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Damodaran KM, Epperly MW, Pillai KMR, Bloomer WD. A facile and improved synthesis of 17α-{2-(E)-[1 2 5 I]-iodovinyl}-19-nortestosterone, a no-carrier-added ligand for progesterone receptor analyses. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580340104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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2
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Cvoro A, Tzagarakis-Foster C, Tatomer D, Paruthiyil S, Fox MS, Leitman DC. Distinct roles of unliganded and liganded estrogen receptors in transcriptional repression. Mol Cell 2006; 21:555-64. [PMID: 16483936 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The decline in estrogen levels during menopause is associated with increased cytokine production and inflammatory diseases. Estrogens exert anti-inflammatory effects by repressing cytokine genes, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). The mechanisms involved in transcriptional repression by estrogens are virtually unknown. Here, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation to investigate how estrogens repress the autoinduction of the TNFalpha gene. TNFalpha assembled a transcriptional activation complex at the TNFalpha promoter that includes c-jun, p50-NFkappaB, p65-NFkappaB, CBP, Hsp90, and unliganded estrogen receptor (ER). Estradiol repressed TNFalpha gene expression by reversing the ligand-independent activation by ERalpha and the stimulatory actions of c-jun, NFkappaB, and CBP on transcription. Silencing of GRIP1 reversed the repression of TNFalpha and other cytokine genes by estradiol, demonstrating that GRIP1 is required for transcriptional repression and can act as a corepressor. Our study demonstrates that ERalpha is a TNFalpha-induced coactivator that becomes a repressor in the presence of estradiol by recruiting GRIP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Cvoro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Häfeli UO, Pauer GJ, Miller DD. Feasibility study for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer with the radioactive antiandrogen I-125-bicalutamide (= I-125-CASODEX). J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.25804401237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Epperly MW, Damodaran KM, McLaughlin WH, Pillai KM, Bloomer WD. Radiotoxicity of 17 alpha-[125I]iodovinyl-11 beta-methoxyestradiol in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991; 39:729-34. [PMID: 1958509 DOI: 10.1016/0960-0760(91)90373-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic strategies for human breast cancer using 125I-labeled steroid hormones are clinically attractive in light of the estrogen dependence of many human breast cancers and the favorable microdosimetry resulting from 125I decay. We determined the uptake specific estrogen receptor binding and radiotoxicity of 17 alpha-[125I]iodovinyl-11 beta-methoxyestradiol (125IVME2) in vitro using cultured MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. 125IVME2 rapidly enters MCF-7 cells and reaches a plateau in the presence of competing 10(-7) M 17 beta-estradiol. In the absence of competitor, uptake is substantially greater before reaching a plateau. Efflux of 125IVME2 from cells incubated in the absence of estradiol decreases to levels corresponding to specific binding. Under equilibrium conditions and in the absence of competitor, 125IVME2 binds to both specific and nonspecific sites but, in the presence of excess 17 beta-estradiol, the observed binding is nonspecific. 125IVME2 is cytotoxic to exponentially growing MCF-7 cells and produces a survival curve typical of those observed for [125I]iododeoxyuridine and 16 alpha-[125I]iodoestradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260
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5
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Ris-Stalpers C, Kuiper GG, Faber PW, Schweikert HU, van Rooij HC, Zegers ND, Hodgins MB, Degenhart HJ, Trapman J, Brinkmann AO. Aberrant splicing of androgen receptor mRNA results in synthesis of a nonfunctional receptor protein in a patient with androgen insensitivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:7866-70. [PMID: 2236003 PMCID: PMC54851 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.20.7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen insensitivity is a disorder in which the correct androgen response in an androgen target cell is impaired. The clinical symptoms of this X chromosome-linked syndrome are presumed to be caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene. We report a G----T mutation in the splice donor site of intron 4 of the androgen receptor gene of a 46,XY subject lacking detectable androgen binding to the receptor and with the complete form of androgen insensitivity. This point mutation completely abolishes normal RNA splicing at the exon 4/intron 4 boundary and results in the activation of a cryptic splice donor site in exon 4, which leads to the deletion of 123 nucleotides from the mRNA. Translation of the mutant mRNA results in an androgen receptor protein approximately 5 kDa smaller than the wild type. This mutated androgen receptor protein was unable to bind androgens and unable to activate transcription of an androgen-regulated reporter gene construct. This mutation in the human androgen receptor gene demonstrates the importance of an intact steroid-binding domain for proper androgen receptor functioning in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ris-Stalpers
- Department of Biochemistry II, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Brinkmann AO, Klaasen P, Kuiper GG, van der Korput JA, Bolt J, de Boer W, Smit A, Faber PW, van Rooij HC, Geurts van Kessel A. Structure and function of the androgen receptor. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 1989; 17:87-93. [PMID: 2734982 DOI: 10.1007/bf00262026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor in several species (human, rat, calf) is a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 100-110 kDa. The steroid binding domain is confined to a region of 30 kDa, while the DNA-binding domain has the size of approx. 10 kDa. A 40 kDa fragment containing both the DNA and steroid binding domain displayed a higher DNA binding activity than did the intact 100 kDa molecule. cDNA encoding the major part of the human androgen receptor was isolated. The cDNA contains an open reading frame of 2,277 bp but still lacks part of the 5'-coding sequence. Homology with the progesterone and glucocorticoid receptor was about 80% in the DNA binding domain and 50% in the steroid binding domain. The present data provide evidence that the androgen receptor belongs to the superfamily of ligand responsive transcriptional regulators and consists of three distinct domains each with a specialized function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O Brinkmann
- Department of Biochemistry II, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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van Hal PT, Mulder E, Hoogsteden HC, Hilvering C, Benner R. Glucocorticoid receptors in alveolar macrophages: methodological aspects of the determination of the number of glucocorticoid receptors per cell. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1989; 26:128-31. [PMID: 2711932 DOI: 10.1007/bf02126584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Among patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases the response to glucocorticoids varies considerably. To investigate the possible relationship between clinical response and number of glucocorticoid receptors in alveolar macrophages or their KD value a micro receptor assay was developed. Assay conditions were adjusted because of receptor occupancy by endogenous or therapeutically used glucocorticoids and high aspecific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T van Hal
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Blumenthal RD, McLaughlin WH, Jordan JJ, Cryan EV, Bloomer WD. Mouse ovarian tumor cells: an experimental model for progestin-mediated radiotherapy. J Surg Oncol 1988; 39:96-100. [PMID: 3172797 DOI: 10.1002/jso.2930390206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mouse ovarian tumor (MOT) cells have been grown in C3HeB/FeJ mice as an ascites and as a subcutaneous tumor and in cell culture as a suspension. These cells contain saturable, high-affinity, specific progesterone receptors. Estrogen receptors were not detectable in these cells. MOT cells can be used as both an in vivo and an in vitro model for progestin-mediated radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Blumenthal
- Department of Radiotherapy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
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9
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Oprins AC, Fentener van Vlissingen JM, Blankenstein MA. Testicular descent: androgen receptors in cultured porcine gubernaculum cells. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1988; 31:387-91. [PMID: 3262790 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(88)90306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We have adapted an oil microcentrifuge assay for evaluating the binding of tritiated methyltrienolone ([3H]R1881) in metabolically active primary cultured porcine gubernaculum fibroblasts. Almost complete separation of cells with the bound hormone and medium with the unbound hormone can be achieved within 30 s of centrifugation at 10,000 g. Specific [3H]R1881 binding was found in four different gubernaculum fibroblast cultures (9,000-42,000 sites/cell) and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (34,000 sites/cell) which were used as controls. Binding was inhibited by radio-inert R1881 and 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone but not by estradiol and cortisol. The results indicate that androgen receptors are present in fibroblasts from the gubernaculum during both the first and second phase of testicular descent and that they may play a role in the regulation of that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Oprins
- Department of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Trapman J, Klaassen P, Kuiper GG, van der Korput JA, Faber PW, van Rooij HC, Geurts van Kessel A, Voorhorst MM, Mulder E, Brinkmann AO. Cloning, structure and expression of a cDNA encoding the human androgen receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988; 153:241-8. [PMID: 3377788 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(88)81214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone has been isolated from a library prepared of mRNA of human breast cancer T47D cells with an oligonucleotide probe homologous to part of the region encoding the DNA-binding domain of steroid receptors. The clone has a size of 1505 bp and sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame of 1356 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence displays two highly conserved regions identified as the putative DNA-binding and hormone binding domains respectively of steroid receptors. Expression of this cDNA clone in COS cells produces a nuclear protein with all the binding characteristics of the human androgen receptor (hAR). The gene encoding the cDNA is assigned to the human X-chromosome. High levels of three hybridizing mRNA species of 11, 8.5 and 4.7 kb respectively are found in the human prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP), which contains elevated levels of hAR. The present data provide evidence that we have isolated a cDNA that encodes a major part of the human androgen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Trapman
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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McLaughlin WH, Thramann WM, Lambrecht RM, Milius RA, Bloomer WD. Preliminary observations of malignant melanoma therapy using radiolabeled alpha-methyltyrosine. J Surg Oncol 1988; 37:192-7. [PMID: 3352274 DOI: 10.1002/jso.2930370312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A strategy for cancer therapy using astatine-211-labeled alpha-methyltyrosine (211At-AMT) was studied in cultured B16 melanoma cells and compared to the radiotoxicity of iodine-125-labeled iododeoxyuridine (125IUdR), a thymidine analogue. Both 125I and 211At deliver lethal doses of irradiation to melanoma cells when administered as 125IUdR and 211At-AMT. The alpha decay of astatine-211 is more effective however, needing only a fraction of the cellular radioactivity of 125IUdR to effect comparable clonogenic survival. Compared with 125IUdR, 125I-AMT is not cytotoxic because the range of the low energy electrons released does not interact with DNA. Uptake of radiolabeled AMT by melanotic cells is enhanced by theophylline. This preliminary evidence suggests that 211At-labeled melanin precursors may be exquisitely cytotoxic to B16 melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H McLaughlin
- Department of Radiotherapy, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
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12
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Olea-Serrano N, Devleeschouwer N, Leclercq G, Heuson JC. Assay for estrogen and progesterone receptors of breast cancer cell lines in monolayer culture. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER & CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1985; 21:965-73. [PMID: 4043179 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(85)90116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A whole-cell assay for measuring estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) receptors in monolayer culture of human breast cancer cell lines is described. It is based on the measurement of incorporated tritiated ligands during 50 min of incubation (i.e. [3H]estradiol for ER, [3H]ORG-2058 for PgR). The assay fulfills all criteria of specificity as shown by competitive studies and measurements of the dissociation constants of the binding reactions. Moreover, a subcellular fractionation of MCF-7 labeled cells revealed that the majority of incorporated steroids was associated with the nuclear fraction. This finding is consistent with the concept of nuclear location of steroid-receptor complexes. Cultures in the presence of 10(-8) M estradiol indicated that the methodology is adequate for detecting the well-known estrogenic induction of PgR synthesis. The assay proved suitable for the quantitative assessment of the receptor content of various neoplastic (MCF-7; ZR-75-1, Cama-1, Evsa-T) and non-neoplastic (HBL-100) cell lines. The methodology has the other advantages of being simple and rapid, of requiring small amounts of cells and of allowing histological examination of the latter before, during and after biochemical analysis.
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