1
|
Kim HJ, Jung YS, Jung YJ, Kim OH, Oh BC. High-Phytate Diets Increase Amyloid β Deposition and Apoptotic Neuronal Cell Death in a Rat Model. Nutrients 2021; 13:4370. [PMID: 34959925 PMCID: PMC8709321 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the hippocampus is an essential event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Insoluble Aβ is formed through the sequential proteolytic hydrolysis of the Aβ precursor protein, which is cleaved by proteolytic secretases. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms of Aβ accumulation remain elusive. Here, we report that rats fed high-phytate diets showed Aβ accumulation and increased apoptotic neuronal cell death in the hippocampus through the activation of the amyloidogenic pathway in the hippocampus. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed that the overexpression of BACE1 β-secretase, a critical enzyme for Aβ generation, exacerbated the hippocampal Aβ accumulation in rats fed high-phytate diets. Moreover, we identified that parathyroid hormone, a physiological hormone responding to the phytate-mediated dysregulation of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, plays an essential role in the transcriptional activation of the Aβ precursor protein and BACE1 through the vitamin D receptor and retinoid X receptor axis. Thus, our findings suggest that phytate-mediated dysregulation of calcium and phosphate is a substantial risk factor for elevated Aβ accumulation and apoptotic neuronal cell death in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 406-840, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Yun-Shin Jung
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 406-840, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Yun-Jae Jung
- Department of Microbiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 406-840, Korea;
| | - Ok-Hee Kim
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 406-840, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Department of Physiology, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon 406-840, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-S.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi Y, Liu R, Guo Y, Li Q, Zhou H, Yu S, Liang H, Li Z. An Updated Mendelian Randomization Analysis of the Association Between Serum Calcium Levels and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Genet 2021; 12:731391. [PMID: 34567081 PMCID: PMC8457382 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.731391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been a long time that the relationship between serum calcium levels and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains unclear. Until recently, observational studies have evaluated the association between serum calcium levels and the risk of AD, however, reported inconsistent findings. Meanwhile, a Mendelian randomization (MR) study had been conducted to test the causal association between serum calcium levels and AD risk, however, only selected 6 serum calcium SNPs as the instrumental variables. Hence, these findings should be further verified using additional more genetic variants and large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset to increase the statistical power. Here, we conduct an updated MR analysis of the causal association between serum calcium levels and the risk of AD using a two-stage design. In discovery stage, we conducted a MR analysis using 14 SNPs from serum calcium GWAS dataset (N = 61,079), and AD GWAS dataset (N = 63,926, 21,982 cases, 41,944 cognitively normal controls). All four MR methods including IVW, weighted median, MR-Egger, and MR-PRESSO showed a reduced trend of AD risk with the increased serum calcium levels. In the replication stage, we performed a MR analysis using 166 SNPs from serum calcium GWAS dataset (N = 305,349), and AD GWAS dataset (N = 63,926, 21,982 cases, 41,944 cognitively normal controls). Only the weighted median indicated that genetically increased serum calcium level was associated with the reduced risk of AD. Hence, additional studies are required to investigate these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Shi
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ruifei Liu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Guo
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Qiwei Li
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Haichun Zhou
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shaolei Yu
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Hua Liang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Zeguang Li
- First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sato K, Mano T, Ihara R, Suzuki K, Tomita N, Arai H, Ishii K, Senda M, Ito K, Ikeuchi T, Kuwano R, Matsuda H, Iwatsubo T, Toda T, Iwata A. Lower Serum Calcium as a Potentially Associated Factor for Conversion of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Early Alzheimer's Disease in the Japanese Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:777-788. [PMID: 30814351 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effect of serum calcium level to the incidence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) conversion to early Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE To investigate association between baseline serum calcium and the MCI conversion in the Japanese Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (J-ADNI) study cohort. METHODS In this sub-analysis of J-ADNI study, we reviewed data from MCI participants at baseline regarding their conversion to early AD during the 3 years of observation period and assessed the associated factors including serum calcium level. In addition, we compared our results from the J-ADNI study with the corresponding results from the North American (NA)-ADNI. RESULTS Of 234 eligible MCI participants from the J-ADNI cohort, 121 (51.7%) converted to AD during the first 36 months of observation. Using univariate analysis, being female, having shorter years of education, and lower serum calcium level were correlated with increased risk of MCI-to-AD conversion exclusively in J-ADNI cohort. The lower corrected serum calcium level remained as one of conversion-associated factors in the J-ADNI cohort even after adjustment for multiple confounding variables, although this was not observed in the NA-ADNI cohort. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that lower serum calcium may be associated with an increased risk of MCI conversion to AD in Japanese cohorts. The reason for this correlation remains unclear and further external validation using other Asian cohorts is needed. It would be interesting for future AD studies to obtain serum calcium levels and other related factors, such as vitamin D levels, culture-specific dietary or medication information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Sato
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Mano
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Ihara
- Unit for Early and Exploratory Clinical Development, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Suzuki
- Unit for Early and Exploratory Clinical Development, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Tomita
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Division of Brain Science, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer (IDAC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Senda
- Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kengo Ito
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- National Center for Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Unit for Early and Exploratory Clinical Development, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Iwata
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
He Y, Zhang H, Wang T, Han Z, Ni QB, Wang K, Wang L, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Jin S, Sun BL, Liu G. Impact of Serum Calcium Levels on Alzheimer's Disease: A Mendelian Randomization Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 76:713-724. [PMID: 32538835 DOI: 10.3233/jad-191249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered calcium homeostasis is hypothesized to underlie Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unclear whether serum calcium levels are genetically associated with AD risk. OBJECTIVE To develop effective therapies, we should establish the causal link between serum calcium levels and AD. METHODS Here, we performed a Mendelian randomization study to investigate the causal association of increased serum calcium levels with AD risk using the genetic variants from a large-scale serum calcium genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset (61,079 individuals of European descent) and a large-scale AD GWAS dataset (54,162 individuals including 17,008 AD cases and 37,154 controls of European descent). Here, we selected the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) as the main analysis method. Meanwhile, we selected other three sensitivity analysis methods to examine the robustness of the IVW estimate. RESULTS IVW analysis showed that the increased serum calcium level (per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase 0.5 mg/dL) was significantly associated with a reduced AD risk (OR = 0.57, 95% CI 0.35-0.95, p = 0.031). Meanwhile, all the estimates from other sensitivity analysis methods were consistent with the IVW estimate in terms of direction and magnitude. CONCLUSION In summary, we provided evidence that increased serum calcium levels could reduce the risk of AD. Meanwhile, randomized controlled study should be conducted to clarify whether diet calcium intake or calcium supplement, or both could reduce the risk of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yating He
- Department of Neurology and Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haihua Zhang
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifa Han
- School of Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, THU-PKU Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Bin Ni
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Postdoctoral Workstation, Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Longcai Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yang Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shuilin Jin
- Department of Mathematics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Bao-Liang Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital; Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong; Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Guiyou Liu
- Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Internet Medical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ashraf A, Stosnach H, Parkes HG, Hye A, Powell J, So PW. Pattern of Altered Plasma Elemental Phosphorus, Calcium, Zinc, and Iron in Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3147. [PMID: 30816126 PMCID: PMC6395674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal/mineral dyshomeostasis has been implicated in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim of the study was to investigate the difference in absolute and percentage levels of plasma phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, copper, selenium in cognitively normal (CN) and AD subjects. Total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy was used to detect plasma metals/minerals in CN and AD subjects (n = 44 per group). TXRF detected significantly increased plasma levels of phosphorus (p = 1.33 × 10−12) and calcium (p = 0.025) in AD compared to CN subjects, with higher phosphorus/calcium (p = 2.55 × 10−14) ratio in the former. Percentage concentrations calculated for phosphorus, calcium, iron, zinc, copper, selenium by dividing the concentration of each element by the total concentration of these elements and multiplying by 100%, demonstrated phosphorus was higher in AD compared to CN subjects, while calcium, iron, zinc, copper and selenium were lower in AD subjects, with area under the curves as high as 0.937 (p = 6 × 10−5) computed from receiver operating curves. With exclusion of high levels of phosphorus and calcium from percentage calculations, iron levels remained low in AD whereas zinc was higher in AD, and copper and selenium levels were similar. We demonstrate altered distribution of elements in the plasma of AD subjects with high interdependencies between elemental levels and propose the potential of TXRF measurements for disease monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azhaar Ashraf
- King's College London, Department of Neuroimaging, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | | | - Harold G Parkes
- Institute of Cancer Research, 123, Brompton Road, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Abdul Hye
- King's College London, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, SE5 8AF, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - John Powell
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Po-Wah So
- King's College London, Department of Neuroimaging, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
A novel tacrine-dihydropyridine hybrid (-)SCR1693 induces tau dephosphorylation and inhibits Aβ generation in cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 754:134-9. [PMID: 25732864 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AChE inhibitors are the first choice for the treatment of Alzheimer׳s disease (AD), but they could only delay the progression of cognitive and behavioral dysfunction, and fail to reverse neuronal damage. Calcium channel blockers have been identified to have protective effect on neurons. Thus, therapy targeting both AChE and calcium channels is supposed to be more effective in AD treatment. In the present study, we explored the effect of a synthesized juxtaposition of an AChE inhibitor and a Calcium channel blocker (named (-)SCR1693) on tau phosphophorylation and Aβ generation. The results showed that: (1) Compared with higher concentrations, (-)SCR1693 incubation in low concentrations such as 0.4, 2, 4μM for 24h did not affect the cell viability of HEK293/tau (HEK293 cells stably transfected with human tau40) and N2a/APP (N2a cells stably transfected with human APP) cells; (2) long-term treatment of cells with (-)SCR1693 (0.4, 2, 5μM) (24h) induced tau dephosphorylation and reduced the total tau level in HEK293/tau cells. Short-term treatment (6h) also resulted in tau dephosphorylation, but did not reduce the total tau level; and (3) (-)SCR1693 (0.4, 2, 4μM) incubation inhibited Aβ generation and release dramatically in N2a/APP cells. We conclude that the novel tacrine-dihydropyridine hybrid (-)SCR1693 in low concentrations could reduce total and phosphorylated tau levels, inhibit the generation and release of Aβ in cells. Thus, (-)SCR1693 may be a potential candidate for effectively treating AD.
Collapse
|
7
|
Lopes da Silva S, Vellas B, Elemans S, Luchsinger J, Kamphuis P, Yaffe K, Sijben J, Groenendijk M, Stijnen T. Plasma nutrient status of patients with Alzheimer's disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Alzheimers Dement 2013; 10:485-502. [PMID: 24144963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) patients are at risk of nutritional insufficiencies because of physiological and psychological factors. Nutritional compounds are postulated to play a role in the pathophysiological processes that are affected in AD. We here provide the first systematic review and meta-analysis that compares plasma levels of micronutrients and fatty acids in AD patients to those in cognitively intact elderly controls. A secondary objective was to explore the presence of different plasma nutrient levels between AD and control populations that did not differ in measures of protein/energy nourishment. METHODS We screened literature published after 1990 in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, and Embase electronic databases using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for AD patients, controls, micronutrient, vitamins, and fatty acids, resulting in 3397 publications, of which 80 met all inclusion criteria. Status of protein/energy malnutrition was assessed by body mass index, mini nutritional assessment score, or plasma albumin. Meta-analysis, with correction for differences in mean age between AD patients and controls, was performed when more than five publications were retrieved for a specific nutrient. RESULTS We identified five or more studies for folate, vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, copper, iron, and zinc but fewer than five studies for vitamins B1 and B6, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, calcium, magnesium, manganese, and selenium (the results of the individual publications are discussed). Meta-analysis showed significantly lower plasma levels of folate and vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin C, and vitamin E (P < .001), whereas nonsignificantly lower levels of zinc (P = .050) and vitamin D (P = .075) were found in AD patients. No significant differences were observed for plasma levels of copper and iron. A meta-analysis that was limited to studies reporting no differences in protein/energy malnourishment between AD and control populations yielded similar significantly lower plasma levels of folate and vitamin B12, vitamin C, and vitamin E in AD. CONCLUSIONS The lower plasma nutrient levels indicate that patients with AD have impaired systemic availability of several nutrients. This difference appears to be unrelated to the classic malnourishment that is well known to be common in AD, suggesting that compromised micronutrient status may precede protein and energy malnutrition. Contributing factors might be AD-related alterations in feeding behavior and intake, nutrient absorption, alterations in metabolism, and increased utilization of nutrients for AD pathology-related processes. Given the potential role of nutrients in the pathophysiological processes of AD, the utility of nutrition may currently be underappreciated and offer potential in AD management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Lopes da Silva
- Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gerontopole and UMR INSERM 1027 University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Saskia Elemans
- Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - José Luchsinger
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick Kamphuis
- Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Sijben
- Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Martine Groenendijk
- Nutricia Advanced Medical Nutrition, Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Stijnen
- Department of Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Siritapetawee J, Pattanasiriwisawa W, Sirithepthawee U. Trace element analysis of hairs in patients with dementia. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2010; 17:268-272. [PMID: 20157282 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049509055319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The trace elements of scalp hair samples from > or =60-year-old dementia patients and normal persons have been studied by X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) in fluorescent mode and wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Comparisons of hair trace element levels of age-matched dementia patients and normal persons revealed significantly elevated amounts of calcium, chlorine and phosphorus in dementia patients relative to normal persons. The results of XANES measurements identify the chemical forms of deposited calcium and phosphorus in the hair samples of both dementia patients and normal persons to be calcium chloride (CaCl(2)) and phosphate (PO(4)(3-)), respectively. The amount of sulfur in hairs of dementia patients was found to be not significantly different from that in normal persons. The sulfur K-edge XANES spectra, however, show significantly higher accumulations of sulfur in the sulfate (SO(4)(2-)) form in hairs of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia patients. This study presents the possible roles of calcium, chlorine, phosphorus and sulfur in the etiology of dementia in elderly patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaruwan Siritapetawee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Warinchamrap, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
The physical chemistry of brain and neural cell membranes: an overview. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:681-7. [PMID: 20094775 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of cell membranes through the physical-chemical interaction of two hydrophilic colloidal fluids is applied to the formation of the membranes of brain and neural cells. Also described is the membrane mechanism of transfer of ions and compounds necessary for brain and neural cell functions into the cerebrospinal fluid through the blood-brain barrier. Changes in the cerebrospinal fluid giving rise to degradation of brain and neural cells and the formation of precipitates within the brain are considered. Monitoring of electrolyte changes in metabolic fluids is shown to be a possible method of predicting the onset of degenerate brain conditions.
Collapse
|
10
|
Brewer LD, Porter NM, Kerr DS, Landfield PW, Thibault O. Chronic 1α,25-(OH)2vitamin D3 treatment reduces Ca2+-mediated hippocampal biomarkers of aging. Cell Calcium 2006; 40:277-86. [PMID: 16780945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2006.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging in the hippocampus of several species is characterized by alterations in multiple Ca(2+)-mediated processes, including an increase in L-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel (L-VGCC) current, an enhanced Ca(2+)-dependent slow afterhyperpolarization (AHP), impaired synaptic plasticity and elevated Ca(2+) transients. Previously, we found that 1alpha,25-dihydoxyvitamin D(3) (1,25VitD), a major Ca(2+) regulating hormone, down-regulates L-VGCC expression in cultured hippocampal neurons. Here, we tested whether in vivo treatment of aged F344 rats with 1,25VitD would reverse some of the Ca(2+) -mediated biomarkers of aging seen in hippocampal CA1 neurons. As previously reported, L-VGCC currents and the AHP were larger in aged than in young neurons. Treatment with 1,25VitD over 7 days decreased L-VGCC activity in aged rats, as well as the age-related increase in AHP amplitude and duration. In addition, reduced L-VGCC activity was correlated with reduced AHPs in the same animals. These data provide direct evidence that 1,25VitD can regulate multiple Ca(2+)-dependent processes in neurons, with particular impact on reducing age-related changes associated with Ca(2+) dysregulation. Thus, these results may have therapeutic implications and suggest that 1,25VitD, often taken to maintain bone health, may also retard some consequences of brain aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, 800 Rose Street, MS-310, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, 40536-0298, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pathophysiology: biochemistry of Parkinson's disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2005. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9780511544873.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
12
|
Yasar S, Corrada M, Brookmeyer R, Kawas C. Calcium channel blockers and risk of AD: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Neurobiol Aging 2005; 26:157-63. [PMID: 15582745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2003] [Revised: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/30/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between use of calcium channel blockers (CCB), dihydropyridine (DHP) or nondihydropyridine (nonDHP) type CCB and risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease (AD) or mortality. There is evidence suggesting that calcium plays a key role in changes in the brain leading to AD. Previous reports suggest a possible role for CCB in the treatment of AD. However, there are some indications that CCB increase mortality in patients with cardiac disease. METHODS Subjects were 1092 participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) older than 60 years of age. Data on CCB use was collected prospectively for up to 19 years. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and confidence intervals (CI) of AD and mortality associated with use of CCB or use of only DHP or nonDHP-CCB. Analyses were adjusted for gender, education, smoking, blood pressure and history of heart problems. RESULTS Use of DHP-CCB was not associated with a significantly reduced risk of AD compared to non-users, although the estimate of the RR was low with DHP-CCB (RR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.07-1.25, P = 0.10). Use of nonDHP-CCB was not associated with reduced risk of AD and the estimate of the RR risk was close to one (RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.37-1.83, P = 0.63). In addition, there was no increase in mortality among users of DHP-CCB (RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.32-1.29, P = 0.21) or nonDHP-CCB (RR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.65-1.87, P = 0.72). CONCLUSION Users of DHP-CCB and nonDHP-CCB in this study did not have a significantly reduced risk of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yasar
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 5505 Hopkins Bayview Circle, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Foley P, Riederer P. Pathogenesis and preclinical course of Parkinson's disease. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 1999; 56:31-74. [PMID: 10370902 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6360-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic parkinsonism (IP) is defined by its classic symptomology, its responsiveness to therapies which elevate dopamine levels, and by the failure to identify a specific etiological factor. The progressive and irreversible degeneration of dopaminergic neurons projecting from the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) to the striatum and the presence of SNc Lewy bodies are regarded as the essential pathological bases of IP, but neither the initiator(s) nor the nature of the degeneration have been determined, nor its relationship with degenerative changes in other parts of the IP brain. This paper discusses the various hypotheses that have been proposed to explain these phenomena, arguing that IP be regarded as a multisystem disorder, both at the level of individual neurons and at the whole brain level. It is probable that IP is the result of a multifactorial process, and that a cascade of interacting and overlapping biochemical mechanisms determine the course of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Foley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Landfield PW, Cadwallader-Neal L. Long-term treatment with calcitriol (1,25(OH)2 vit D3) retards a biomarker of hippocampal aging in rats. Neurobiol Aging 1998; 19:469-77. [PMID: 9880049 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-4580(98)00079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on a literature implicating altered calcium homeostasis in brain aging and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and evidence of decreased vitamin D action in AD subjects, the possibility was tested that calcitriol (1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3), the active form of vitamin D3, might reduce markers of brain aging in rats. Animals were treated 5x weekly for prolonged periods (6-12 months) with either calcitriol in doses sufficient to elevate serum calcium and phosphate (20 ng/rat), calcitonin (1.5 IU/rat) or vehicle, in three separate long-term experiments on aging rats. New stereological methods (physical disector) of cell counting were used to evaluate neuronal density, a reliable biomarker of hippocampal aging in rats. In two experiments utilizing Brown-Norway x F344 hybrid rats (BN x F344), 8 months and 12 months of chronic treatment with calcitriol resulted in a higher density of CA1 neurons in the middle regions of the hippocampus, compared to vehicle or calcitonin treatment. However, one study with aging F344 rats was terminated early because of extensive strain-specific pathology and no effect of calcitriol on neuronal density was observed. These studies suggest that, under some conditions, hormonal treatments that regulate calcium homeostasis can modulate markers of brain aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P W Landfield
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington 40536, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Glinn M, Ni B, Paul SM. Inorganic phosphate enhances phosphonucleotide concentrations in cultured fetal rat cortical neurons. Brain Res 1997; 757:85-92. [PMID: 9200502 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our laboratory has recently characterized saturable Na(+)-dependent P(i) import into cultured fetal rat cortical neurons and shown that a substantial fraction of the P(i) so accumulated is incorporated into ATP. We now report that the ATP, NADPH and intracellular free P(i) ([P(i)]i) concentrations of cultured fetal rat cortical neurons are dependent on the extracellular P(i) concentration ([P(i)]e). [ATP], [NADPH] and [P(i)]i display a hyperbolic dependence upon [P(i)]e, being significantly increased after incubation with [P(i)]e of > or = 10 microM, and maximal at > or = 500 microM. Increases in both [ATP] and [NADPH] are abolished in the absence of glucose. In the absence of extracellular P(i), both [ATP] and [P(i)]i decline over time. Our data suggest that in cultured fetal rat cortical neurons [P(i)]e has a direct effect on glucose utilization, stimulating both ATP and NADPH synthesis via glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Glinn
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gerlach M, Riederer P, Youdim MB. Neuroprotective therapeutic strategies. Comparison of experimental and clinical results. Biochem Pharmacol 1995; 50:1-16. [PMID: 7605334 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)00051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Gerlach
- Department of Clinical Neurochemistry, University Psychiatric Clinic, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- Z S Khachaturian
- Neuroscience and Neuropsychology of Aging Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Buxbaum JD, Ruefli AA, Parker CA, Cypess AM, Greengard P. Calcium regulates processing of the Alzheimer amyloid protein precursor in a protein kinase C-independent manner. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:4489-93. [PMID: 8183935 PMCID: PMC43811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.10.4489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Various first messengers linked to phospholipase C, including acetylcholine and interleukin 1, regulate the production both of the secreted form of the amyloid protein precursor (APP) and of amyloid beta-protein. We have now identified intracellular signals which are responsible for mediating these effects. We show that activation of phospholipase C may affect APP processing by either of two pathways, one involving an increase in protein kinase C and the other an increase in cytoplasmic calcium levels. The effects of calcium on APP processing appear to be independent of protein kinase C activation. The observed effects of calcium on APP processing may be of therapeutic utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Buxbaum
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Prasad Sen A, Boksa P, Quirion R. Brain calcium channel related dihydropyridine and phenylalkylamine binding sites in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Brain Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90505-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Landfield PW, Thibault O, Mazzanti ML, Porter NM, Kerr DS. Mechanisms of neuronal death in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease: role of endocrine-mediated calcium dyshomeostasis. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1992; 23:1247-60. [PMID: 1469387 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480230914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews evidence that brain aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are somehow closely related and that the hippocampus (CA1) is highly vulnerable to cell loss under both conditions. In addition, two current lines of evidence on the mechanisms of hippocampal cell loss with aging are considered, including studies of neuronal calcium dysregulation and studies of cumulative glucocorticoid (GC) neurotoxicity. Moreover, recent electrophysiological studies have shown that excess glucocorticoid activation of hippocampal neurons increases the influx of calcium through voltage-activated calcium channels. Second messenger systems may mediate the steroid modulation of calcium channels. Therefore, it is hypothesized that excess glucocorticoid activation and neuronal calcium dysregulation may be two phases of a single process that increases the susceptibility of neurons to neurodegeneration during aging and Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P W Landfield
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington 40536-0084
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|