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El Omari N, Bakrim S, Khalid A, Abdalla AN, Iesa MAM, El Kadri K, Tang SY, Goh BH, Bouyahya A. Unveiling the molecular mechanisms: dietary phytosterols as guardians against cardiovascular diseases. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2024; 14:27. [PMID: 38722432 PMCID: PMC11082103 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-024-00451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Until recently, the main pharmaceuticals used to control cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) were statin-related drugs, known for their historical side effects. Therefore, there is growing interest in exploring alternatives, such as nutritional and dietary components, that could play a central role in CVD prevention. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how natural phytosterols found in various diets combat CVDs. We begin with a description of the overall approach, then we explore in detail the different direct and indirect mechanisms that contribute to reducing cardiovascular incidents. Phytosterols, including stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, ergosterol, and fucosterol, emerge as promising molecules within nutritional systems for protection against CVDs due to their beneficial effects at different levels through direct or indirect cellular, subcellular, and molecular mechanisms. Specifically, the mentioned phytosterols exhibit the ability to diminish the generation of various radicals, including hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxide. They also promote the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione, while inhibiting lipid peroxidation through the activation of Nrf2 and Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathways. Additionally, they demonstrate a significant inhibitory capacity in the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus playing a crucial role in regulating the inflammatory/immune response by inhibiting the expression of proteins involved in cellular signaling pathways such as JAK3/STAT3 and NF-κB. Moreover, phytosterols play a key role in reducing cholesterol absorption and improving the lipid profile. These compounds can be used as dietary supplements or included in specific diets to aid control cholesterol levels, particularly in individuals suffering from hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreddine El Omari
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Tetouan, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnology and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, 80000, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P. O. Box 2404, Khartoum, Sudan.
| | - Ashraf N Abdalla
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A M Iesa
- Department of Physiology, Al Qunfudah Medical College, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kawtar El Kadri
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 10106, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia.
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre (SBMDC), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Sunway City, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, 10106, Rabat, Morocco.
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Architecture of the native major royal jelly protein 1 oligomer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3373. [PMID: 30135511 PMCID: PMC6105727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Honeybee caste development is nutritionally regulated by royal jelly (RJ). Major royal jelly protein 1 (MRJP1), the most abundant glycoprotein among soluble royal jelly proteins, plays pivotal roles in honeybee nutrition and larvae development, and exhibits broad pharmacological activities in humans. However, its structure has long remained unknown. Herein, we identify and report a 16-molecule architecture of native MRJP1 oligomer containing four MRJP1, four apisimin, and eight unanticipated 24-methylenecholesterol molecules at 2.65 Å resolution. MRJP1 has a unique six-bladed β-propeller fold with three disulfide bonds, and it interacts with apisimin mainly by hydrophobic interaction. Every four 24-methylenecholesterol molecules are packaged by two MRJP1 and two apisimin molecules. This assembly dimerizes to form an H-shaped MRJP14-apisimin4-24-methylenecholesterol8 complex via apisimin in a conserved and pH-dependent fashion. Our findings offer a structural basis for understanding the pharmacological effects of MRJPs and 24-methylenecholesterol, and provide insights into their unique physiological roles in bees.
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Souchet N, Laplante S. Seasonal and geographical variations of sterol composition in snow crab hepatopancreas and pelagic fish viscera from Eastern Quebec. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 147:378-86. [PMID: 17374564 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sterol composition was determined in snow crab hepatopancreas and mackerel and herring viscera for various locations and collection periods. A simple and valuable method, using direct saponification and extraction with water-cyclohexane has been optimized to recover total sterol. They were identified and quantified as trimethylsilyl ether derivatives by GC-MS analysis. Method validation indicated excellent sensitivity (limit of quantification: 1.25 mg/100 g wet basis for cholesterol and desmosterol; 0.03-0.05 mg/100 g for other sterols), good reproducibility (CV%: 1.5-6.8) and accuracy (recovery%: 94-107). In crab hepatopancreas, cholesterol was the main sterol (67-76%), followed by desmosterol (19-24%). Phytosterols and molluscan sterols were also present in low quantity. A lower total sterol content with different composition was found in crabs from Magdalen Islands compared to those from Gaspé Peninsula or North Shore of the St-Lawrence Gulf. No seasonal variation was observed between collection periods, which were probably too close. Mackerel and herring viscera contained the same sterols as crab except for campesterol and sitosterol, but the cholesterol proportion was higher (93-98%). The higher abundance of sterols in herring caught in September vs. May would be related to an increase of the body lipid content during the summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Souchet
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec, Canada
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Iritani N, Fukuda E, Inoguchi K. Effect of feeding the shell fish (Corbicula japonica) on lipid metabolism in the rat. Atherosclerosis 1979; 34:41-7. [PMID: 497041 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(79)90104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rats were maintained for 2 weeks on 3 different diets; a basal diet, one containing 0.1% cholate, and one containing 0.1% cholesterol and 0.1% cholate. Each dietary group was further divided into subgroups whose diet contained 0, 5 or 10% (dry weight) of minced corbicula (Corbicula japonica Prime). Feeding corbicula significantly reduced the increase of cholesterol levels in rats fed the cholesterol diet. Though corbicula contains several sterols, sterols other than cholesterol were almost not absorbed. Serum and liver triglyceride levels were significantly reduced by feeding corbicula meat in all the dietary groups. Activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were also markedly reduced by feeding corbicula. The results suggest that corbicula is a hypolipidemic food.
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