1
|
Determinants of quality, specificity, and stability of emotional episodic memories in a fine-dining context. Int J Gastron Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
2
|
Pettersson D, Bergquist M, Hagsand AV. Police Decision-Making in the Absence of Evidence-Based Guidelines: Assessment of Alcohol-Intoxicated Eyewitnesses. Front Psychol 2022; 13:761956. [PMID: 35185717 PMCID: PMC8850937 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.761956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regarding police procedures with alcohol-intoxicated witnesses, Swedish police officers have previously reported inconsistent and subjective decisions when interviewing these potentially vulnerable witnesses. Most officers have also highlighted the need for national policy guidelines aiding in conducting investigative interviews with intoxicated witnesses. The aims of the two studies presented here were to investigate whether (1) police officers' inconsistent interview decisions are attributable to a lack of research-based knowledge; (2) their decision to interview, as well as their perceptions of the witnesses' credibility could be influenced by scientific research; and (3) police officers decision-making and perceptions of witness credibility are biased by pre-existing social norms. In two separate randomized online experiments, police professionals and recruits (Study 1, N = 43; Study 2, N = 214) watched a recorded fictive witness interview to which they were asked to rate the probability of interviewing the witness, the witness' credibility, and to estimate the witness' level of intoxication. Results showed that interview probability and perceived witness credibility were affected by witness intoxication level. While it cannot be stated definitely from the present research, these findings provided indications that police officers and recruits lacked research-based knowledge. Results also showed that interview probability, but not perceptions of credibility, was influenced by a research-based message. In line with research, interview probability for the most intoxicated witness increased after reading the message. Unexpectedly, neither interview probability nor witness credibility was affected by social norms. The current findings added to the legal psychology literature by showing that a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) as low as .04% was enough for police officers and recruits to consider intoxicated witnesses less credible than sober witnesses. Findings also indicated that, despite the lower credibility assessment, police may have some understanding that these witnesses can be interviewed at low intoxication levels (i.e., around .04%). However, this willingness to interview intoxicated witnesses ceased at a BrAC lower than the levels where research has found intoxicated witnesses as reliable as sober witnesses (i.e., BrAC < .10%). Future directions for research and policy development as well as theoretical and practical implications of the present findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pettersson
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bergquist
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Crossland D, Kneller W, Wilcock R. Improving intoxicated witness recall with the Enhanced Cognitive Interview. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2213-2230. [PMID: 32382783 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Witnesses and victims typically provide the central leads in police investigations, yet statistics from past research indicates in many instances these individuals are intoxicated. OBJECTIVES To date, however, no research has looked at how best to interview such witnesses to maximise the amount of accurate information they recall. METHODS In the present research, whilst on a night out, participants watched a videoed theft whilst either sober or moderately (MBAC = 0.05%) or severely (MBAC = 0.14%) intoxicated. A week later, in a different location, participants were interviewed using either the Enhanced Cognitive (ECI) or Structured Interview. RESULTS The ECI was found to improve the recall accuracy and completeness of witness accounts across all three drinking conditions. However, no significant interaction was indicated between alcohol and interview condition. CONCLUSIONS The study findings are discussed in terms of their real-world value in aiding police officers to elicit as complete and as accurate an account as possible from intoxicated witnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Crossland
- Department of Psychology, The University of Winchester, Sparkford Road, Winchester, Hampshire, SO22 4NR, UK.
| | - Wendy Kneller
- Department of Psychology, The University of Winchester, Sparkford Road, Winchester, Hampshire, SO22 4NR, UK
| | - Rachel Wilcock
- Department of Psychology, The University of Winchester, Sparkford Road, Winchester, Hampshire, SO22 4NR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Maylor EA, Long HR, Newstead RA. Differential effects of alcohol on associative versus item memory. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah R. Long
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Warwick Coventry UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crossland D, Kneller W, Wilcock R. Intoxicated Witnesses: Testing the Validity of the Alcohol Myopia Theory. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
6
|
Flowe HD, Takarangi MKT, Humphries JE, Wright DS. Alcohol and remembering a hypothetical sexual assault: Can people who were under the influence of alcohol during the event provide accurate testimony? Memory 2015; 24:1042-61. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2015.1064536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
7
|
Nemeth VL, Kurgyis E, Csifcsak G, Maraz A, Almasi DA, Drotos G, Szikszay P, Ando B, Janka Z, Must A. The impact of intermediate-term alcohol abstinence on memory retrieval and suppression. Front Psychol 2014; 5:1396. [PMID: 25520692 PMCID: PMC4251290 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The nature of episodic memory deficit in intermediate-term abstinence from alcohol in alcohol dependence (AD) is not yet clarified. Deficits in inhibitory control are commonly reported in substance use disorders. However, much less is known about cognitive control suppressing interference from memory. The Think/No-think (TNT) paradigm is a well established method to investigate inhibition of associative memory retrieval. Methods: Thirty-six unmedicated patients with AD and 36 healthy controls (HCs) performed the TNT task. Thirty image–word pairs were trained up to a predefined accuracy level. Cued recall was examined in three conditions: Think (T) for items instructed to-be-remembered, No-think (NT) assessing the ability to suppress retrieval and Baseline (B) for general relational memory. Premorbid IQ, clinical variables and impulsivity measures were quantified. Results: AD patients had a significantly increased demand for training. Baseline memory abilities and effect of practice on retrieval were not markedly different between the groups. We found a significant main effect of group (HC vs. AD) × condition (B, T, and NT) and a significant difference in mean NT–B scores for the two groups. Discussion: AD and HC groups did not differ essentially in their baseline memory abilities. Also, the instruction to focus on retrieval improved episodic memory performance in both groups. Crucially, control participants were able to suppress relational words in the NT condition supporting the critical effect of cognitive control processes over inhibition of retrieval. In contrast to this, the ability of AD patients to suppress retrieval was found to be impaired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Viola L Nemeth
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kurgyis
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gabor Csifcsak
- Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Maraz
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Denes A Almasi
- Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Drotos
- Neuroimaging Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petronella Szikszay
- Addiction Rehabilitation Center Based on the Minnesota Model, Hospital of Szigetvar Szigetvar, Hungary
| | - Balint Ando
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Janka
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Must
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bisby JA, Brewin CR, Leitz JR, Valerie Curran H. Acute effects of alcohol on the development of intrusive memories. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 204:655-66. [PMID: 19247636 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-009-1496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterised by repeated intrusive imagery of the traumatic event. Despite alcohol's impairing effect on memory and frequent involvement in real-life trauma, virtually nothing is known of the interaction between alcohol and trauma memory. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the acute alcohol effects on spontaneous memories following a trauma film as well as explicit memory for the film. METHODS Utilising an independent-group double-blind design, 48 healthy volunteers were randomly allocated to receive alcohol of 0.4 or 0.8 g/kg or a matched placebo drink. A stressful film was viewed post-drink. Skin conductance was monitored throughout and mood and dissociative symptoms were indexed. Volunteers recorded their spontaneous memories of the film daily in an online diary over the following week. Their explicit memory for both gist and details of the film was tested on day 7. RESULTS Intriguingly, an inverted 'U' alcohol dose-response was observed on intrusive memories with a low dose of alcohol increasing memory intrusions while a high dose decreased intrusions. In contrast, explicit memory performance after 7 days showed a linear dose-response effect of alcohol with both recall and recognition decreasing as dose increased. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight a striking differential pattern of alcohol's effects on spontaneous memories as compared with explicit memories. Alcohol's effect on spontaneous memories may reflect a dose-dependent impairment of two separate memory systems integral to the processing of different aspects of a traumatic event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Bisby
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Breitmeier D, Seeland-Schulze I, Hecker H, Schneider U. The influence of blood alcohol concentrations of around 0.03% on neuropsychological functions--a double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation. Addict Biol 2007; 12:183-9. [PMID: 17508991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2007.00056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is a general agreement that blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of about 0.05% result in impairment of the ability to drive. This fact has been supported by means of experiments. In addition, there are only a few studies to date investigating low BACs. The present study aims to investigate the extent and quality of cognitive changes in low BACs of around 0.03%. Sixteen healthy male subjects were examined in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. During the trials the BAC was regulated to about 0.03%. As part of the study a record was made of the general level of intelligence, subjective impairments, possible depressive symptoms, general ability to perform, vigilance, divided attention, response times and performance of memory. Statistical analysis took place using the two-period crossover design. Verbal intelligence, general performance, vigilance (optical stimuli), divided attention, vigilance towards acoustic stimuli and the general response time to acoustic and visual-acoustic sequential stimuli, and memory were not impaired significantly by a BAC of around 0.03%. The total response and motor response time to optical stimuli as well as decision time about sequential optical stimuli were, however, significantly changed for BACs of around 0.03%. In conclusion, the present results show that already in BACs of around 0.03%, particular cognitive functions which rely on perception and processing of visual information, are significantly impaired. This was evident in the more complex and urgent tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Breitmeier
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Söderlund H, Grady CL, Easdon C, Tulving E. Acute effects of alcohol on neural correlates of episodic memory encoding. Neuroimage 2006; 35:928-39. [PMID: 17303439 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that alcohol impairs episodic memory encoding, it is unknown how this occurs on a cerebral level. We scanned intoxicated and sober individuals with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they encoded various materials that were recalled the following day. Alcohol impaired memory for object pairs and face-name pairs, but not for words and phrase-word pairs. Impaired performance was associated with reduced bilateral prefrontal activation and non-specific activation of the parahippocampal gyrus. These results suggest that alcohol impairs episodic memory by interfering with activity of regions involved in encoding, and further indicate which regions are critical for human memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedvig Söderlund
- The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M6A 2E1.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Garfinkel SN, Dienes Z, Duka T. The effect of alcohol and repetition at encoding on implicit and explicit false memories. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 188:498-508. [PMID: 16902771 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0480-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alcohol impairs explicit memory, whilst leaving implicit memory relatively intact. Less is known about its effects on false memories. AIM The present study examines the effects of alcohol on explicit and implicit false memories using study list repetition as a tool for modulating learning at encoding. METHODS Thirty-two participants were given either an alcohol (0.6 g/kg) or placebo beverage before undergoing an encoding phase consisting of 10 lists of nine associated words (veridical items). Each list was associated to a word, which was not presented at encoding (semantically associated non-studied lure; critical item), serving as the measure for false memory. Half of the lists were presented once, and half were repeated three times. The next day, participants underwent an implicit (stem completion and post hoc awareness measurements), and an explicit (free recall) task. RESULTS Alcohol decreased veridical and false explicit memory for singularly presented lists compared to placebo; no group difference existed for repeated lists. Implicit veridical memory was not affected by alcohol. Awareness memory measures demonstrated in placebo participants an increased ability with repetition in rejecting false memories. The reverse was found in intoxicated participants who with repetition accepted more false memories. CONCLUSION Alcohol appears to decrease semantic activation leading to a decline in false memories. Increased learning with repetition, which increases the rejection of false memories under placebo, is reversed under alcohol leading to a decrease in rejection of false memories. The latter effect of alcohol may be due to its ability to impair monitoring processes established at encoding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S N Garfinkel
- Department of Psychology School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ray S, Bates ME. Acute alcohol effects on repetition priming and word recognition memory with equivalent memory cues. Brain Cogn 2006; 60:118-27. [PMID: 16377048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2005.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 06/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute alcohol intoxication effects on memory were examined using a recollection-based word recognition memory task and a repetition priming task of memory for the same information without explicit reference to the study context. Memory cues were equivalent across tasks; encoding was manipulated by varying the frequency of occurrence (FOC) of words in the study lists. Twenty-two female and male social drinkers (age 21-24 years) completed equivalent versions of the memory tasks in two counterbalanced sessions (alcohol challenge, no-alcohol). Alcohol and the FOC manipulation affected recollection-based memory processing, but not repetition priming. Results supported alcohol's dissociative effects on memory systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suchismita Ray
- Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, 08854, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Söderlund H, Parker ES, Schwartz BL, Tulving E. Memory encoding and retrieval on the ascending and descending limbs of the blood alcohol concentration curve. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 182:305-17. [PMID: 16160875 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Little is known about acute effects of alcohol on memory encoding and retrieval on different limbs (ascending and descending) of the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) curve. OBJECTIVES This extensive experiment was designed to examine alcohol's effects on memory encoding and retrieval throughout a protracted drinking episode. METHODS In a 9-h session, male participants consumed either alcohol (1 ml/kg) or placebo (n = 32/32) over a period of 90 min and learned various materials in different memory tasks before, during, and after consuming the drinks, while their BAC levels were monitored. A week later, in a similar session, they were tested on learned materials before, during, and after drinking. Mood was assessed throughout both sessions. RESULTS Alcohol impaired recall of words more than recognition, and cued recall most severely. Perceptual priming and picture recognition were not affected by alcohol. Alcohol impaired encoding in cued recall, recognition of completed word fragments, and free recall regardless of limb, but impaired retrieval in word recognition only during the ascending BAC. Alcohol increased negative mood on the descending limb during the first session, and on the ascending limb during the second session. CONCLUSIONS Under naturalistic drinking conditions, alcohol's effects on memory depend on task, memory process, and limb of the BAC curve. The differential effects of alcohol on retrieval during the ascending and descending limbs demonstrate the importance of examining the differential effects on the two limbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedvig Söderlund
- The Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, Toronto, ON, M6A 2E1, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moulton PL, Petros TV, Apostal KJ, Park RV, Ronning EA, King BM, Penland JG. Alcohol-induced impairment and enhancement of memory: A test of the interference theory. Physiol Behav 2005; 85:240-5. [PMID: 15907955 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2003] [Revised: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have found cognitive deficits related to alcohol consumption. However, few studies have studied cognitive performance when alcohol was administered after the to-be-remembered information was presented with memory testing occurring when participants are once again sober. The present study examined effects of alcohol on cognitive performance using a prose recall task during acute intoxication and a post-trial recall task for prose passages that had been presented before intoxication. Fifty-one men were given either 2.0 g/kg of 100 proof (50% absolute ethanol) vodka or a placebo. In the present study, evidence was found of acute alcohol impairment in prose memory, along with alcohol facilitation of memory on a post-trial task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Moulton
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 501 North Columbia, P.O. Box 9037, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Prediger RDS, Batista LC, Miyoshi E, Takahashi RN. Facilitation of short-term social memory by ethanol in rats is mediated by dopaminergic receptors. Behav Brain Res 2004; 153:149-57. [PMID: 15219716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2003] [Revised: 11/19/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ethanol is a drug that has apparently opposite effects on memory processes depending on when it is given relative to the task, as well as the nature of the task under study. Recently, we demonstrated that acute low doses of ethanol (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg, i.p.) improve the short-term social memory in rats in a specific and time-dependent manner, and that this action is, at least in part, related to opioid, but not to muscarinic receptors. In the present study, we evaluated whether this positive effect of ethanol on the short-term memory of rats is related to a reducing impact of interference during the task through two different procedures: the introduction of an unfamiliar juvenile rat or the placing of the adult rat in the open field during the inter-exposure interval. The actions of reserpine (0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg, s.c.), haloperidol (0.05 and 0.2 mg/kg, i.p.), the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride (20.0 and 50.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and the D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (0.01 and 0.03 mg/kg, s.c.) and their interaction with ethanol (1.0 g/kg, i.p.) in relation to short-term memory were also studied. The administration of ethanol (1.0 g/kg, i.p.), immediately after the end of the first presentation, did not reduce the effect on social memory of the introduction of an unfamiliar juvenile or placing the adult rat in the open field during the inter-exposure interval. The facilitatory effect of ethanol on social memory was inhibited by the pretreatment with reserpine and it was antagonized by the administration of haloperidol or sulpiride, but not by SCH 23390. These results indicate that the facilitation of short-term social memory by ethanol is not related to a reduction in the deleterious impact of interference and that this action of ethanol is mediated, at least in part, by D2 receptors, but not by D1 dopaminergic receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui D S Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rua Ferreira Lima 82, 88015-420 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Falleti MG, Maruff P, Collie A, Darby DG, McStephen M. Qualitative similarities in cognitive impairment associated with 24 h of sustained wakefulness and a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05%. J Sleep Res 2004; 12:265-74. [PMID: 14633237 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2003.00363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies that have quantified fatigue-related cognitive impairment as blood alcohol concentration (BAC) equivalents have been limited by two issues: the effect of practice on tests of cognition and, more importantly, the statistic used to quantify change in cognitive performance. The current study addressed these issues by adopting an ABACA design, which allowed for the adequate control of practice effects, and by using effect size metrics, which enabled direct comparisons to be made in performance impairments as a result of fatigue (i.e. sustained wakefulness of 24 h) and alcohol (i.e. BAC of 0.05%). Cognitive performance under the fatigue and alcohol conditions required the use of the CogState battery. It was demonstrated that fatigue caused greater impairment than alcohol on the speed of continuous attention and memory and learning, and on the accuracy of complex matching. Alcohol was more detrimental than fatigue only on the accuracy of memory and learning. Performances on the remaining tasks were the same for both the fatigue and alcohol conditions. These differences and similarities in performance impairment are discussed emphasizing the deleterious cognitive effects of relatively short periods of sustained wakefulness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Falleti
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora Centre for Neuroscience, Carlton South, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Silvers JM, Tokunaga S, Berry RB, White AM, Matthews DB. Impairments in spatial learning and memory: ethanol, allopregnanolone, and the hippocampus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 43:275-84. [PMID: 14629930 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute ethanol administration impairs performance in many cognitive tasks that are dependent on hippocampal function. For example, acute ethanol administration produces dose-dependent impairments in spatial learning. Ethanol also decreases the spatial specificity of hippocampal place cells. Such findings raise the possibility that ethanol affects learning and memory by altering, either directly or indirectly, neuronal activity in the hippocampus and related structures. Acute ethanol administration induces a dose- and time-dependent increase in brain concentration of the neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone. Allopregnanolone is a potent GABAA receptor agonist and produces effects similar to the effects produced by ethanol. Blockade of de novo biosynthesis of allopregnanolone alters many of ethanol's effects including ethanol-induced suppression of spontaneous activity in medial septum/diagonal band of Broca neurons and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. These findings suggest that ethanol-induced increases in allopregnanolone levels might play a central role in the effects of acute ethanol on cognitive processing and hippocampal function. The impact of ethanol on spatial cognitive processing and hippocampal function will be reviewed. In addition, the possibility that ethanol-induced changes in neuroactive steroid levels contribute to the impact of ethanol on spatial learning and hippocampal function will be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janelle M Silvers
- Department of Psychology, Campus Box 526400, The University of Memphis, Memphis TN 38152, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prediger RDS, Takahashi RN. Ethanol improves short-term social memory in rats. Involvement of opioid and muscarinic receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 462:115-23. [PMID: 12591103 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)01300-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Some human and animal studies have demonstrated enhancement of memory processes when ethanol was administered immediately after training and subjects were later tested in the drug-free state. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute ethanol administration (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) and oral route on short-term memory, using the social recognition test in rats. The actions of scopolamine (0.06 and 0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and naloxone (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and their interaction with ethanol in relation to short-term memory were also studied. The doses of ethanol used did not show any sedative effect, which was assessed by measuring locomotor activity. The results indicate that acute low doses of ethanol (0.5 and 1.0 g/kg, i.p.) improve the short-term olfactory memory in rats in a specific and time-dependent manner, and that this action is, at least in part, related to opioid, but not to muscarinic receptors. In addition, these findings confirm that the social recognition test in rats is a useful and reliable model to investigate short-term memory affected by ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui D S Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Rua Ferreira Lima 82, 88015-420 Florianópolis SC, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that ethanol exerts effects on learning and memory by altering cellular activity in the hippocampus and related structures. However, little is actually known regarding ethanol's effects on hippocampal function in awake, freely-behaving animals. The present study examines the effects of ethanol on hippocampal place-cell and interneuron activity in freely-behaving rats. Signals from individual hippocampal neurons were isolated while subjects traversed a symmetric Y-maze for food reward. Following 15 min of baseline recording, subjects were injected with one of four doses of ethanol (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg), and cellular activity was monitored for a 1-h time period. Following sufficient time for recovery (minimum of 3 h post injection), cellular activity was monitored for an additional 15-min period. Both 1.0 and 1.5 g/kg ethanol potently suppressed the firing of hippocampal place-cells without altering place-field locations. Ethanol did not significantly suppress out-of-field firing rates, leading to a decrease in spatial specificity (i.e. the ratio of in-field/out-of-field firing rates). Interneuron activity was not altered by 1.0 g/kg ethanol, but was occasionally suppressed by 1.5 g/kg ethanol. Results are interpreted in light of recent behavioral and electrophysiological studies examining the effects of ethanol on hippocampal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M White
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
For well over a century, ethanol was believed to exert its effects on cognition and behavior by producing a ubiquitous depression of central nervous system activity. A general disruption in brain function was consistent with the belief that ethanol's effects on cognition and behavior were also quite general. Substantial evidence now indicates that ethanol produces a host of selective effects on neural activity, resulting in regional differences in ethanol's effects in the brain. Consistent with such evidence, recent research suggests that ethanol's effects on cognition and behavior are not as global as previously assumed. The present paper discusses evidence that many of ethanol's effects on learning and memory stem from altered cellular activity in the hippocampus and related structures. Potential mechanisms for ethanol's disruption of hippocampal function are reviewed. Evidence suggests that ethanol disrupts activity in the hippocampus by interacting directly with hippocampal neurons and by interacting with critical hippocampal afferents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M White
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
White AM, Elek TM, Beltz TL, Best PJ. Spatial Performance Is More Sensitive to Ethanol Than Nonspatial Performance Regardless of Cue Proximity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb05922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
22
|
Giancola PR, Moss HB. Executive cognitive functioning in alcohol use disorders. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ALCOHOLISM : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL SOCIETY ON ALCOHOLISM, THE RESEARCH SOCIETY ON ALCOHOLISM, AND THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON ALCOHOLISM 1998; 14:227-51. [PMID: 9751948 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47148-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Executive cognitive functioning (ECF) has been identified as an important determinant in the etiology of alcoholism. ECF represents a "higher-order" cognitive construct involved in the self-regulation of goal-directed behavior. The prefrontal cortex and its subcortical connections represent the primary neurological substrate that subserves ECF. Both alcoholics and individuals at high risk for alcoholism exhibit a mild dysfunction in ECF. However, this deficit appears to be significantly stronger in alcoholics with a comorbid diagnosis of an antisocial personality disorder. Individuals with other disorders that are also highly comorbid with alcoholism, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder, also demonstrate deficits in ECF. As such, compromised ECF may not be specific to alcoholism, but instead, might be a potential underlying etiologic substrate for a number of disorders of behavioral excess-disinhibition. Subsequent to reviewing the literature implicating ECF deficits in alcoholism and comorbid disorders, the authors present a heuristic cognitive-neurobehavioral model of alcoholism implicating the frontostriatal system. Finally, recommendations for the prevention and treatment of alcoholism, based on this model, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P R Giancola
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Armstrong HA, McKelvie SJ. Effect of face context on recognition memory for voices. THE JOURNAL OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 1996; 123:259-70. [PMID: 8953236 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.1996.9921278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Participants heard 10 voices and were given a 2-alternative recognition-memory test. Accuracy was higher when testing was intentional rather than incidental and when faces accompanying the original voices were re-presented during the test. Some support was found for an attention-allocation model, which predicted poorest performance with incidental testing and faces not reinstated. Reported confidence was higher for correct than for incorrect decisions, but more confident participants were not more accurate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Armstrong
- Department of Psychology, Bishop's University, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen WJ, Spear LP, Spear NE. Enhancement of sensory preconditioning by a moderate dose of ethanol in infant and juvenile rats. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1992; 57:44-57. [PMID: 1567333 DOI: 10.1016/0163-1047(92)90746-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known regarding the effects of acute ethanol on learning and memory among infant and juvenile rats. Two experiments were designed to evaluate the influence of various doses of ethanol administration on sensory preconditioning and primary conditioning in preweanling (16-day-old) and postweanling (28-day-old) rats. Moderate doses of ethanol facilitated conditioning at both ages. In the absence of ethanol, sensory preconditioning was not statistically significant among postweanlings in Experiment 1, although the phenomenon was clear and robust among preweanlings. Sensory preconditioning was facilitated by administration of doses of 0.8 and 1.2 g/kg ethanol in preweanlings and a dose of 1.6 g/kg ethanol in postweanlings, whereas sensory preconditioning was impaired in preweanlings by a high dose (2.4 g/kg) of ethanol. This reflected a shift to the right, between the preweaning and the postweaning periods, in the dose-response curve. It was determined in Experiment 2 that the effect of ethanol on sensory preconditioning could not be explained by stimulus generalization or an effect of ethanol on first-order conditioning, confirming the effect of ethanol on learning of the odor-odor association in the preexposure phase. The basis for a dose-dependent biphasic effect of ethanol on sensory preconditioning is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W J Chen
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Binghamton 13902
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lamberty GJ, Beckwith BE, Petros TV, Ross AR. Posttrial treatment with ethanol enhances recall of prose narratives. Physiol Behav 1990; 48:653-8. [PMID: 2082365 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90206-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A small number of studies have examined the effects of postlearning alcohol intoxication on memory for various materials. In contrast to most research examining the effects of alcohol on human memory, these studies demonstrated a facilitation of memory for information learned prior to intoxication. The present study was designed to examine the effects of alcohol on memory for two different kinds of materials. Standard word lists and narrative prose passages were employed to obtain a more detailed picture of the effects of posttrial intoxication with alcohol on memory. Intoxication with alcohol did not affect subject's ability to recall simple word lists. However, recall of prose passages was facilitated to a statistically significant degree. Results are discussed within the context of a current theory of retrograde facilitation of memory via various drugs/substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Lamberty
- Psychology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks 58202
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jubis RM. Effects of alcohol and white noise on recall of relevant and irrelevant task components. Percept Mot Skills 1990; 71:691-702. [PMID: 2251101 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1990.71.2.691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of arousal, induced by alcohol and white noise, on the free recall of intentionally learned words and incidentally learned word-locations, in the presence or absence of word-order cues. The Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List, a self-report measure of arousal showed that noise affected the tension dimension of arousal, whereas the moderate alcohol dose primarily affected the energy dimension of arousal. That the low dose exerted an arousing effect was evidenced by an increase in tension but only when combined with noise. When word-order was randomized over trials, noise improved word-recall and counteracted the deleterious effect of the moderate alcohol dose. When order remained fixed, however, the moderate dose impaired recall, and at that dose recall was worse under noise. Location-recall was impaired by the moderate dose, and it was superior when word-order remained fixed. It was concluded that recall was influenced by arousal mechanisms and that perceived task demand and consequent effort were possible factors contributing to the obtained effects.
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The effects of ethanol on a conditional object identification task were investigated using an operant analog of Signal Detection Analysis. Water and three doses of ethanol (0.40, 0.75 and 1.5 g/kg) were orally administered on three separate occasions to three adult squirrel monkeys. Significant discrimination impairment as a function of increasing ethanol dose was observed. At the 1.5 g/kg dose, impairment extended to nonspecific effects, with subjects ceasing to respond early into the session. Subsequent signal detection analyses revealed that the reduction in performance resulted from losses in discriminability. Response bias was found to change unpredictably and independently of ethanol administration. Reaction time measures also showed no changes except a moderate, nonsignificant, facilitation in speed at the lowest (0.40 g/kg) dose. Taken together, these data suggest that ethanol acts to impair complex, or cognitive, performance by disrupting current sources of stimulus control within the range of doses tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K F Melia
- Alcohol Research Center, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Haut JS, Beckwith BE, Petros TV, Russell S. Gender differences in retrieval from long-term memory following acute intoxication with ethanol. Physiol Behav 1989; 45:1161-5. [PMID: 2813540 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(89)90103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of ethanol on retrieval from long-term memory by using a set of cognitive decision tasks. Male and female subjects were administered either 0.0 or 1.0 milliliter of ethanol per kilogram of body weight, and then asked to make physical, lexical, and semantic decisions about pairs of words. In general, intoxicated subjects responded significantly slower than sober subjects on all decision types. In addition, female subjects demonstrated greater performance deficits than males when intoxicated. The results suggested that the reduction in speed was not due to a simple slowing of motor responses. Rather the ethanol induced memory deficits may result from the slowing of cognitive operations that impair the efficiency of working memory. Several reasons were proposed for the observed difference in reaction to intoxication between male and female subjects, including neuroendocrine processes and cognitive differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Haut
- Psychology Department, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks 58202
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Maylor EA, Rabbitt PM. Effects of practice and alcohol on performance of a perceptual-motor task. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. A, HUMAN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 1987; 39:777-95. [PMID: 3432595 DOI: 10.1080/14640748708401813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Practice may modify the effects of alcohol on perceptual-motor performance in at least three different ways: (1) alcohol may affect learning—that is, the rate at which performance of a skill improves with practice; (2) alcohol may have a greater effect on performance when the skill is unfamiliar than when it is practised; and (3) practice with alcohol may allow adaptation to its effects. These were investigated using a simple computer game in which subjects attempted to destroy a tank by pressing a key to release a bomb from a plane horizontally traversing the screen above it. The results demonstrated that (1) performance improved with practice; (2) with alcohol (0.8 mg/kg body weight), subjects were more variable and less accurate; (3) improvement with alcohol was greater than without alcohol, but as performance was impaired by alcohol, there was greater scope for improvement; (4) those who practised with alcohol still improved when switched to no alcohol late in practice; and (5) alcohol had the same effect early and late in practice. It is therefore concluded that there is no evidence to support any of the three suggestions outlined above.
Collapse
|
30
|
Lister RG, Eckardt MJ, Weingartner H. Ethanol Intoxication and Memory. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ALCOHOLISM 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1684-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
31
|
Ettenberg A, Camp CH. Haloperidol induces a partial reinforcement extinction effect in rats: implications for a dopamine involvement in food reward. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986; 25:813-21. [PMID: 3786340 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(86)90392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The hypothesis that dopamine antagonist drugs attenuate the reinforcing properties of food was investigated in hungry rats trained to traverse a straight runway for food reward. Testing consisted of a single trial per day during which latencies to leave the start box and to traverse the alley were recorded. In each experiment, a reinforcement phase lasting 30 consecutive days was immediately followed by a 21 day extinction phase. The runway responses of animals that experienced intermittent food reward during the reinforcement phase of the experiments, was later found to be more resistant to extinction than those of continuously reinforced animals. This "partial reinforcement extinction effect" (PREE) was also observed in animals that experienced periodic reductions in the quantity, but not quality, of food reward. Intermittent pretreatment with 0.15 mg/kg of haloperidol during the reinforcement phase produced a PREE that was indistinguishable from that produced by reward omission on those same trials. Control groups for motor debilitation and for non-associative drug effects did not demonstrate a PREE. These results are consistent with the view that central dopamine substrates play a role in the neural basis of food reward.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of acute alcoholic intoxication on prose memory. Intoxicated and sober subjects listened to six narrative passages at different presentation rates. Immediately after listening to a tape-recorded version of each story, subjects orally recalled it. The results demonstrated that sober subjects recalled more than intoxicated subjects, but subjects from both groups favored the main ideas in their recalls. However, at the fastest presentation rate, intoxicated subjects showed some diminished sensitivity to the semantic structure of prose. It was suggested that alcohol induced deficits in prose memory may result from a general slowing in the rate with which text is encoded into working memory.
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Abstract
A qualitative description of the amnesia produced by the benzodiazepines in man is presented. The benzodiazepines exert their greatest effects in tests of long-term episodic memory in which they cause a dose-related impairment in the acquisition of new information, do not appear to affect retention and may facilitate retrieval. Benzodiazepines do not appear to impair semantic memory or the acquisition of skills. Although state-dependent learning may be observed with benzodiazepine treatment it is a small effect and cannot account for most of the observed impairments. The amnesia appears to be characteristic of all benzodiazepines and may be related to the sedative action of these compounds but evidence on the latter point is inconclusive. The importance of the amnesic action in a population of clinically anxious outpatients taking benzodiazepines over an extended period remains to be investigated. The benzodiazepines may provide the cognitive psychologist with a useful tool to investigate the mechanisms of normal memory.
Collapse
|
35
|
Parker ES, Parker DA, Brody JA. The impact of fathers' drinking on cognitive loss among social drinkers. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ALCOHOLISM : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL SOCIETY ON ALCOHOLISM, THE RESEARCH SOCIETY ON ALCOHOLISM, AND THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON ALCOHOLISM 1985; 3:227-40. [PMID: 3883445 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7715-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This chapter examines cognitive loss in social drinkers. The question of concern is whether the relationship between increased levels of alcohol consumption and reduced sober cognitive performance is misspecified. In particular, does reduced abstraction performance in social drinkers result from parental heavy drinking rather than, as we have proposed, from social drinkers' current use of alcohol. Because offspring of alcoholics may be at high risk for cognitive deficits even in childhood, these deficits may be transmitted in alcoholic families. Thus, the relationship between increased drinking and sober cognitive loss might be eliminated if parental drinking is controlled. We report here, however, that the effects of current alcohol use on abstraction performance in a representative sample of employed men and women cannot be accounted for by fathers' drinking. Our findings indicate the need for further research on both the cognitive effects of parental drinking and current alcohol use.
Collapse
|
36
|
Mann RE, Cho-Young J, Vogel-Sprott M. Retrograde enhancement by alcohol of delayed free recall performance. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1984; 20:639-42. [PMID: 6728881 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(84)90317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two experiments are reported in which retrograde enhancement of human memory by alcohol was observed. In both studies male undergraduate volunteers performed an immediate free recall task before and after consuming either alcohol (0.66 abs alc/kg) or placebo. About two hours later, many words as they could delayed free recall was tested when subjects were asked to write down as many words as they could remember from the free recall trials in the session. Subjects given alcohol recalled significantly more words from lists heard before drinking than subjects given placebo; this effect appeared more pronounced for words from the primacy portion of the lists. The possibility that this retrograde enhancement effect is due to alcohol's effects on brain reward systems is raised.
Collapse
|
37
|
Poulos CX, Wolff L, Zilm DH, Kaplan H, Cappell H. Acquisition of tolerance to alcohol-induced memory deficits in humans. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981; 73:176-9. [PMID: 6785811 DOI: 10.1007/bf00429213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
38
|
Parker ES, Morihisa JM, Wyatt RJ, Schwartz BL, Weingartner H, Stillman RC. The alcohol facilitation effect on memory: a dose-response study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981; 74:88-92. [PMID: 6791212 DOI: 10.1007/bf00431763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen normal male subjects participated in four sessions where they studied a set of pictures followed by either placebo, 0.025, 0.50, or 1.0 ml/kg alcohol. Later, when sober, recognition memory was tested. These doses resulted in peak blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) of 0.00, 0.018, 0.034, and 0.067 g/100 ml, respectively. The 1.0 and 0.50 ml/kg doses significantly improved memory for pictures studied before drinking. Alcohol appears to enhance memory directly rather than indirectly via a reduction in interference. It is suggested that a particular phase of the rising blood alcohol curve (0.02-0.03 g/100 ml) facilitates trace consolidation. The facilitating and possibly excitatory effects of alcohol may be important for understanding the rewarding aspects of drinking.
Collapse
|
39
|
Parker ES, Birnbaum IM, Weingartner H, Hartley JT, Stillman RC, Wyatt RJ. Retrograde enhancement of human memory with alcohol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1980; 69:219-22. [PMID: 6256791 DOI: 10.1007/bf00427653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In two experiments with normal male subjects, the ingestion of alcohol (1 ml/kg) immediately after learning significantly improved subsequent remembering. By comparison, marijuana (15 mg) had no significant post-acquisition effect. Facilitation of visual and verbal memory with alcohol under these conditions has implications for the interference and consolidation views of memory.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
Immediate post-training IP injection of ethanol (0.75--4.5 g/kg) significantly enhanced retention of a one-trial passive avoidance task in mice compared to saline controls. Ethanol (4.5 g/kg) in the absence of footshock did not affect test performance. The memory facilitation may reflect ethanol's effects on neurotransmitter, macromolecular, or hormonal systems, or a reduction in interference.
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
|
43
|
Abstract
Retrieval processes subject to disruption by alteration of drug conditions were studied in a state-dependent learning experiment. On the first day of the 2-day experiment, 28 human subjects performed four verbal learning tasks in either an alcohol state (1.0 ml/kg) or a sober state, and the next day they attempted to recall the material in either the same or in an altered condition. Two of the tasks involved recall cues or prompts, and the other two required the subjects to recall the material unaided. Results indicated state-dependency on the two tasks that did not involve recall cues and no state-dependency on the two tasks involving cues. This finding indicates that memory failures resulting from a changed drug state can be reversed by appropriate experimental cueing or prompting, and implies that a learner's drug state has stimulus properties for recall. The role of drugs in contributing to a person's cognitive context and the resultant effects on memory are discussed.
Collapse
|
44
|
Parker ES, Noble EP. Drinking practices and cognitive functioning. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 85B:377-88. [PMID: 596282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9038-5_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between drinking practices and cognitive functioning were examined in a non-patient sample. Neither the amount of alcohol consumed over a lifetime nor current frequency of drinking occasions was significantly (ps greater than .05) correlated with cognitive test scores. However, the quantity of alcohol consumed per drinking occasion was inversely related to performance on tests of abstraction, adaptive abilities and concept formation. The results suggest that social drinking may have deleterious effects on cognitive processes.
Collapse
|