1
|
Melocchi A, Schmittlein B, Jones AL, Ainane Y, Rizvi A, Chan D, Dickey E, Pool K, Harsono K, Szymkiewicz D, Scarfogliero U, Bhatia V, Sivanantham A, Kreciglowa N, Hunter A, Gomez M, Tanner A, Uboldi M, Batish A, Balcerek J, Kutova-Stoilova M, Paruthiyil S, Acevedo LA, Stadnitskiy R, Carmichael S, Aulbach H, Hewitt M, Jeu XDMD, Robilant BD, Parietti F, Esensten JH. Development of a robotic cluster for automated and scalable cell therapy manufacturing. Cytotherapy 2024:S1465-3249(24)00098-7. [PMID: 38647505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The production of commercial autologous cell therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells requires complex manual manufacturing processes. Skilled labor costs and challenges in manufacturing scale-out have contributed to high prices for these products. METHODS We present a robotic system that uses industry-standard cell therapy manufacturing equipment to automate the steps involved in cell therapy manufacturing. The robotic cluster consists of a robotic arm and customized modules, allowing the robot to manipulate a variety of standard cell therapy instruments and materials such as incubators, bioreactors, and reagent bags. This system enables existing manual manufacturing processes to be rapidly adapted to robotic manufacturing, without having to adopt a completely new technology platform. Proof-of-concept for the robotic cluster's expansion module was demonstrated by expanding human CD8+ T cells. RESULTS The robotic cultures showed comparable cell yields, viability, and identity to those manually performed. In addition, the robotic system was able to maintain culture sterility. CONCLUSIONS Such modular robotic solutions may support scale-up and scale-out of cell therapies that are developed using classical manual methods in academic laboratories and biotechnology companies. This approach offers a pathway for overcoming manufacturing challenges associated with manual processes, ultimately contributing to the broader accessibility and affordability for personalized immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Melocchi
- Multiply Labs, San Francisco, California, USA; Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M. E. Sangalli", Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Alexis L Jones
- Multiply Labs, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Ali Rizvi
- Multiply Labs, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Darius Chan
- Multiply Labs, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Kelsey Pool
- Multiply Labs, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marco Uboldi
- Multiply Labs, San Francisco, California, USA; Sezione di Tecnologia e Legislazione Farmaceutiche "M. E. Sangalli", Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Arpit Batish
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joanna Balcerek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mariella Kutova-Stoilova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sreenivasan Paruthiyil
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Luis A Acevedo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rachel Stadnitskiy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew Hewitt
- Charles River Scientific, Wilmington, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jonathan H Esensten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA; The Advanced Biotherapy Center (ABC), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Balcerek J, Shy BR, Putnam AL, Masiello LM, Lares A, Dekovic F, Acevedo L, Lee MR, Nguyen V, Liu W, Paruthiyil S, Xu J, Leinbach AS, Bluestone JA, Tang Q, Esensten JH. Polyclonal Regulatory T Cell Manufacturing Under cGMP: A Decade of Experience. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744763. [PMID: 34867967 PMCID: PMC8636860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on manufacturing outcomes for 41 autologous polyclonal regulatory T cell (PolyTreg) products for 7 different Phase 1 clinical trials over a 10-year period (2011-2020). Data on patient characteristics, manufacturing parameters, and manufacturing outcomes were collected from manufacturing batch records and entered into a secure database. Overall, 88% (36/41) of PolyTreg products met release criteria and 83% (34/41) of products were successfully infused into patients. Of the 7 not infused, 5 failed release criteria, and 2 were not infused because the patient became ineligible due to a change in clinical status. The median fold expansion over the 14-day manufacturing process was 434.8 -fold (range 29.8-2,232), resulting in a median post-expansion cell count of 1,841 x 106 (range 56.9-16,179 x 106). The main correlate of post-expansion cell number was starting cell number, which positively correlates with absolute circulating Treg cell count. Other parameters, including date of PolyTreg production, patient sex, and patient age did not significantly correlate with fold expansion of Treg during product manufacturing. In conclusion, PolyTreg manufacturing outcomes are consistent across trials and dates of production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Balcerek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Brian R Shy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Amy L Putnam
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lisa M Masiello
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Angela Lares
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Florinna Dekovic
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Luis Acevedo
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael R Lee
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Weihong Liu
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sreenivasan Paruthiyil
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jingying Xu
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ashley S Leinbach
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Qizhi Tang
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan H Esensten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Q, Garg P, Hasdemir B, Wang L, Tuscano E, Sever E, Keane E, Hernandez AGL, Yuan TZ, Kwan E, Lai J, Szot G, Paruthiyil S, Axelrod F, K. Sato A. Functional GLP-1R antibodies identified from a synthetic GPCR-focused library demonstrate potent blood glucose control. MAbs 2021; 13:1893425. [PMID: 33706686 PMCID: PMC7971233 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1893425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a group of seven-transmembrane receptor proteins that have proven to be successful drug targets. Antibodies are becoming an increasingly promising modality to target these receptors due to their unique properties, such as exquisite specificity, long half-life, and fewer side effects, and their improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles compared to peptides and small molecules, which results from their more favorable biodistribution. To date, there are only two US Food and Drug Administration-approved GPCR antibody drugs, namely erenumab and mogamulizumab, and this highlights the challenges encountered in identifying functional antibodies against GPCRs. Utilizing Twist's precision DNA writing technologies, we have created a GPCR-focused phage display library with 1 × 1010 diversity. Specifically, we mined endogenous GPCR binding ligand and peptide sequences and incorporated these binding motifs into the heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 in a synthetic antibody library. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1 R) is a class B GPCR that acts as the receptor for the incretin GLP-1, which is released to regulate insulin levels in response to food intake. GLP-1 R agonists have been widely used to increase insulin secretion to lower blood glucose levels for the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, whereas GLP-1 R antagonists have applications in the treatment of severe hypoglycemia associated with bariatric surgery and hyperinsulinomic hypoglycemia. Here we present the discovery and creation of both antagonistic and agonistic GLP-1 R antibodies by panning this GPCR-focused phage display library on a GLP-1 R-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cell line and demonstrate their in vitro and in vivo functional activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Twist Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pankaj Garg
- Twist Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Alamar Biosciences, Fremont, CA, USA
| | - Burcu Hasdemir
- Twist Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Catalyst Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linya Wang
- Twist Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Emily Sever
- Twist Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erica Keane
- Twist Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Tom Z. Yuan
- Twist Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Kwan
- Twist Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joyce Lai
- Twist Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Greg Szot
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Szot G, Paruthiyil S, Dang V, Nguyen V, Stock PG, Posselt AM. 67: Improved Human Islet Function and Survival When Cultured with a cGMP Human Growth Factor Product. Transplantation 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000581396.53697.c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
5
|
Paruthiyil S, Hagiwara SI, Kundassery K, Bhargava A. Sexually dimorphic metabolic responses mediated by CRF 2 receptor during nutritional stress in mice. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:49. [PMID: 30400826 PMCID: PMC6218963 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress is a major contributor in the development of metabolic syndrome and associated diseases, such as diabetes. High-fat diet (HFD) and sex are known modifiers of metabolic parameters. Peptide hormones corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and urocortins (UCN) mediate stress responses via activation and feedback to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. UCN3 is a marker of pancreatic β-cell differentiation, and UCN2 is known to ameliorate glucose levels in mice rendered diabetic with HFD. CRF receptor 2 (CRF2) is the only known cognate receptor for UCN2/3. Here, we ascertained the role of CRF2 in glucose clearance, insulin sensitivity, and other parameters associated with metabolic syndrome in a mouse model of nutritional stress. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and Crhr2-/- (null) mice of both sexes were fed either normal chow diet or HFD. After 8 weeks, blood glucose levels in response to glucose and insulin challenge were determined. Change in body and fat mass, plasma insulin, and lipid profile were assessed. Histological evaluation of liver sections was performed. RESULTS Here, we show that genotype (Crhr2), sex, and diet were all independent variables in the regulation of blood glucose levels, body and fat mass gain/redistribution, and insulin resistance. Surprisingly, CRF2-deficient mice (Crhr2-/-) male mice showed similarly impaired glucose clearance on HFD and chow. HFD-fed female Crhr2-/- mice redistributed their fat depots that were distinct from wild-type females and male mice on either diet. Blood cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were elevated significantly in male Crhr2-/- mice; female Crhr2-/- mice were protected. Male, but not female Crhr2-/- mice developed peripheral insulin resistance. HFD, but not chow-fed wild-type male mice developed hepatic macrovesicular steatosis. In contrast, livers of Crhr2-/- male mice showed microvesicular steatosis on either diet, whereas livers of female mice on this 8-week HFD regimen did not develop steatosis. CONCLUSIONS CRF2 receptor dysregulation is a sexually dimorphic risk factor in development of pre-diabetic and metabolic symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasan Paruthiyil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for reproductive Sciences, and the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., HSE1645, Box 0556, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0556, USA
| | - Shin-Ichiro Hagiwara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for reproductive Sciences, and the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., HSE1645, Box 0556, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0556, USA
| | - Keshav Kundassery
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for reproductive Sciences, and the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., HSE1645, Box 0556, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0556, USA
| | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for reproductive Sciences, and the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave., HSE1645, Box 0556, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0556, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hagiwara SI, Kaushal E, Paruthiyil S, Pasricha PJ, Hasdemir B, Bhargava A. Gastric corticotropin-releasing factor influences mast cell infiltration in a rat model of functional dyspepsia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203704. [PMID: 30192883 PMCID: PMC6128656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are characterized by dysregulated gut-brain interactions. Emerging evidence shows that low-grade mucosal inflammation and immune activation contribute to FGIDs, including functional dyspepsia (FD). Stress plays an important role in the onset of FD symptoms. In human subjects with FD, presence of gastric mast cells has been reported, but factors that influence mast cell infiltration remain uncharacterized. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) initiates the body's stress response and is known to degranulate mast cells. In this study, we delineated the role of the CRF system in the pathogenesis of FD in a rat model. Gastric irritation in neonate rat pups with iodoacetamide (IA) was used to induce FD-like symptoms. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to silence gastric CRF expression. Mast cell infiltrate in the stomach increased by 54% in IA-treated rats compared to controls and CRF-RNAi tended to decrease gastric mast cell infiltrate. Sucrose intake decreased in IA-treated rats and mast cell numbers showed a negative association with sucrose intake. IA treatment and transient silencing of gastric CRF increased hypothalamic CRF levels. In IA-treated rats, gastric levels of CRF receptor 2 (CRF2) decreased by ~76%, whereas hypothalamic CRF receptor 1 (CRF1) levels increased. Plasma levels of TNF-α showed a positive correlation with plasma CRF levels. Levels of phosphorylated p38 and ERK1/2 in the stomach showed a positive correlation with gastric CRF levels. Thus, CRF may contribute to low grade inflammation via modulating mast cell infiltration, cytokine levels, MAPK signaling, and the gut-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Hagiwara
- The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Esha Kaushal
- The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Sreenivasan Paruthiyil
- The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Pankaj J. Pasricha
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Burcu Hasdemir
- The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Aditi Bhargava
- The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of OBGYN, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hasdemir B, Mhaske P, Paruthiyil S, Garnett EA, Heyman MB, Matloubian M, Bhargava A. Sex- and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2- dependent actions of urocortin 1 during inflammation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1244-57. [PMID: 27053649 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00445.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 2 (CRF2) and its high-affinity agonist urocortin 1 (Ucn1) mediate sex-specific signaling and immune responses. Intrarectal trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid was used to induce experimental colitis in wild-type, CRF2 knockout (CRF2KO), and heterozygous (CRF2Ht) mice of both sexes. Changes in plasma extravasation, organ weight, survival, immune cell numbers, inflammatory cytokines, and the MAPK signaling pathway were assessed. Stored intestinal biopsies from patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and age- and sex-matched individuals without inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were examined by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy to characterize Ucn1 and CRF receptor expression. CRF2Ht mice of both sexes showed decreased survival during colitis compared with other genotypes. Ucn1 improved survival in male mice alone. Ucn1 restored colon length and spleen and adrenal weight and decreased colonic TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in male CRF2Ht mice alone. CRF2Ht mice of both sexes showed decreased phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) levels. Ucn1 restored p-Hsp27 levels in male CRF2Ht mice alone. Expression of the chaperone protein Hsp90 decreased during colitis, except in male CRF2Ht mice. Taken together, our data indicate that sex shows significant interaction with genotype and Ucn1 during colitis. Human duodenal and colonic biopsies revealed that sex-specific differences exist in levels of CRF receptors and Ucn1 expression in patients with CD compared with the matched non-IBD subjects. To conclude, Ucn1 mediates sex-specific immune and cellular signaling responses via CRF2, emphasizing the need for inclusion of females in preclinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Hasdemir
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco; The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Pallavi Mhaske
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | - Melvin B Heyman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Mehrdad Matloubian
- Division of Rheumatology and Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Aditi Bhargava
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco; The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Leitman DC, Paruthiyil S, Yuan C, Herber CB, Olshansky M, Tagliaferri M, Cohen I, Speed TP. Tissue-specific regulation of genes by estrogen receptors. Semin Reprod Med 2012; 30:14-22. [PMID: 22271290 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1299593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens are frequently used in reproductive medicine. The Women's Health Initiative trial found that the risks of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) exceed the benefits. The estrogens in MHT, however, were introduced prior to our understanding of the mechanism of action of estrogens. Estrogen signaling is highly complex, involving various DNA regulatory elements to which estrogen receptors bind. Numerous transcription factors and co-regulatory proteins modify chromatin structure to further regulate gene transcription. With a greater understanding of estrogen action, the major problem with the current estrogens in MHT appears to be that they are nonselective. This produces beneficial effects in bone, brain, and adipose tissue but increases the risk of breast and endometrial cancer and thromboembolism. Resurrecting MHT for long-term therapy will require the development of more selective estrogens, such as estrogen receptor (ER)β-selective estrogens and tissue-selective ERα agonists. These compounds will offer the best prospects to expand the indications of MHT and thus prevent the chronic conditions associated with menopause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale C Leitman
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cvoro A, Yuan C, Paruthiyil S, Miller OH, Yamamoto KR, Leitman DC. Cross talk between glucocorticoid and estrogen receptors occurs at a subset of proinflammatory genes. J Immunol 2011; 186:4354-60. [PMID: 21357268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids exert potent anti-inflammatory effects by repressing proinflammatory genes. We previously demonstrated that estrogens repress numerous proinflammatory genes in U2OS cells. The objective of this study was to determine if cross talk occurs between the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and estrogen receptor (ER)α. The effects of dexamethasone (Dex) and estradiol on 23 proinflammatory genes were examined in human U2OS cells stably transfected with ERα or GR. Three classes of genes were regulated by ERα and/or GR. Thirteen genes were repressed by both estradiol and Dex (ER/GR-repressed genes). Five genes were repressed by ER (ER-only repressed genes), and another five genes were repressed by GR (GR-only repressed genes). To examine if cross talk occurs between ER and GR at ER/GR-repressed genes, U2OS-GR cells were infected with an adenovirus that expresses ERα. The ER antagonist, ICI 182780 (ICI), blocked Dex repression of ER/GR-repressed genes. ICI did not have any effect on the GR-only repressed genes or genes activated by Dex. These results demonstrate that ICI acts on subset of proinflammatory genes in the presence of ERα but not on GR-activated genes. ICI recruited ERα to the IL-8 promoter but did not prevent Dex recruitment of GR. ICI antagonized Dex repression of the TNF response element by blocking the recruitment of nuclear coactivator 2. These findings indicate that the ICI-ERα complex blocks Dex-mediated repression by interfering with nuclear coactivator 2 recruitment to GR. Our results suggest that it might be possible to exploit ER and GR cross talk for glucocorticoid therapies using drugs that interact with ERs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Cvoro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leitman DC, Paruthiyil S, Vivar OI, Saunier EF, Herber CB, Cohen I, Tagliaferri M, Speed TP. Regulation of specific target genes and biological responses by estrogen receptor subtype agonists. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2010; 10:629-36. [PMID: 20951642 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic effects are mediated through two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes, ERα and ERβ. Estrogens are the most commonly prescribed drugs to treat menopausal conditions, but by non-selectively triggering both ERα and ERβ pathways in different tissues they can cause serious adverse effects. The different sizes of the binding pockets and sequences of their activation function domains indicate that ERα and ERβ should have different specificities for ligands and biological responses that can be exploited for designing safer and more selective estrogens. ERα and ERβ regulate different genes by binding to different regulatory elements and recruiting different transcription and chromatin remodeling factors that are expressed in a cell-specific manner. ERα-selective and ERβ-selective agonists have been identified that demonstrate that the two ERs produce distinct biological effects. ERα and ERβ agonists are a promising new approach for treating specific conditions associated with menopause.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale C Leitman
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Levy N, Paruthiyil S, Zhao X, Vivar OI, Saunier EF, Griffin C, Tagliaferri M, Cohen I, Speed TP, Leitman DC. Unliganded estrogen receptor-beta regulation of genes is inhibited by tamoxifen. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 315:201-7. [PMID: 19744542 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen can stimulate the growth of some breast tumors and others can become resistant to tamoxifen. We previously showed that unliganded ERbeta inhibits ERalpha-mediated proliferation of MCF-7 cells. We investigated if tamoxifen might have a potential negative effect on some breast cancer cells by blocking the effects of unliganded ERbeta on gene regulation. Gene expression profiles demonstrated that unliganded ERbeta upregulated 196 genes in MCF-7 cells. Tamoxifen significantly inhibited 73 of these genes by greater than 30%, including several growth-inhibitory genes. To explore the mechanism whereby unliganded ERbeta activates genes and how tamoxifen blocks this effect, we used doxycycline-inducible U2OS-ERbeta cells to produce unliganded ERbeta. Doxycycline produced a dose-dependent activation of the NKG2E, MSMB and TUB3A genes, which was abolished by tamoxifen. Unliganded ERbeta recruitment of SRC-2 to the NKG2E gene was blocked by tamoxifen. Our findings suggest that tamoxifen might exert a negative effect on ERbeta expressing tumors due to its antagonistic action on unliganded ERbeta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Levy
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive , University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Paruthiyil S, Cvoro A, Zhao X, Wu Z, Sui Y, Staub RE, Baggett S, Herber CB, Griffin C, Tagliaferri M, Harris HA, Cohen I, Bjeldanes LF, Speed TP, Schaufele F, Leitman DC. Drug and cell type-specific regulation of genes with different classes of estrogen receptor beta-selective agonists. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6271. [PMID: 19609440 PMCID: PMC2707612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens produce biological effects by interacting with two estrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ. Drugs that selectively target ERα or ERβ might be safer for conditions that have been traditionally treated with non-selective estrogens. Several synthetic and natural ERβ-selective compounds have been identified. One class of ERβ-selective agonists is represented by ERB-041 (WAY-202041) which binds to ERβ much greater than ERα. A second class of ERβ-selective agonists derived from plants include MF101, nyasol and liquiritigenin that bind similarly to both ERs, but only activate transcription with ERβ. Diarylpropionitrile represents a third class of ERβ-selective compounds because its selectivity is due to a combination of greater binding to ERβ and transcriptional activity. However, it is unclear if these three classes of ERβ-selective compounds produce similar biological activities. The goals of these studies were to determine the relative ERβ selectivity and pattern of gene expression of these three classes of ERβ-selective compounds compared to estradiol (E2), which is a non-selective ER agonist. U2OS cells stably transfected with ERα or ERβ were treated with E2 or the ERβ-selective compounds for 6 h. Microarray data demonstrated that ERB-041, MF101 and liquiritigenin were the most ERβ-selective agonists compared to estradiol, followed by nyasol and then diarylpropionitrile. FRET analysis showed that all compounds induced a similar conformation of ERβ, which is consistent with the finding that most genes regulated by the ERβ-selective compounds were similar to each other and E2. However, there were some classes of genes differentially regulated by the ERβ agonists and E2. Two ERβ-selective compounds, MF101 and liquiritigenin had cell type-specific effects as they regulated different genes in HeLa, Caco-2 and Ishikawa cell lines expressing ERβ. Our gene profiling studies demonstrate that while most of the genes were commonly regulated by ERβ-selective agonists and E2, there were some genes regulated that were distinct from each other and E2, suggesting that different ERβ-selective agonists might produce distinct biological and clinical effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasan Paruthiyil
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aleksandra Cvoro
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyue Zhao
- Bionovo Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Zhijin Wu
- Center for Statistical Sciences & Department of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Yunxia Sui
- Center for Statistical Sciences & Department of Community Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | | | - Scott Baggett
- Bionovo Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Candice B. Herber
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Chandi Griffin
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Heather A. Harris
- Women's Health and Musculoskeletal Biology, Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Isaac Cohen
- Bionovo Inc., Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Leonard F. Bjeldanes
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Terence P. Speed
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America; and Division of Bioinformatics, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fred Schaufele
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Dale C. Leitman
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Blackman BE, Yoshida H, Paruthiyil S, Weiner RI. Frequency of intrinsic pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion is regulated by the expression of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels in GT1 cells. Endocrinology 2007; 148:3299-306. [PMID: 17395696 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of endogenous GnRH neurons and the GT1 GnRH neuronal cell line release GnRH in pulses (intrinsic pulsatile release) with an interpulse frequency similar to that seen in castrated animals. In both GT1 cells and transgenic rats, lowering cAMP levels by expression of a phosphodiesterase decreased the frequency of intrinsic GnRH pulsatility. We asked whether the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation (CNG) channels expressed in GT1 cells participated in cAMP modulation of intrinsic GnRH pulsatility. Because expression of the CNGA2 subunit is essential for formation of functional CNG channels, we developed an adenovirus (Ad) vector expressing a short interference RNA (siRNA) to the CNGA2 subunit (Ad-CNG-siRNA) or as an infection control, to the coding region of luciferase (Ad-Luc-siRNA). Infection with the Ad-CNG-siRNA of COS cells transfected with a CNGA2 expression vector significantly inhibited CNGA2 protein levels by 74% by Western blot. Infection of GT1-1 cells with Ad-CNG-siRNA resulted in a 68% decrease in the levels of CNGA2 mRNA, a 44% decrease in protein levels, and a clear decrease in immunostaining with an antibody to CNGA2. Infection of GT1-1 cells with Ad-CNG-siRNA decreased spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations compared with Ad-Luc-siRNA-infected or uninfected cells by 71%. Furthermore infection with Ad-CNG-siRNA resulted in a 2-fold increase in the interpulse interval in GnRH secretion (49.4+/-9.1 min) compared with uninfected cells (25.9+/-2.5 min) or Ad-Luc-siRNA (29.3+/-2.8 min)-infected cells. These data provide the first direct evidence that the CNG channel is a downstream signaling molecule in the regulation of the frequency of intrinsic GnRH pulsatility by cAMP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B E Blackman
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSW1475, Box 0556, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94913, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cvoro A, Paruthiyil S, Jones JO, Tzagarakis-Foster C, Clegg NJ, Tatomer D, Medina RT, Tagliaferri M, Schaufele F, Scanlan TS, Diamond MI, Cohen I, Leitman DC. Selective activation of estrogen receptor-beta transcriptional pathways by an herbal extract. Endocrinology 2007; 148:538-47. [PMID: 17095596 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel estrogenic therapies are needed that ameliorate menopausal symptoms and have the bone-sparing effects of endogenous estrogens but do not promote breast or uterine cancer. Recent evidence suggests that selective activation of the estrogen receptor (ER)-beta subtype inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation. To establish whether ERbeta-selective ligands represent a viable approach to improve hormone therapy, we investigated whether the estrogenic activities present in an herbal extract, MF101, used to treat hot flashes, are ERbeta selective. MF101 promoted ERbeta, but not ERalpha, activation of an estrogen response element upstream of the luciferase reporter gene. MF101 also selectively regulates transcription of endogenous genes through ERbeta. The ERbeta selectivity was not due to differential binding because MF101 binds equally to ERalpha and ERbeta. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer and protease digestion studies showed that MF101 produces a different conformation in ERalpha from ERbeta when compared with the conformations produced by estradiol. The specific conformational change induced by MF101 allows ERbeta to bind to an estrogen response element and recruit coregulatory proteins that are required for gene activation. MF101 did not activate the ERalpha-regulated proliferative genes, c-myc and cyclin D1, or stimulate MCF-7 breast cancer cell proliferation or tumor formation in a mouse xenograft model. Our results demonstrate that herbal ERbeta-selective estrogens may be a safer alternative for hormone therapy than estrogens that nonselectively activate both ER subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Cvoro
- University of California, San Francisco, MS 1258, P.O. Box 0556, San Francisco, California 94143-0556, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cvoro A, Tzagarakis-Foster C, Tatomer D, Paruthiyil S, Fox MS, Leitman DC. Distinct roles of unliganded and liganded estrogen receptors in transcriptional repression. Mol Cell 2006; 21:555-64. [PMID: 16483936 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Revised: 05/12/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The decline in estrogen levels during menopause is associated with increased cytokine production and inflammatory diseases. Estrogens exert anti-inflammatory effects by repressing cytokine genes, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). The mechanisms involved in transcriptional repression by estrogens are virtually unknown. Here, we used chromatin immunoprecipitation to investigate how estrogens repress the autoinduction of the TNFalpha gene. TNFalpha assembled a transcriptional activation complex at the TNFalpha promoter that includes c-jun, p50-NFkappaB, p65-NFkappaB, CBP, Hsp90, and unliganded estrogen receptor (ER). Estradiol repressed TNFalpha gene expression by reversing the ligand-independent activation by ERalpha and the stimulatory actions of c-jun, NFkappaB, and CBP on transcription. Silencing of GRIP1 reversed the repression of TNFalpha and other cytokine genes by estradiol, demonstrating that GRIP1 is required for transcriptional repression and can act as a corepressor. Our study demonstrates that ERalpha is a TNFalpha-induced coactivator that becomes a repressor in the presence of estradiol by recruiting GRIP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Cvoro
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Clegg NJ, Paruthiyil S, Leitman DC, Scanlan TS. Differential response of estrogen receptor subtypes to 1,3-diarylindene and 2,3-diarylindene ligands. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5989-6003. [PMID: 16162002 DOI: 10.1021/jm050226i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) control transcription of genes important for normal human development and reproduction. The signaling networks are complex, and there is a need for a molecular level understanding of the roles of receptor subtypes ERalpha and ERbeta in normal physiology and as therapeutic targets. We synthesized two series of ER ligands, based on a common indene scaffold, in an attempt to develop compounds that can selectively modulate ER-mediated transcription. The 3-ethyl-1,2-diarylindenes, utilizing an amide linker for the 1-aryl extension, bind weakly to the ERs. The 2,3-diarylindenes bind with high affinity to the ER subtypes and demonstrate a range of different biological activities, both in transcriptional reporter gene assays and inhibition of estradiol-stimulated proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Several ligands differentiate between ERalpha and ERbeta subtypes at an estrogen response element (ERE), displaying various levels of partial to full agonist activity at ERalpha, while antagonizing estradiol action at ERbeta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Clegg
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tsai PS, Moenter SM, Postigo HR, El Majdoubi M, Pak TR, Gill JC, Paruthiyil S, Werner S, Weiner RI. Targeted expression of a dominant-negative fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons reduces FGF responsiveness and the size of GnRH neuronal population. Mol Endocrinol 2004; 19:225-36. [PMID: 15459253 DOI: 10.1210/me.2004-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are neurotrophic in GnRH neurons. However, the extent to which FGFs are involved in establishing a functional GnRH system in the whole organism has not been investigated. In this study, transgenic mice with the expression of a dominant-negative FGF receptor mutant (FGFRm) targeted to GnRH neurons were generated to examine the consequence of disrupted FGF signaling on the formation of the GnRH system. To first test the effectiveness of this strategy, GT1 cells, a GnRH neuronal cell line, were stably transfected with FGFRm. The transfected cells showed attenuated neurite outgrowth, diminished FGF-2 responsiveness in a cell survival assay, and blunted activation of the signaling pathway in response to FGF-2. Transgenic mice expressing FGFRm in a GnRH neuron-specific manner exhibited a 30% reduction in GnRH neuron number, but the anatomical distribution of GnRH neurons was unaltered. Although these mice were initially fertile, they displayed several reproductive defects, including delayed puberty, reduced litter size, and early reproductive senescence. Overall, our results are the first to show, at the level of the organism, that FGFs are one of the important components involved in the formation and maintenance of the GnRH system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-San Tsai
- Department of Integrative Physiology and the Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 114 Clare Small, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0354, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Paruthiyil S, Parmar H, Kerekatte V, Cunha GR, Firestone GL, Leitman DC. Estrogen receptor beta inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor formation by causing a G2 cell cycle arrest. Cancer Res 2004; 64:423-8. [PMID: 14729654 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-2446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies indicate that estrogen receptor (ER) alpha mediates breast cancer-promoting effects of estrogens. The role of ERbeta in breast cancer is unknown. Elucidating the role of ERbeta in the pathogenesis of breast cancer is important because many human breast tumors express both ERalpha and ERbeta. We show that adenovirus-mediated expression of ERbeta changes the phenotype of ERalpha-positive MCF-7 cells. Estradiol increases cell proliferation and causes tumor formation of MCF-7 cells expressing only ERalpha. In contrast, introducing ERbeta into MCF-7 cells causes an inhibition of proliferation in vitro and prevents tumor formation in a mouse xenograft model in response to estradiol. ERbeta inhibits proliferation by repressing c-myc, cyclin D1, and cyclin A gene transcription, and increasing the expression of p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1), which leads to a G(2) cell cycle arrest. These results demonstrate that ERalpha and ERbeta produce opposite effects in MCF-7 cells on cell proliferation and tumor formation. Natural or synthetic ERbeta-selective estrogens may lack breast cancer promoting properties exhibited by estrogens in hormone replacement regimens and may be useful for chemoprevention of breast cancer.
Collapse
|
19
|
Paruthiyil S, Parmar H, Kerekatte V, Cunha GR, Firestone GL, Leitman DC. Estrogen receptor beta inhibits human breast cancer cell proliferation and tumor formation by causing a G2 cell cycle arrest. Cancer Res 2004. [PMID: 14729654 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 892] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies indicate that estrogen receptor (ER) alpha mediates breast cancer-promoting effects of estrogens. The role of ERbeta in breast cancer is unknown. Elucidating the role of ERbeta in the pathogenesis of breast cancer is important because many human breast tumors express both ERalpha and ERbeta. We show that adenovirus-mediated expression of ERbeta changes the phenotype of ERalpha-positive MCF-7 cells. Estradiol increases cell proliferation and causes tumor formation of MCF-7 cells expressing only ERalpha. In contrast, introducing ERbeta into MCF-7 cells causes an inhibition of proliferation in vitro and prevents tumor formation in a mouse xenograft model in response to estradiol. ERbeta inhibits proliferation by repressing c-myc, cyclin D1, and cyclin A gene transcription, and increasing the expression of p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1), which leads to a G(2) cell cycle arrest. These results demonstrate that ERalpha and ERbeta produce opposite effects in MCF-7 cells on cell proliferation and tumor formation. Natural or synthetic ERbeta-selective estrogens may lack breast cancer promoting properties exhibited by estrogens in hormone replacement regimens and may be useful for chemoprevention of breast cancer.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yoshida H, Paruthiyil S, Butler P, Weiner RI. Role of cAMP signaling in the mediation of dopamine-induced stimulation of GnRH secretion via D1 dopamine receptors in GT1-7 cells. Neuroendocrinology 2004; 80:2-10. [PMID: 15340247 DOI: 10.1159/000080519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacologically increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in GT1 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cell lines increased the secretion of GnRH. Dopamine (DA) increased the GnRH secretion in GT1 cells via a DA receptor positively coupled to adenylate cyclase. We then asked whether inhibition of the DA-induced increase in cAMP would block the stimulatory effect of DA on GnRH release. Expression of the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE4D1) was used in a genetic approach to inhibit the DA-induced increase in cAMP levels. Cells were infected with an adenovirus vector (Ad) expressing PDE4D1 (PDE-Ad) or, for controls, with an empty Ad (Null-Ad). Infection with the PDE-Ad completely blocked the forskolin-induced stimulation of GnRH secretion and [Ca2+]i and decreased the majority of the release of cAMP into the culture medium. In contrast, although PDE-Ad infection blocked virtually all of the DA-induced increase in extracellular cAMP, the release of GnRH and the increase in [Ca2+]i were only delayed for approximately 15 min. GT1 cells express the D1 DA receptor which is positively coupled to adenylate cyclase but not the D5 DA receptor. These data suggest that the initial phase of the DA-induced secretion of GnRH is dependent on an increase in cAMP levels. However, it appears that an additional non-cAMP-regulated signaling pathway is involved in the stimulation of GnRH release via the D1 DA receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
El Majdoubi M, Paruthiyil S, Weiner RI. Pulsatile luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretion and gonadotropin subunit mRNA levels in the ovariectomized GPR-4 transgenic rat. Neuroendocrinology 2003; 78:287-93. [PMID: 14688441 DOI: 10.1159/000074881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic targeting of the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase 4D1 (PDE4D1) to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the GPR-4 transgenic rat resulted in decreased luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency in castrated female and male rats. A similar decrease in the intrinsic GnRH pulse frequency was observed in GT1 GnRH cells expressing the PDE4D1 phosphodiesterase. We have extended these findings in ovariectomized (OVX) GPR-4 rats by asking what effect transgene expression had on pulsatile LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion, plasma and pituitary levels of LH and FSH, and levels of the alpha-glycoprotein hormone subunit (alpha-GSU), LH-beta and FSH-beta subunit mRNAs. In OVX GPR-4 rats the LH pulse frequency but not pulse amplitude was decreased by 50% compared to wild-type littermate controls. Assaying the same samples for FSH, the FSH pulse frequency and amplitude were unchanged. The plasma and anterior pituitary levels of LH in the GPR-4 rats were significantly decreased by approximately 45%, while the plasma but not anterior pituitary level of FSH was significantly decreased by 25%. As measured by real-time RT-PCR, the mRNA levels for the alpha-GSU in the GPR-4 rats were significantly decreased by 41%, the LH-beta subunit by 38% and the FSH-beta subunit by 28%. We conclude that in the castrated female GPR-4 rats the decreased GnRH pulse frequency results in decreased levels of LH and FSH and in the alpha- and beta-subunit mRNA levels.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4
- Female
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/blood
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/genetics
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone, beta Subunit/metabolism
- Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics
- Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit/blood
- Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit/genetics
- Luteinizing Hormone, beta Subunit/metabolism
- Male
- Ovariectomy
- Pulsatile Flow
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed El Majdoubi
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Paruthiyil S, eL Majdoubi M, Conti M, Weiner RI. Phosphodiesterase expression targeted to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons inhibits luteinizing hormone pulses in transgenic rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:17191-6. [PMID: 12482943 PMCID: PMC139291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.012678999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments in the GT1 gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cell line have shown that the cAMP signaling pathway plays a central role in regulating the excitability of the cells. Lowering cAMP levels by expressing the constitutively active cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D1 in GT1 cells inhibited spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations and intrinsic pulsatile GnRH secretion. To address the role of cAMP levels in endogenous GnRH neurons, we genetically targeted expression of PDE4D1 (P) to GnRH neurons in transgenic rats (R) by using the GnRH gene promoterenhancer regions (G). Three lines of transgenic rats, GPR-2, -4, and -5, were established. In situ hybridization and RT-PCR studies demonstrated that transgene expression was specifically targeted to GnRH neurons. Decreased fertility was observed in female but not in male rats from all three lines. The mean luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in ovariectomized rats were significantly reduced in the GPR-4 and -5 lines but not in the GPR-2 line. In castrated male and female GPR-4 rats, the LH pulse frequency was dramatically reduced. Six of twelve GPR-4 females studied did not ovulate and had polycystic ovaries. The remaining six females ovulated, but the magnitude of the preovulatory LH surge was inhibited by 63%. These findings support the hypothesis that cAMP signaling may play a central role in regulating excitability of GnRH neurons in vivo. The GPR-4 line of transgenic rats provides a genetic model for the understanding of the role of pulsatile gonadotropin release in follicular development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasan Paruthiyil
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vitalis EA, Costantin JL, Tsai PS, Sakakibara H, Paruthiyil S, Iiri T, Martini JF, Taga M, Choi AL, Charles AC, Weiner RI. Role of the cAMP signaling pathway in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in GT1 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:1861-6. [PMID: 10677547 PMCID: PMC26527 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.040545197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/1999] [Accepted: 12/14/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the signaling pathways coupling gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion to elevations in cAMP levels in the GT1 GnRH-secreting neuronal cell line. We hypothesized that increased cAMP could be acting directly by means of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channels or indirectly by means of activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). We showed that GT1 cells express the three CNG subunits present in olfactory neurons (CNG2, -4.3, and -5) and exhibit functional cAMP-gated cation channels. Activation of PKA does not appear to be necessary for the stimulation of GnRH release by increased levels of cAMP. In fact, pharmacological inhibition of PKA activity caused an increase in the basal secretion of GnRH. Consistent with this observation activation PKA inhibited adenylyl cyclase activity, presumably by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase V expressed in the cells. Therefore, the stimulation of GnRH release by elevations in cAMP appears to be the result of depolarization of the neurons initiated by increased cation conductance by cAMP-gated cation channels. Activation of PKA may constitute a negative-feedback mechanisms for lowering cAMP levels. We hypothesize that these mechanisms could result in oscillations in cAMP levels, providing a biochemical basis for timing the pulsatile release of GnRH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Vitalis
- Reproductive Sciences Center, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0556, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|