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Brzin M, Tennyson VM, Duffy PE. ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN FROG SYMPATHETIC AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLIA : A Study by Electron Microscope Cytochemistry and Microgasometric Analysis with the Magnetic Diver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 31:215-42. [PMID: 19866698 PMCID: PMC2107049 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.31.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The localization and chemical determination of acetylcholin esterase in the frog sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia were studied by a combination of the methods of electron microscopy, histochemistry, and microgasometric analysis with the magnetic diver. The Koelle-Friedenwald copper thiocholine histochemical method was modified by eliminating the sulfide conversion and by treatment of the tissue with potassium permanganate. In fixed tissue, enzymatic activity was demonstrated on the inner surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, subsurface cisternae, and agranular reticulum of the perikaryon and axon. In briefly fixed tissue, end product appeared also at the axon-sheath and the sheath-sheath interface. Activity at the synaptic junction was most readily obtained in unfixed tissue. Isolated neurons recovered from the diver following chemical analysis were studied with the electron microscope. Cells having a high enzyme activity showed a badly ruptured or absent neural plasmalemma and sheath. In this case the measured activity was apparently due to the enzyme present in the endoplasmic reticulum. Neurons having low activity exhibited an intact plasmalemma and sheath. This may reflect the effectiveness of the neural plasmalemma and sheath as a penetration barrier. The effects of fixation on enzyme activity are discussed. Electron microscopic examination of cells following microgasometric analysis is shown to be essential for the interpretation of the biochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Brzin
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York
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References. Acta Otolaryngol 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/00016487109121251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Sannes PL, Randell SH. The use of 2-thionaphthyl acetate as a substrate for the localization and characterization of nonspecific esterase activity in rat alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1985; 17:43-56. [PMID: 3988547 DOI: 10.1007/bf01003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A 2-thionaphthyl acetate substrate was utilized to assess the subcellular distribution of nonspecific esterases in rat pulmonary alveolar and peritoneal macrophages. The enzymatically liberated 2-thionaphthol was visualized at pH 7.1 by utilizing gold as a capture agent. Glutaraldehyde-fixed macrophages derived from healthy animals using standard lavage techniques exhibited a high affinity for the substrate and reaction times were thus relatively short (30-60 min). Alveolar macrophages had heavy reaction product on the external surface of the plasma membrane and membranes limiting cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex and mitochondria. Only a thin layer of reaction density was observed associated with the limiting membranes of lysosomes and phagosomes. Peritoneal macrophages were similarly but much less intensely reactive, although they generally lacked or had very little plasma membrane-associated staining. The 2-thionaphthyl acetate esterase activities in both alveolar and peritoneal macrophages were sensitive to diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), while only the latter was inhibited by sodium fluoride. Polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing of whole cell homogenates indicated that the 2-thionaphthyl acetate esterase activity was the same as that for alpha-naphthyl acetate in these cells. The data indicate that a significantly different distribution of nonspecific esterase activity results with use of a 2-thionaphthyl acetate substrate in the presence of gold ions than that previously reported with other methods. The rapid penetrability and sensitivity of this substrate make it a potentially useful tool for evaluating subcellular localization of esterase activity and probing characteristics of cellular organelles.
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Abstract
An attempt was made to determine the subcellular localization of AChE in rat striatum with several Cu-thiocholine procedures using slices of intact tissue and in isolated organelles obtained by gradient centrifugation. Regardless the method used the reaction product, indicating the localization of AChE activity shows the usual intracellular and extracellular distribution. Although AChE activity was present at the extrajunctional axolemma of the nerve endings almost no enzyme activity was observed in the junctional region either in tissue sections or on isolated synaptosomes.
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Wake K. Formation of myoneural and myotendinous junctions in the chick embryo. Role of acetylcholinesterase-rich granules in the developing muscle fibers. Cell Tissue Res 1976; 173:383-400. [PMID: 991249 DOI: 10.1007/bf00220326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mode of formation of the myoneural and myotendinous junctions was investigated in the thigh muscles of the chick embryo. Myotendinous junctions first appeared on day 11 of incubation, whereas myoneural junctions developed on day 12. Intracellular AChE activity in the muscles increased by the 12th day of incubation, and decreased rapidly after the formation of the myoneural junctions. Light and electron microscopically, AChE activity was demonstrated in the nuclear envelope, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and in large granules which appeared to be derived from the Golgi complex. Large granules showing an intense AChE activity accumulated in the sarcoplasm at the poles of the muscle fiber before the formation of myotendinous junctions. After the translocation of this intracellular enzyme onto the sarcolemma, most likely the result of an exocytosis of the granules, the myotendinous junctions were formed. The AChE-rich granules present in the middle of myotubes developed into spindle- or comma-shaped cisternae which were located in the sarcoplasm just below the presumptive motor endplates. The present results suggest that the transport of AChE-rich granules to the sarcolamma is the first step in the formation of myoneural and myotendinous junctions.
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Bourdois PS, Szerb JC. The absence of 'surplus' acetylcholine formation in prisms prepared from rat cerebral cortex. J Neurochem 1972; 19:1189-93. [PMID: 5019587 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1972.tb01439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Härkönen M, Helve H, Teräväinen H. Cholinesterase activity in rough and smooth brain microsomal membranes. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1972; 84:462-71. [PMID: 5028456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1972.tb05196.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Pannese E, Luciano L, Iurato S, Reale E. Cholinesterase activity in spinal ganglia neuroblasts: a histochemical study at the electron microscope. JOURNAL OF ULTRASTRUCTURE RESEARCH 1971; 36:46-67. [PMID: 5568360 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5320(71)80088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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New Findings Concerning the Localization by Electron Microscopy of Acetylcholinesterase in Autonomic Ganglia. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63980-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Lieberman AR. The axon reaction: a review of the principal features of perikaryal responses to axon injury. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1971; 14:49-124. [PMID: 4948651 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 795] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Tennyson VM, Brzin M. The appearance of acetylcholinesterase in the dorsal root neuroblast of the rabbit embryo. A study by electron microscope cytochemistry and microgasometric analysis with the magnetic diver. J Cell Biol 1970; 46:64-80. [PMID: 5459012 PMCID: PMC2108073 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.46.1.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the nine day old embryo, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is found in the reticulum, i.e. the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex, of a few cells in the neural crest. When the neurite first enters the neural tube, reticulum-bound enzyme is present also in the varicosity of the growth cone of the bipolar neuroblast. At later stages, AChE in the neuroblast has a dual distribution; in addition to the reticulum, activity also appears at the axolemmal surface. The axolemmal activity is found initially on the distal portions of axons in the posterior fasciculus and then progressively appears along the nerve roots in a distal to proximal direction. Very little reticulum-bound enzyme is present within the axon proper. After the 13th day the levels of AChE activity in the posterior fasciculus greatly exceed those in the dorsal root or in the ganglion. Enzymatic activity in the dorsal root equals or exceeds that in the posterior fasciculus by day 16, and both areas are considerably more active than the ganglion.
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Matthieu JM. Effect des variations de la PCO2, du ph et de la [HCO3−] sur la production de lactate et la transmission synaptique du ganglion sympathique cervical isolédu rat. Brain Res 1970. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(70)90452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Nyberg-Hansen R, Rinvik E, Aarseth P, Barstad JA. Electronmicroscopic localization of cholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction by a quaternary carbon analogue of acetylthiocholine as substrate. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1969; 20:40-5. [PMID: 5358248 DOI: 10.1007/bf00402522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Matsuura H, Fujita K. The ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in the trigeminal ganglion of the rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01002587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vatter AE, Reiss OK, Newman JK, Lindquist K, Groeneboer E. Enzymes of the lung. I. Detection of esterase with a new cytochemical method. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1968; 38:80-98. [PMID: 5691980 PMCID: PMC2107458 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.38.1.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The esterases of rabbit lung have been investigated from two viewpoints, the cytochemical and the biochemical. To accomplish this objective, we designed and synthesized a series of ester substrates which provide both a cytochemical indicator of the location of the enzyme and a means of following the enzymatic activity in tissue homogenates and subfractions. The substrates are p-nitrophenylthiol esters which yield, upon hydrolysis, carboxylic acid and p-nitrothiophenol. The latter can react with aurous ions to give an electron-opaque deposit; in addition, the strong absorption of p-nitrothiophenol at 410 mmicro permits continuous kinetic measurements. Thus, it is possible to correlate the intracellular site of action and the biochemical behavior of the esterases. The new substrates are the thiol analogues of the p-nitrophenyl esters frequently employed as esterase substrates. The rates of hydrolysis of the two series of esters are compared in vitro. During tissue fractionation, most of the esterase activity sediments with a particulate fraction. The effects of a number of common esterase inhibitors, such as diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate and eserine sulfate, are examined, and the effects of enzyme concentration and heat inactivation are shown with the use of the partially purified preparations. The cytochemical work shows that the esterase activity is most prominent in the lamellar bodies of the giant alveolar (type II, septal, or granular pneumatocyte) cells of the lung and to a lesser extent in squamous (type I, or membranous pneumatocyte) epithelial and endothelial cells. In both the cytochemical and biochemical studies, the enzymes are inhibited by diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate and phenyl methylsulfonyl fluoride but are insensitive to eserine sulfate.
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Aarseth P, Barstad JA, Rogne O, Oksne S. A quaternary carbon analogue of acetylthiocholine as substrate for cholinesterases. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1968; 15:229-33. [PMID: 5742133 DOI: 10.1007/bf00305887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Schlaepfer WW. Acetylcholinesterase activity of motor and sensory nerve fibers in the spinal nerve roots of the rat. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1968; 88:441-56. [PMID: 5722598 DOI: 10.1007/bf00571792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lundin J, Hellström B. The ultrastructural localization of a cholinesterase in the body muscle of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1968; 85:264-70. [PMID: 5710488 DOI: 10.1007/bf00325041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Tennyson VM, Brzin M, Duffy P. Electron microscopic cytochemistry and microgasometric analysis of cholinesterase in the nervous system. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1968; 29:41-62. [PMID: 4898335 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)64148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Nickel E, Waser PG. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen am Diaphragma der Maus nach einseitiger Phrenikotomie. Cell Tissue Res 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00703912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Koelle GB, Davis R, Gromadzki CG. ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC LOCALIZATION OF CHOLINESTERASES BY MEANS OF GOLD SALTS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1967. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1967.tb53798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rothman AH. Ultrastructural enzyme localization in the surface of Moniliformis dubius (acanthocephala). Exp Parasitol 1967; 21:42-6. [PMID: 5582647 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(67)90065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Davis R, Koelle GB. Electron microscopic localization of acetylcholinesterase and nonspecific cholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction by the gold-thiocholine and gold-thiolacetic acid methods. J Cell Biol 1967; 34:157-71. [PMID: 6033530 PMCID: PMC2107230 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.34.1.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
By means of the gold-thiocholine (AuThCh) and gold-thiolacetic acid (AuThAc) methods, it has been demonstrated electron microscopically that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is located at the prejunctional axoplasmic membrane and the postjunctional sarcoplasmic membrane, including the full lengths of its invaginations, at the motor end plate of mouse intercostal muscle. Nonspecific cholinesterase (ChE) is present in relatively low concentrations at the same sites, and in greater concentrations in the teloglial Schwann sheath cells. Significant amounts of reaction product appeared in the junctional cleft only after prolonged incubation with both methods. The identification of AChE and ChE was confirmed by the use of appropriate concentrations of several selective inhibitors. In confirmation of previous studies by light microscopy, the AuThCh method is more specific for AChE and ChE, whereas the AuThAc method allows greater accuracy of localization.
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Brzin M, Tennyson VM, Duffy PE. Ultrastructural, cytochemical, and microgasometric studies of acetylcholinesterase in isolated neurons of the frog. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPHARMACOLOGY 1967; 6:265-72. [PMID: 5340966 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(67)90014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Eränkö O, Rechardt L, Hänninen L. Electron microscopic demonstration of cholinesterases in nervous tissue. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1967; 8:369-76. [PMID: 4876576 DOI: 10.1007/bf00401979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Bergman RA, Ueno H, Morizono Y, Hanker JS, Seligman AM. Ultrastructural demonstration of acetylcholinesterase activity of motor endplates via osmiophilic diazothioethers. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1967; 11:1-12. [PMID: 5589641 DOI: 10.1007/bf00326608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Bloom FE, Barrnett RJ. Fine structural localization of acetylcholinesterase in electroplaque of the electric eel. J Cell Biol 1966; 29:475-95. [PMID: 5962939 PMCID: PMC2106980 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.29.3.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The electroplaques composing the electric organ of the eel, Electrophorus electricus, have been utilized for the dual purpose of demonstrating the subcellular sites of acetylcholinesterase activity and as a model for comparison of the several cytochemical methods available. Fresh tissue and tissue fixed by immersion in formalin, hydroxyadipaldehyde, or glutaraldehyde was reacted with the Cu-thiocholine method, the Cu-ferrocyanide thiocholine method, or the thiolacetic acid (TAA) method using Pb, Ag, or Au as capture reagents. Controls were obtained by omission of substrate, or by addition to complete media of varying concentrations of different cholinesterase inhibitors. Reactions were run at 0-5 degrees C at a pH range of 5.0-7.1 for 0.25 to 120 min. Regardless of the capture metal, the localization obtained with TAA as substrate was identical with that observed with acetylthiocholine, the majority of precipitate being deposited on or near the external innervated surface of the plaque and within the tubulovesicular organelles opening onto the innervated surface. Both of the thiocholine methods and the Pb-TAA method showed reaction product in synaptic vesicles of the nerve endings innervating the plaque which was uninhibitable by 10(-4)M physostigmine. All methods also showed some inhibitor-sensitive deposition of reaction product in the mucoid material forming the immediate extracellular environment of the innervated surface.
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Shimizu N, Ishii S. Electron microscopic histochemistry of acetylcholinesterase of rat brain by Karnovsky's method. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1966; 6:24-33. [PMID: 5925846 DOI: 10.1007/bf00277964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Gromadzki CG, Koelle GB. The effect of axotomy on the acetylcholinesterase of the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. Biochem Pharmacol 1965; 14:1745-54. [PMID: 5880532 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(65)90264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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