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Coluzzi F, LeQuang JAK, Sciacchitano S, Scerpa MS, Rocco M, Pergolizzi J. A Closer Look at Opioid-Induced Adrenal Insufficiency: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054575. [PMID: 36902007 PMCID: PMC10003084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Among several opioid-associated endocrinopathies, opioid-associated adrenal insufficiency (OIAI) is both common and not well understood by most clinicians, particularly those outside of endocrine specialization. OIAI is secondary to long-term opioid use and differs from primary adrenal insufficiency. Beyond chronic opioid use, risk factors for OIAI are not well known. OIAI can be diagnosed by a variety of tests, such as the morning cortisol test, but cutoff values are not well established and it is estimated that only about 10% of patients with OIAI will ever be properly diagnosed. This may be dangerous, as OIAI can lead to a potentially life-threatening adrenal crisis. OIAI can be treated and for patients who must continue opioid therapy, it can be clinically managed. OIAI resolves with opioid cessation. Better guidance for diagnosis and treatment is urgently needed, particularly in light of the fact that 5% of the United States population has a prescription for chronic opioid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Coluzzi
- Department Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Polo Pontino, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Sole Scerpa
- Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Rocco
- Unit of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain Medicine, Sant’Andrea University Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy
- Department of Surgical and Medical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
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Kim OM, Lim GH, Lim DY. Influence of naloxone on catecholamine release evoked by nicotinic receptor stimulation in the isolated rat adrenal gland. Arch Pharm Res 2005; 28:699-708. [PMID: 16042080 DOI: 10.1007/bf02969361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effect of naloxone, a well known opioid antagonist, on the secretion of catecholamines (CA) evoked by cholinergic stimulation and membrane-depolarization in the isolated perfused rat adrenal glands, and to establish its mechanism of action. Naloxone (10(-6) approximately 10(-5) M), perfused into an adrenal vein for 60 min, produced dose- and time-dependent inhibition of CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 x 10(-3) M), high K+ (5.6 x 10(-2) M), DMPP (10(-4) M) and McN-A-343 (10(-4) M). Naloxone itself also failed to affect the basal CA output. In adrenal glands loaded with naloxone (3 x 10(-6) M), the CA secretory responses evoked by Bay-K-8644, an activator of L-type Ca2+ channels, and cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic Ca(2+)-ATPase, were also inhibited. In the presence of met-enkephalin (5 x 10(-6) M), a well known opioid agonist, the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, high K+, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644 and cyclopiazonic acid were also significantly inhibited. Taken together, these results suggest that naloxone greatly inhibits the CA secretion evoked by stimulation of cholinergic (both nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors as well as that by membrane depolarization. It seems that these inhibitory effects of naloxone does not involve opioid receptors, but might be mediated by blocking both the calcium influx into the rat adrenal medullary chromaffin cells and the uptake of Ca2+ into the cytoplasmic calcium store, which are at least partly relevant to the direct interaction with the nicotinic receptor itself.
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MESH Headings
- 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester/antagonists & inhibitors
- 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester/pharmacology
- Acetylcholine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Adrenal Glands/drug effects
- Adrenal Glands/metabolism
- Animals
- Catecholamines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Catecholamines/metabolism
- Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enkephalin, Methionine/administration & dosage
- Enkephalin, Methionine/pharmacology
- Indoles/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Naloxone/administration & dosage
- Naloxone/pharmacology
- Perfusion
- Potassium/antagonists & inhibitors
- Potassium/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Nicotinic/drug effects
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Stimulation, Chemical
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Min Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea
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Barron BA. Cardiac opioids. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2000; 224:1-7. [PMID: 10782040 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Opioid peptides have long been considered as neuropeptides or neurotransmitters. The more recent discovery of these same peptides in non-neuronal tissue suggests that the peptides may have autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine functions as well. The opioid peptides, enkephalins, dynorphins, and endorphins, have been found in isolated cardiac myocytes and heart tissue. This review will cover the recent literature on opioid peptides in respect to cardiac distribution, biochemistry, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Barron
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, USA.
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Kleppisch T, Ahnert-Hilger G, Gollasch M, Spicher K, Hescheler J, Schultz G, Rosenthal W. Inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels via alpha 2-adrenergic and opioid receptors in cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Pflugers Arch 1992; 421:131-7. [PMID: 1326743 DOI: 10.1007/bf00374819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adrenal chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines and opioids. The effects of these agents on whole-cell Ca2+ channel currents were studied, using bovine adrenal chromaffin cells kept in short term culture. Ca2+ channel currents recorded during voltage-clamp pulses from a holding potential of -80 mV to 0 mV were reversibly reduced by 10 microM epinephrine (in the presence of 1 microM propranolol) or 5 microM of the synthetic opioid, d-Ala2-d-Leu5-enkephalin (DADLE) by approximately 35% and 25%, respectively. The inhibitory action of epinephrine was mimicked by clonidine, reduced by yohimbine but not affected by prazosin. The DADLE-induced reduction of the Ca2+ channel current was antagonized by naloxone. The dihydropyridine (+)PN 200-110 (5 microM) reduced the Ca2+ channel current by approximately 40%; the Ca2+ channel current inhibited by (+)PN 200-110 was not further reduced by epinephrine. Intracellular infusion of guanosine-5'-O-(2-thiodiphosphate) and pretreatment of cells with pertussis toxin abolished the inhibitory effect of both epinephrine and DADLE. In membranes of adrenal chromaffin cells, four pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-proteins were identified, including Gi1, Gi2, Go1 and another Go subtype, possibly Go2. The data show that activation of alpha 2-adrenergic and opioid receptors causes an inhibition of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels in adrenal chromaffin cells. These inhibitory modulations are mediated by pertussis-toxin-sensitive G-proteins and may represent a mechanism for a negative feedback signal by agents released from the adrenal medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kleppisch
- Institut für Physiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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Hexum TD, Russett LR. Stimulation of cholinergic receptor mediated secretion from the bovine adrenal medulla by neuropeptide Y. Neuropeptides 1989; 13:35-41. [PMID: 2922105 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(89)90019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The bovine adrenal medulla has been shown to possess binding sites for neuropeptide Y (NPY) and to release NPY in response to nicotinic receptor stimulation. Therefore we chose to investigate the influence of this peptide on adrenomedullary secretion using the retrogradely perfused bovine adrenal gland. The secretion of enkephalin-like peptides, norepinephrine and epinephrine was monitored after nicotinic cholinergic receptor stimulation in the presence and absence of NPY. NPY, alone, had no effect on secretion from the adrenal gland but produced a dose dependent increase in the secretion of enkephalin-like peptides and catecholamines when the cholinergic agonist, 1,1 dimethyl-4-phenylpiperizinium iodide, was present. The increase was significant at 1 X 10(-8) M when compared to release in the absence of NPY. The stimulatory action of other cholinergic agonists (nicotine and acetylcholine) was likewise potentiated by the addition of the neuropeptide. Peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide did not mimic the effect of NPY when examined at the same concentration. In contrast to the potentiation observed in the perfused adrenal gland, NPY (1 X 10(-8) M) inhibited the cholinergic mediated release of enkephalin-like peptides and catecholamines from cultured bovine chromaffin cells. These data suggest that NPY may have the capacity to augment cholinergic receptor mediated secretion from the bovine adrenal gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Hexum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68105
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Chen YM, Dixon WR, Wakade AR. The effect of etorphine on the secretion of endogenous catecholamines and total tritium evoked by nerve- and acetylcholine-stimulation in perfused rat adrenal glands. Life Sci 1989; 44:167-74. [PMID: 2915596 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(89)90535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Isolated perfused rat adrenal glands were prelabeled with 3H-norepinephrine and catecholamine secretion was evoked by nerve stimulation (10 Hz, supramaximal voltage for 30 seconds) or acetylcholine (ACh)(5.4 micrograms) injection. Nerve stimulation evoked significant increases in tritium (16371 +/- 2109 cpm) and catecholamine (11.5 +/- 1.0 ng norepinephrine [NE], 123.1 +/- 13.0 ng epinephrine [EP]) release from the adrenal medulla. ACh injection evoked catecholamine release, but failed to increase tritium release. In the presence of etorphine, the nerve stimulation-mediated release of tritium, NE and EP was inhibited. In contrast, the ACh-mediated release of NE but not EP was inhibited by etorphine. In a previous publication (1), we have shown that 3H-NE is taken up by sympathetic nerve endings contained in extra adrenal tissue removed along with the adrenal gland during the surgery, but not by chromaffin cells. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of etorphine on NE, EP and tritium release evoked by nerve stimulation suggests a functional role for opiate receptors on transmitter release from sympathetic and splanchnic nerve endings. However, the differential effect of etorphine on NE and EP release evoked by ACh injection indicates that opiate receptors on chromaffin cells modulates NE but not EP release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66045
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Foucart S, Lacaille-Belanger P, Kimura T, Nadeau R, de Champlain J. Modulation of adrenal catecholamine release by DA2 dopamine receptors in the anaesthetized dog. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1988; 15:601-11. [PMID: 2908435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1988.tb01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1. The effects of DA2 agonist, quinpirole (50 micrograms/kg, i.v.) and a DA2 antagonist, domperidone (50 micrograms/kg, i.v.) on the release of adrenal catecholamines were evaluated in the anaesthetized and vagotomized dog. 2. Stimulations (5 V pulses of 2 ms duration for 3 min) of the splanchnic nerve at frequencies of 1, 3 and 5 Hz were applied randomly before and after injection of the drug. 3. The results show that quinpirole reduces significantly the release of adrenaline at 1 and 3 Hz but not at 5 Hz, while the release of noradrenaline is reduced at 1 Hz but not at 3 and 5 Hz. Inversely, domperidone potentiates significantly the release of both catecholamines at 3 and 5 Hz, but not at 1 Hz. 4. There was no change in basal release of adrenal catecholamines, adrenal blood flow or heart rate after both drug treatments. 5. The mean arterial pressure was not affected by domperidone treatment but there was a significant reduction in basal mean arterial pressure after the injection of quinpirole. 6. There was no change in any of these parameters during electrical stimulation. 7. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that DA2 dopamine receptors are present at the level of the adrenal medulla and that their activation could mediate an inhibitory modulation on the adrenal catecholamines release within a certain range of electrical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Foucart
- Département de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, PQ, Canada
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Kamikubo K, Murase H, Niwa M, Miura K, Nozaki M, Tsurumi K. Coupling of adrenal medullary opioid receptors to islet-activating protein-sensitive GTP-binding proteins. Life Sci 1987; 40:1791-7. [PMID: 3033414 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(87)90090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Possible coupling of bovine adrenal medullary opioid receptors to islet-activating protein (IAP, pertussis toxin)-sensitive GTP-binding proteins was investigated by studying effects of guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) and IAP treatment of membranes on opioid binding. Gpp(NH)p inhibited [3H]D-Ala2-D-Leu5-enkephalin ([3H]DADLE) binding by increasing the dissociation constant of [3H]DADLE and membranes, and enhanced slightly [3H]diprenorphine binding. IAP treatment of membranes reduced [3H]DADLE binding and abolished almost completely the Gpp(NH)p inhibition of [3H]DADLE binding. Treatment of membranes with IAP and [32P]NAD resulted in radio-labeling of membrane proteins of approximately 39,000 dalton. DADLE inhibited adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain caudate nucleus. However, DADLE, beta-endorphin, levorphanol and dynorphin A(1-13) did not show any significant inhibitory action on bovine adrenal medullary adenylate cyclase activity. These results suggest that bovine adrenal medullary opioid (DADLE) receptors are linked to IAP-sensitive GTP-binding proteins which are not directly coupled to adenylate cyclase.
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Bouloux PM. Cardiovascular responses to stress: the role of opioid peptides. BAILLIERE'S CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 1987; 1:439-65. [PMID: 3327500 DOI: 10.1016/s0950-351x(87)80071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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