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Ju T, Kong JY, Stothard P, Willing BP. Defining the role of Parasutterella, a previously uncharacterized member of the core gut microbiota. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:1520-1534. [PMID: 30742017 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0364-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The genus of Parasutterella has been defined as a core component of the human and mouse gut microbiota, and has been correlated with various health outcomes. However, like most core microbes in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), very little is known about the biology of Parasutterella and its role in intestinal ecology. In this study, Parasutterella was isolated from the mouse GIT and characterized in vitro and in vivo. Mouse, rat, and human Parasutterella isolates were all asaccharolytic and producers of succinate. The murine isolate stably colonized the mouse GIT without shifting bacterial composition. Notable changes in microbial-derived metabolites were aromatic amino acid, bilirubin, purine, and bile acid derivatives. The impacted bile acid profile was consistent with altered expression of ileal bile acid transporter genes and hepatic bile acid synthesis genes, supporting the potential role of Parasutterella in bile acid maintenance and cholesterol metabolism. The successful colonization of Parasutterella with a single environmental exposure to conventional adult mice demonstrates that it fills the ecological niche in the GIT and contributes to metabolic functionalities. This experiment provides the first indication of the role of Parasutterella in the GIT, beyond correlation, and provides insight into how it may contribute to host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ju
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Ji Yoon Kong
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Paul Stothard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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Zhou Y, Men L, Pi Z, Wei M, Song F, Zhao C, Liu Z. Fecal Metabolomics of Type 2 Diabetic Rats and Treatment with Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Based on Mass Spectrometry Technique. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1591-1599. [PMID: 29363305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Modern studies have indicated Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (G. jasminoides) showed positive effect in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, 60 streptozotocin-induced T2DM rats were divided into four groups: type 2 diabetes control group, geniposide-treated group, total iridoid glycosides-treated group, and crude extraction of gardenlae fructus-treated group. The other ten healthy rats were the healthy control group. During 12 weeks of treatment, rat's feces samples were collected for the metabolomics study based on mass spectrometry technique. On the basis of the fecal metabolomics method, 19 potential biomarkers were screened and their relative intensities in each group were compared. The results revealed G. jasminoides mainly regulated dysfunctions in phenylalanine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and secondary bile acid biosynthesis pathways induced by diabetes. The current study provides new insight for metabonomics methodology toward T2DM, and the results show that feces can preferably reflect the liver and intestines disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Lihui Men
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zifeng Pi
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, China
| | - Mengying Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fengrui Song
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, China
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- National Center for Mass Spectrometry in Changchun & Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun 130022, China
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Rasmussen MK, Balaguer P, Ekstrand B, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Gerbal-Chaloin S. Skatole (3-Methylindole) Is a Partial Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonist and Induces CYP1A1/2 and CYP1B1 Expression in Primary Human Hepatocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154629. [PMID: 27138278 PMCID: PMC4854444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skatole (3-methylindole) is a product of bacterial fermentation of tryptophan in the intestine. A significant amount of skatole can also be inhaled during cigarette smoking. Skatole is a pulmonary toxin that induces the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) regulated genes, such as cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), in human bronchial cells. The liver has a high metabolic capacity for skatole and is the first organ encountered by the absorbed skatole; however, the effect of skatole in the liver is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the impact of skatole on hepatic AhR activity and AhR-regulated gene expression. Using reporter gene assays, we showed that skatole activates AhR and that this is accompanied by an increase of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 expression in HepG2-C3 and primary human hepatocytes. Specific AhR antagonists and siRNA-mediated AhR silencing demonstrated that skatole-induced CYP1A1 expression is dependent on AhR activation. The effect of skatole was reduced by blocking intrinsic cytochrome P450 activity and indole-3-carbinole, a known skatole metabolite, was a more potent inducer than skatole. Finally, skatole could reduce TCDD-induced CYP1A1 expression, suggesting that skatole is a partial AhR agonist. In conclusion, our findings suggest that skatole and its metabolites affect liver homeostasis by modulating the AhR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Krøyer Rasmussen
- INSERM, U1183, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Montpellier, F-34290, France
- Montpellier University, UMR 1183, Montpellier, F-34203, France
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
| | - Bo Ekstrand
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, Denmark
| | - Martine Daujat-Chavanieu
- INSERM, U1183, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Montpellier, F-34290, France
- CHU Montpellier, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Montpellier, F-34290, France
| | - Sabine Gerbal-Chaloin
- INSERM, U1183, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Montpellier, F-34290, France
- Montpellier University, UMR 1183, Montpellier, F-34203, France
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Chen YS, Cheng MJ, Hsiao Y, Chan HY, Hsieh SY, Chang CW, Liu TW, Chang HS, Chen IS. Chemical Constituents of the Endophytic FungusHypoxylonsp. 12F0687 Isolated from TaiwaneseIlex formosana. Helv Chim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201500048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Crumeyrolle-Arias M, Tournaire MC, Rabot S, Malpaux B, Thiéry JC. 5-hydroxyoxindole, an indole metabolite, is present at high concentrations in brain. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:202-7. [PMID: 17722070 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxyoxindole has been identified as a urinary metabolite of indole, which is produced from tryptophane via the tryptophanase activity of gut bacteria. We have demonstrated recently that 5-hydroxyoxindole is an endogenous compound in blood and tissues of mammals, including humans. To date, 5-hydroxyoxindole's role is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare 5-hydroxyoxindole levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during day-night and seasonal changes, as a common approach to pilot physiological characterization of any compound. Simultaneous blood and CSF sampling was performed in the ewe, because its size allows collection in quantities suitable for 5-hydroxyoxindole assay (HPLC-ED) in awake animals, without obvious physiological or behavioral disturbance. 5-Hydroxyoxindole concentration was quite stable in plasma (2-6 nM range), whereas, in CSF, it displayed marked day-night and photoperiodic variations (4-116 nM range). 5-Hydroxyoxindole levels in CSF were twofold higher at night than during the day and at least one order of magnitude higher during the long compared with the short photoperiod. These day/night and photoperiodic variations persisted after pinealectomy, indicating that 5-hydroxyoxindole rhythms in CSF are independent of melatonin formation. In conclusion, high levels of 5-hydroxyoxindole in the CSF during long photoperiod and its daily modulation suggest physiological involvement of 5-hydroxyoxindole in rhythmic adjustments in the brain, independently of the pineal gland.
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Kaster JK, Yost GS. Production and characterization of specific antibodies: utilization to predict organ- and species-selective pneumotoxicity of 3-methylindole. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 143:324-37. [PMID: 9144449 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1996.8092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
3-Methylindole (3MI) selectively causes damage to pulmonary tissues; the species-selective order is goats, rats, and rabbits, with rabbits sustaining the least damage. 3MI is bioactivated to toxic intermediates by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Covalent binding of the electrophilic 3-methyleneindolenine intermediate to proteins is a likely mechanism of 3MI-mediated lung damage. Polyclonal antibodies were developed to thioether adducts of 3-methyleneindolenine and were shown by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to be highly selective for the detection of 3MI adducts. Rabbits, rats, and goats were treated with 350, 400, and 15 mg/kg 3MI, respectively. The lungs, liver, and kidneys of each animal were collected 24 hr later and tissue fractions were analyzed by ELISA. Lung tissue fractions from goat (pellet, cytosol, and microsomes) had greater immunoreactivity than those from rat. Immunoreactivity in rat tissues was greater than that in rabbit tissues. In all of the animals, lung had greater immunoreactivity than kidney, and kidney had greater reactivity than liver. These studies demonstrate that thioether adducts of 3MI with proteins can be detected specifically by these antisera, and the adducts are precisely correlated to species and tissue susceptibility of 3MI. In addition, human lung and liver samples were moderately immunoreactive. Therefore, humans form adducts of 3MI in these tissues and are predicted to be susceptible to 3MI-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Kaster
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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Yost GS. Mechanisms of cytochrome P450-mediated formation of pneumotoxic electrophiles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 387:221-9. [PMID: 8794216 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9480-9_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G S Yost
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112, USA
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Nichols WK, Larson DN, Yost GS. Bioactivation of 3-methylindole by isolated rabbit lung cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1990; 105:264-70. [PMID: 2219119 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(90)90188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
3-Methylindole (3MI) is a pneumotoxin that causes selective lung lesions indicative of Clara cell and alveolar epithelial cell damage in ruminants and rodents. The present study examined the cytotoxicity of 3MI to isolated rabbit Clara cells, type II alveolar epithelial cells, and alveolar macrophages. 3MI produced a dose-dependent cytotoxicity to Clara cells detectable within 1 hr of incubation at 37 degrees C which reached a maximum at 3 hr. Concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mM 3MI were cytotoxic to Clara cells, while type II and alveolar macrophages required 1 mM 3MI before cytotoxicity was observed. The cytochrome P450 suicide substrate inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole, inhibited 3MI-induced cytotoxicity in Clara cells, type II cells, and alveolar macrophages. These observations were consistent with a cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation of 3MI to a toxic intermediate. Studies with a trideuteromethyl analog of 3MI demonstrated a much reduced cytotoxicity to Clara cells as well as to type II cells, and macrophages. The deuterium isotope effect suggested that C-H bond breakage at the 3-methyl group is a requisite oxidative transformation in the bioactivation of 3MI to a selective lung cell cytotoxin. The selectivity of cellular cytotoxicity is probably associated with higher rates of bioactivation by Clara cell cytochrome P450 monooxygenases compared to those of type II cells and macrophages. These studies demonstrate that 3MI is bioactivated in isolated pulmonary cells without the intervention of other organs and that bioactivation requires functional cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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