1
|
de Mendonça FMR, de Mendonça GPRR, Souza LC, Galvão LP, Paiva HS, de Azevedo Marques Périco C, Torales J, Ventriglio A, Castaldelli-Maia JM, Sousa Martins Silva A. Benzodiazepines and Sleep Architecture: A Systematic Review. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2023; 22:172-179. [PMID: 34145997 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210618103344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insomnia, defined as a difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, is a relevant medical issue. Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are commonly prescribed to treat insomnia. Two phases characterize human sleep structure: sleep with Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) and sleep with Rapid Eye Movement (REM). Physiological sleep includes NREM and REM phases in a continuous cycle known as "Sleep Architecture." OBJECTIVE This systematic review summarizes the studies that have investigated effects of BZDs on Sleep Architecture. METHODS The articles selection included human clinical trials (in English, Portuguese, or Spanish) only, specifically focused on BZDs effects on sleep architecture. PubMed, BVS, and Google Scholar databases were searched. RESULTS Findings on BZDs effects on sleep architecture confirm an increase in stage 2 of NREM sleep and a decrease in time of stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep with a reduction in time of REM sleep during the nocturnal sleep. CONCLUSION Variations in NREM and REM sleep may lead to deficits in concentration and working memory and weight gain. The increase in stage 2 of NREM sleep may lead to a subjective improvement of sleep quality with no awakenings. BZDz should be prescribed with zeal and professional judgment. These patients should be closely monitored for possible long-term side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laura Costa Souza
- Health Secretariat of São Bernardo do Campo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Cintia de Azevedo Marques Périco
- Health Secretariat of São Bernardo do Campo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, ABC Health University Center, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
| | - Julio Torales
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Asuncion, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | - Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Joao Maurício Castaldelli-Maia
- Health Secretariat of São Bernardo do Campo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
- Otorhinus Clinica Medica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, ABC Health University Center, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, U.S
| | - Anderson Sousa Martins Silva
- Health Secretariat of São Bernardo do Campo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
- Medical School, Universidade Nove de Julho, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo R, Shi AM, Deng L, Li L, Wang LC, Oteng AB, Wei MP, Zhao ZH, Hooiveld G, Zhang C, Wang Q. Flavonoid-Like Components of Peanut Stem and Leaf Extract Promote Sleep by Decreasing Neuronal Excitability. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100210. [PMID: 34747100 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Peanut stem and leaf (PSL), a traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used as a dietary supplement to improve sleep quality; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, the study aims to determine whether active compounds in PSL extract exert their effects by mediating neuronal excitability. METHODS AND RESULTS Aqueous PSL extract (500 mg kg-1 BW) increases the duration of total sleep (TS), slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) in BALB/c mice after 7 and 14 continuous days of intragastric administration. Two PSL extract components with flavonoid-like structures: 4',7-di-O-methylnaringenin (DMN, 61 µg kg-1 BW) and 2'-O-methylisoliquiritigenin (MIL, 12 µg kg-1 BW), show similar effects on sleep in BALB/c mice. Moreover, incubation with DMN (50 µM) and MIL (50 µM) acutely reduces voltage-gated sodium and potassium currents and suppresses the firing of evoked action potential in mouse cortical neurons, indicating the inhibition on neuronal excitability. Meanwhile, RNA-seq analysis predicts the potential regulation of voltage-gated channels, which is according with the molecular docking simulation that both MIL and DMN can bind to voltage gated sodium channels 1.2 (Nav 1.2). CONCLUSIONS DMN and MIL are the active ingredients of PSL that improve sleep quality, suggesting that PSL promotes sleep by regulating the excitability of neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ai-Min Shi
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lei Deng
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Human Nutrition and Health Division, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, WE 6708, The Netherlands
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Lie-Chen Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, 230031, China
| | | | - Meng-Ping Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Zhao
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Guido Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Human Nutrition and Health Division, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, WE 6708, The Netherlands
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Engelmann C, Wallenborn J, Olthoff D, Kaisers UX, Rüffert H. Propofol versus flunitrazepam for inducing and maintaining sleep in postoperative ICU patients. Indian J Crit Care Med 2014; 18:212-9. [PMID: 24872650 PMCID: PMC4033854 DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.130572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Sleep deprivation is a common problem on intensive care units (ICUs) influencing not only cognition, but also cellular functions. An appropriate sleep-wake cycle should therefore be maintained to improve patients’ outcome. Multiple disruptive factors on ICUs necessitate the administration of sedating and sleep-promoting drugs for patients who are not analgo-sedated. Aims: The objective of the present study was to evaluate sleep quantity and sleep quality in ICU patients receiving either propofol or flunitrazepam. Settings and Design: Monocentric, randomized, double-blinded trial. Materials and Methods: A total of 66 ICU patients were enrolled in the study (flunitrazepam n = 32, propofol n = 34). Propofol was injected continuously (2 mg/kg/h), flunitrazepam as a bolus dose (0.015 mg/kg). Differences between groups were evaluated using a standardized sleep diary and the bispectral index (BIS). Statistical Analysis Used: Group comparisons were performed by Mann-Whitney U-Test. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Sleep quality and the frequency of awakenings were significantly better in the propofol group (Pg). In the same group lower BIS values were recorded (median BIS propofol 74.05, flunitrazepam 78.7 [P = 0.016]). BIS values had to be classified predominantly to slow-wave sleep under propofol and light sleep after administration of flunitrazepam. Sleep quality improved in the Pg with decreasing frequency of awakenings and in the flunitrazepam group with increasing sleep duration. Conclusions: Continuous low-dose injection of propofol for promoting and maintaining night sleep in ICU patients who are not analgo-sedated was superior to flunitrazepam regarding sleep quality and sleep structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Engelmann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Hepatology, University Hospital Leipzig Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Wallenborn
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helios Klinikum Aue, Gartenstraße 6, 08280 Aue, Germany
| | - Derk Olthoff
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Udo X Kaisers
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henrik Rüffert
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy and Palliative Care, Helios Klinikum Borna, Rudolf-Virchow-Straße 2, 04552 Borna, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mazza M, Losurdo A, Testani E, Marano G, Di Nicola M, Dittoni S, Gnoni V, Di Blasi C, Giannantoni NM, Lapenta L, Brunetti V, Bria P, Janiri L, Mazza S, Della Marca G. Polysomnographic findings in a cohort of chronic insomnia patients with benzodiazepine abuse. J Clin Sleep Med 2014; 10:35-42. [PMID: 24426818 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To evaluate sleep modifications induced by chronic benzodiazepine (BDZ) abuse. METHODS Cohort study, comparison of sleep measures between BDZs abusers and controls. Drug Addiction Unit (Institute of Psychiatry) and Unit of Sleep Disorders (Institute of Neurology) of the Catholic University in Rome. Six outpatients affected by chronic BDZ abuse were enrolled, (4 men, 2 women, mean age 53.3 ± 14.8, range: 34-70 years); 55 healthy controls were also enrolled (23 men, 32 women, mean age 54.2 ± 13.0, range: 27-76 years). All patients underwent clinical evaluation, psychometric measures, ambulatory polysomnography, scoring of sleep macrostructure and microstructure (power spectral fast-frequency EEG arousal, cyclic alternating pattern [CAP]), and heart rate variability. RESULTS BDZ abusers had relevant modification of sleep macrostructure and a marked reduction of fast-frequency EEG arousal in NREM (patients: 6.6 ± 3.7 events/h, controls 13.7 ± 4.9 events/h, U-test: 294, p = 0.002) and REM (patients: 8.4 ± 2.4 events/h, controls 13.3 ± 5.1 events/h, U-test: 264, p = 0.016), and of CAP rate (patients: 15.0 ± 8.6%, controls: 51.2% ± 12.1%, U-test: 325, p < 0.001). DISCUSSION BDZ abusers have reduction of arousals associated with increased number of nocturnal awakenings and severe impairment of sleep architecture. The effect of chronic BDZ abuse on sleep may be described as a severe impairment of arousal dynamics; the result is the inability to modulate levels of vigilance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Mazza
- Institute of Psychiatry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Losurdo
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Testani
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Serena Dittoni
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pietro Bria
- Institute of Psychiatry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Janiri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
MORITA Y, OGAWA K, UCHIDA S. The effect of a daytime 2-hour nap on complex motor skill learning. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2012.00576.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
UCHIDA S, ENDO T, SUENAGA K, IWAMI H, INOUE S, FUJIOKA E, IMAMURA A, ATSUMI T, INAGAKI Y, KAMEI A. Sleep evaluation by a newly developed PVDF sensor non-contact sheet: a comparison with standard polysomnography and wrist actigraphy. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2011.00506.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Wang LE, Cui XY, Cui SY, Cao JX, Zhang J, Zhang YH, Zhang QY, Bai YJ, Zhao YY. Potentiating effect of spinosin, a C-glycoside flavonoid of Semen Ziziphi spinosae, on pentobarbital-induced sleep may be related to postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:404-409. [PMID: 20171860 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous results have suggested that spinosin, a C-glycoside flavonoid of Semen Ziziphi spinosae, potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via the serotonergic system. The present study investigated whether spinosin potentiates pentobarbital-induced sleep via serotonin-1A (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT(1A)) receptors. The results demonstrated that spinosin significantly augmented pentobarbital (35 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced sleep in rats, reflected by reduced sleep latency and increased total sleep time, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep time, and REM sleep time. With regard to NREM sleep duration, spinosin mainly increased slow-wave sleep (SWS). Additionally, spinosin (15mg/kg, i.g.) significantly antagonized 5-HT(1A) agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.1mg/kg, i.p.)-induced reductions in total sleep time, NREM sleep, REM sleep, and SWS in pentobarbital-treated rats. These results suggest that spinosin may be an antagonist at postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors because these effects of 8-OH-DPAT were considered to be mediated via postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors. Moreover, co-administration of spinosin and the 5-HT(1A) antagonist 4-iodo-N-{2-[4-(methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl}-N-2-pyridinylbenzamide (p-MPPI), at doses that are ineffective when administered alone (spinosin 5mg/kg, p-MPPI 1mg/kg), had significant augmentative effects on pentobarbital-induced sleep, reflected by reduced sleep latency and increased total sleep time, NREM sleep, and REM sleep. In contrast to the attenuating effects of p-MPPI on REM sleep via presynaptic 5-HT(1A) autoreceptors, 15mg/kg spinosin significantly increased REM sleep. These results suggest that the effect of spinosin on REM sleep in pentobarbital-treated rats may be related to postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L-E Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Beijing 100191, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tan X, Uchida S, Matsuura M, Nishihara K, Kojima T. Long-, intermediate- and short-acting benzodiazepine effects on human sleep EEG spectra. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003; 57:97-104. [PMID: 12519461 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1819.2003.01085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of 10 mg haloxazolam (HAX), 4 mg flunitrazepam (FNZ), and 0.5 mg triazolam (TRI), each administered for seven consecutive nights were studied in the sleep electroencephalograms (EEG) of 17 (six HAX, five FNZ and six TRI) healthy male student volunteers. Recordings of C3-A1 EEG data from one baseline night, three drug nights (first, fourth and seventh) and two withdrawal nights (second and fourth) were analyzed using a fast Fourier transformation method. All three drugs induced similar changes in the 0.5 Hz to 40 Hz power spectrum; namely (i) higher frequency (including the sigma and beta bands) activity increased and lower frequency activity reduced on the drug nights; (ii) the enhancement of sigma activity peaked during non-rapid eye movement sleep following the first administration and was maintained at high levels on all drug nights; (iii) beta activity increased through the night after administration of HAX and FNZ, but not TRI, which suggests a blood concentration level dependent increase of beta activity; and (iv) only HAX showed a residual effect on the fourth withdrawal night. These results indicate that (i) chronic administration of these three benzodiazepine derivatives produce similar profiles in sleep EEG spectral changes, with some differences depending on their half-lives and doses; (ii) the mechanism of sigma enhancement is sensitive to even the initial administration night of BDZ; and (iii) frequencies below and above the sigma band are less sensitive to BDZ and also show an increase through the night after administration, suggesting differences in the mechanisms reflected by these EEG frequency bands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Tan
- Department of Sleep Disorders Research, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tan X, Uchida S, Matsuura M, Nishihara K, Iguchi Y, Kojima T. Benzodiazepine effects on human sleep EEG spectra: a comparison of triazolam and flunitrazepam. Life Sci 1998; 63:675-84. [PMID: 9718096 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(98)00318-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of 0.5 mg triazolam (TRI) and 4 mg flunitrazepam (FNZ) on the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) were studied in eleven (six for TRI, and five for FNZ) healthy young male subjects. C3 EEG channel data of one baseline night, three drug nights and two withdrawal nights were recorded and their analyzed using a fast Fourier transformation (FFT) method. Changes in the 0.5 Hz to 40 Hz power spectrum showed that: 1) both TRI and FNZ increased higher frequency activity and reduced lower frequency activity on the drug nights; 2) on drug nights, NREM sigma frequency power was more strongly enhanced by TRI than FNZ, while the beta power of both NREM and REM was more strongly enhanced by FNZ than TRI; 3) NREM alpha power increased on the second night of withdrawal from both TRI and FNZ; 4) the power spectra for both NREM and REM sleep returned to baseline levels by the fourth night of withdrawal from either TRI or FNZ. These findings suggest that 0.5 mg TRI and 4 mg FNZ have both common and differing pharmacological effects on the central nervous system. Such differences could be caused by differences in the dose, half-life or systemic distribution of these two drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Tan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Uchida S, Okudaira N, Nishihara K, Iguchi Y, Tan X. Flunitrazepam effects on human sleep EEG spectra. II: Sigma and beta alterations during NREM sleep. Life Sci 1996; 59:PL117-20. [PMID: 8761034 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00367-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Flunitrazepam (FNZ) is known to enhance the higher EEG frequencies, including sigma (10-15 Hz) and beta (20-28 Hz). Both sigma and beta frequency bands show an inverse relationship with delta (0.3-3 Hz) during NREM periods, as we have previously reported. It is not known whether generation of these two EEG frequencies is mediated by the same or different neuronal mechanisms. In this report, we compare alterations of delta, sigma and beta EEG induced by FNZ (4 mg) orally administered to five healthy male subjects for seven consecutive nights. Sleep EEG on the baseline night (BLN), and the fourth and seventh drug nights (4DN, 7DN) was subjected to fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis. On drug nights, sigma was enhanced without regard to delta amount, but beta was enhanced only during epochs containing low delta. Thus, sigma and beta EEG were altered differently by the same pharmacological agent. These results suggest that sigma and beta EEG are mediated by different neuronal mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Uchida
- Department of Psychophysiology, Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry. uchida@ prit.go.jp
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|