstration that volvulus can present with abdominal distension in the immediate newborn period.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Crisera
- Department of Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York 10016, USA
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33
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Abstract
This article focuses on salient points in the evaluation of abdominal pain in infants and children. Specifically, the authors address appendicitis and abdominal pain associated with either vomiting, constipation, or gastrointestinal bleeding. A discussion of common abdominal masses, urologic, and gynecologic problems, and considerations in the evaluation of immunologically suppressed or neurologically impaired children, and children with recurrent abdominal pain is also presented. The authors establish logical, focused approaches to the initial evaluation and management of abdominal pain and suggest criteria for timely surgical referral.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Irish
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Buffalo, New York, USA
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34
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Abstract
Eighty-two children (47 boys and 35 girls) underwent surgery for a variety of causes resulting in volvulus. There were 20 neonates, 13 infants, 34 patients aged 1 to 5 years, and 15 children above 5 years of age. The majority (88%) of the patients were admitted in a state of shock and dehydration. Peritoneal signs were present in 74% of the patients. The resection rate was 61%. A high mortality rate of 38% was encountered, which was attributed to septicemia, shock, and multiorgan failure. The preventive health programs that are being actively implemented together with the improvements made in the transport and referral systems have fortunately resulted in much-improved survival rates in the recent few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maung
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Yangon Children's Hospital, Myanmar
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