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Nezamoleslami S, Sheibani M, Mumtaz F, Esmaeili J, Shafaroodi H, Dehpour AR. Lithium reverses the effect of opioids on eNOS/nitric oxide pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6829-6840. [PMID: 32888132 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The main challenge of pain management with opioids is development of acute and chronic analgesic tolerance. Several studies on neuronal cells have focused on the molecular mechanisms involved in tolerance such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) activation, and nitric oxide (NO) pathway. However, the effects of opioids on non-neuronal cells and tolerance development have been poorly investigated. Lithium chloride is a glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor and exert its effects through modulation of nitric oxide pathway. In this study we examined the effect of lithium on acute/chronic morphine and methadone administration in endothelial cells which express mu opioid receptors. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with different doses of morphine, methadone, and lithium for six and 48 h. Then we evaluated cell viability, nitrite and cyclic AMP levels, as well as the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein using Immunocytochemistry (ICC) assay and phosphorylated GSK-3β enzyme by western blot analysis in cells. Both chronic morphine and methadone treatment increased NO level and eNOS expression in HUVECs. Morphine induced cAMP overproduction after 48 h exposure with cells. Lithium pretreatment (10 mM) in both morphine and methadone received groups significantly reduced nitrite and cAMP levels as well as eNOS expression as compared to the control. The decreased amount of phospho GSK-3β due to the opioid exposure was increased following lithium treatment. Tolerance like pattern may occur in non-neuronal cells with opioid receptors and this study clearly revealed the attenuation of morphine and methadone tolerance like behavior by lithium treatment in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Nezamoleslami
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sheibani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faiza Mumtaz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamileh Esmaeili
- Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 1477893855, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Shafaroodi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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Bjerregaard HF, Faurskov B. Cadmium-induced Inhibition of ADH-stimulated Ion Transport in Cultured Kidney-derived Epithelial Cells (A6). Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299702500307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An epithelial cell line (A6) derived from the distal tubule of toad kidney, was used to study the effect of cadmium (Cd2+) on the increase in active ion transport induced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Addition of Cd2+ (1mM) to the basolateral solution of A6 epithelia generated an immediate and transient increase in active ion transport, measured as short circuit current (SCC). This increase was not affected by prior addition of ADH. However, there was a distinct inhibition of ADH-induced stimulation of SCC in epithelia pre-treated with Cd2+. Since cAMP serves as an intracellular messenger for ADH by increasing the ion permeability of the apical membrane in A6 epithelial cells, the effects of Cd2+ on enzymes involved in cAMP metabolism were measured. The results showed that Cd2+ markedly inhibits cAMP production by inhibiting adenylate cyclase (which had been stimulated with forskolin, magnesium or a non-hydrolysed GTP-analog), indicating that Cd2+ inhibits the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase. Furthermore, degradation of cAMP by phosphodiesterase was not stimulated by Cd2+, also suggesting that the mechanism by which Cd2+ inhibits the ADH-induced ion transport could be through inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Taken together, these results indicate that, in addition to the well-known toxic effect on the proximal tubule, Cd2+ could also have an effect on the distal part of the kidney, where the important hormonal regulation of salt and water homeostasis takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning F. Bjerregaard
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Brian Faurskov
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Roskilde University, P.O. Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Lithium chloride promotes lipid accumulation through increased reactive oxygen species generation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Donati RJ, Schappi J, Czysz AH, Jackson A, Rasenick MM. Differential effects of antidepressants escitalopram versus lithium on Gs alpha membrane relocalization. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:40. [PMID: 26162823 PMCID: PMC4499192 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0178-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasma membrane localization can play a significant role in the ultimate function of certain proteins. Specific membrane domains like lipid rafts have been shown to be inhibitory domains to a number of signaling proteins, including Gsα, and chronic antidepressant treatment facilitates Gs signaling by removing Gsα form lipid rafts. The intent of this study is to compare the effects of the selective serotnin reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram, with that of the mood stabilizing drug, lithium. Results There are a number of mechanisms of action proposed for lithium as a mood stabilizing agent, but the interactions between G proteins (particularly Gs) and mood stabilizing drugs are not well explored. Of particular interest was the possibility that there was some effect of mood stabilizers on the association between Gsα and cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains (lipid rafts), similar to that seen with long-term antidepressant treatment. This was examined by biochemical and imaging (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching: FRAP) approaches. Results indicate that escitalopram was effective at liberating Gsα from lipid rafts while lithium was not. Conclusions There are a number of drug treatments for mood disorders and yet there is no unifying hypothesis for a cellular or molecular basis of action. It is evident that there may in fact not be a single mechanism, but rather a number of different mechanisms that converge at a common point. The results of this study indicate that the mood stabilizing agent, lithium, and the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, escitalopram, act on their cellular targets through mutually exclusive pathways. These results also validate the hypothesis that translocation of Gsα from lipid rafts could serve as a biosignature for antidepressant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Donati
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA. .,Basic and Health Science Department, Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Schappi
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA.
| | - Andrew H Czysz
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA.
| | - Alexander Jackson
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA
| | - Mark M Rasenick
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA. .,The Psychiatric Institute, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612-7342, USA.
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Daneshmand A, Mohammadi H, Rahimian R, Habibollahi P, Fakhfouri G, Talab SS, Mehr SE, Dehpour AR. Chronic lithium administration ameliorates 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in rats; potential role for adenosine triphosphate sensitive potassium channels. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 26:1174-81. [PMID: 21401719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multi-factorial disease with an unknown etiology characterized by oxidative stress, leukocyte infiltration and a rise in inflammatory cytokines. This study was conducted to investigate lithium in 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced chronic model of experimental IBD, and the contribution of potassium channels as a possible underlying mechanism. METHODS Experimental IBD was induced in rats by a single colonic administration of 10 mg of TNBS. Lithium, Glibenclamide (a potassium channel blocker), Lithium + Glibenclamide, Cromakalim or Lithium+Glibenclamide+ Cromakalim were given twice daily for 7 successive days. At the end of the experiment, macroscopic and histopathologic scores, colonic malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as well as plasma lithium level were assessed. RESULTS Both macroscopic and histological features of colonic injury were markedly ameliorated by lithium. Likewise, the elevated amounts of MPO and MDA were diminished as well as those of TNF-α (P < 0.05). Glibenclamide reversed the effect of lithium on these markers, Addition of cromakalim abrogated the effects mediated by glibenclamide and markedly decreased MPO activity, MDA level and TNF-α content (P < 0.0.05). Macroscopic and microscopic scores and biochemical markers were significantly decreased in Cromakalim-treated animals. No significant difference was observed between TNBS and Glibenclamide groups. CONCLUSION Lithium exerts prominent anti-inflammatory effects on TNBS-induced colitis in rats. Potassium channels contribute to these beneficial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Daneshmand
- Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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de Mooij-van Malsen AJG, van Lith HA, Oppelaar H, Hendriks J, de Wit M, Kostrzewa E, Breen G, Collier DA, Olivier B, Kas MJ. Interspecies trait genetics reveals association of Adcy8 with mouse avoidance behavior and a human mood disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2009; 66:1123-30. [PMID: 19691954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying susceptibility genes for endophenotypes by studying analogous behaviors across species is an important strategy for understanding the pathophysiology underlying psychiatric disorders. This approach provides novel biological pathways plus validated animal models critical for selective drug development. One such endophenotype is avoidance behavior. METHODS In the present study, novel automated registration methods for longitudinal behavioral assessment in home cages are used to screen a panel of recently generated mouse chromosome substitution strains that are very powerful in quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection of complex traits. In this way, we identified chromosomes regulating avoidance behavior (increased sheltering preference) independent of motor activity levels (horizontal distance moved). Genetic information from the mouse QTL-interval was integrated with that from the homologous human linkage region for a mood disorder. RESULTS We genetically mapped a QTL for avoidance behavior on mouse chromosome 15, homologous with a human genome region (8q24) linked to bipolar disorder. Integrating the syntenic mouse QTL-interval with genotypes of 1868 BPD cases versus 14,311 control subjects revealed two associated genes (ADCY8 and KCNQ3). Adenylyl cyclase 8 (Adcy8) was differentially expressed in specific brain regions of mouse strains that differ in avoidance behavior levels. Finally, we showed that chronic infusion of the human mood stabilizer carbamazepine (that acts via adenylyl cyclase activity) significantly reduced mouse avoidance behavior, providing a further link between human mood disorders and this mouse home cage behavior. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that Adcy8 might encode a translational behavioral endophenotype of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annetrude J G de Mooij-van Malsen
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Mann L, Heldman E, Bersudsky Y, Vatner SF, Ishikawa Y, Almog O, Belmaker RH, Agam G. Inhibition of specific adenylyl cyclase isoforms by lithium and carbamazepine, but not valproate, may be related to their antidepressant effect. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11:885-96. [PMID: 19922557 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lithium, valproate, and carbamazepine decrease stimulated brain cyclic-AMP (cAMP) levels. Adenylyl cyclase (AC), of which there are nine membrane-bound isoforms (AC1-AC9), catalyzes the formation of cAMP. We have recently demonstrated preferential inhibition of AC5 by lithium. We now sought to determine whether carbamazepine and valproate also preferentially inhibit specific AC isoforms or decrease cAMP levels via different mechanisms. METHODS COS7 cells were transfected with one of AC1-AC9, with or without D1-dopamine receptors. Carbamazepine's and valproate's effect on forskolin- or D1 agonist-stimulated ACs was studied. The effect of Mg(2+) on lithium's inhibition was studied in membrane-enriched fraction from COS7 cells co-expressing AC5 and D1 receptors. AC5 knockout mice were tested for a behavioral phenotype similar to that of lithium treatment. RESULTS Carbamazepine preferentially inhibited forskolin-stimulated AC5 and AC1 and all D1 agonist-stimulated ACs, with AC5 and AC7 being the most sensitive. When compared to 1 or 3 mM Mg(2+), 10 mM Mg(2+) reduced lithium-induced AC5 inhibition by 70%. In silico modeling suggests that among AC isoforms carbamazepine preferentially affects AC1 and AC5 by interacting with the catechol-estrogen site. Valproate did not affect any forskolin- or D1 receptor-stimulated AC. AC5 knockout mice responded similarly to antidepressant- or lithium-treated wild-types in the forced-swim test but not in the amphetamine-induced hyperactivity mania model. CONCLUSIONS Lithium and carbamazepine preferentially inhibit AC5, albeit via different mechanisms. Lithium competes with Mg(2+), which is essential for AC activity; carbamazepine competes for AC's catechol-estrogen site. Antidepressant-like behavior of AC5 knockout mice in the forced-swim test supports the notion that AC5 inhibition is involved in the antidepressant effect of lithium and carbamazepine. The effect of lithium and carbamazepine to lower cAMP formation in AC5-rich dopaminergic brain regions suggests that D1-dopamine receptors in these regions are involved in the antidepressant effect of mood stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liad Mann
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Ou Y, Ruan Y, Cheng M, Moser JJ, Rattner JB, van der Hoorn FA. Adenylate cyclase regulates elongation of mammalian primary cilia. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:2802-17. [PMID: 19576885 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a non-motile microtubule-based structure that shares many similarities with the structures of flagella and motile cilia. It is well known that the length of flagella is under stringent control, but it is not known whether this is true for primary cilia. In this study, we found that the length of primary cilia in fibroblast-like synoviocytes, either in log phase culture or in quiescent state, was confined within a range. However, when lithium was added to the culture to a final concentration of 100 mM, primary cilia of synoviocytes grew beyond this range, elongating to a length that was on average approximately 3 times the length of untreated cilia. Lithium is a drug approved for treating bipolar disorder. We dissected the molecular targets of this drug, and observed that inhibition of adenylate cyclase III (ACIII) by specific inhibitors mimicked the effects of lithium on primary cilium elongation. Inhibition of GSK-3beta by four different inhibitors did not induce primary cilia elongation. ACIII was found in primary cilia of a variety of cell types, and lithium treatment of these cell types led to their cilium elongation. Further, we demonstrate that different cell types displayed distinct sensitivities to the lithium treatment. However, in all cases examined primary cilia elongated as a result of lithium treatment. In particular, two neuronal cell types, rat PC-12 adrenal medulla cells and human astrocytes, developed long primary cilia when lithium was used at or close to the therapeutic relevant concentration (1-2 mM). These results suggest that the length of primary cilia is controlled, at least in part, by the ACIII-cAMP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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Marmol F. Lithium: bipolar disorder and neurodegenerative diseases Possible cellular mechanisms of the therapeutic effects of lithium. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:1761-71. [PMID: 18789369 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar illness is a major psychiatric disorder that affects 1-3% of the worldwide population. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that this illness is substantially heritable. However, the genetic characteristics remain unknown and a clear personality has not been identified for these patients. The clinical history of lithium began in mid-19th century when it was used to treat gout. In 1940, it was used as a substitute for sodium chloride in hypertensive patients. However, it was then banned, as it had major side effects. In 1949, Cade reported that lithium could be used as an effective treatment for bipolar disorder and subsequent studies confirmed this effect. Over the years, different authors have proposed many biochemical and biological effects of lithium in the brain. In this review, the main mechanisms of lithium action are summarised, including ion dysregulation; effects on neurotransmitter signalling; the interaction of lithium with the adenylyl cyclase system; inositol phosphate and protein kinase C signalling; and possible effects on arachidonic acid metabolism. However, none of the above mechanisms are definitive, and sometimes results have been contradictory. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have reported that lithium may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for treating neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, due to its effects on neuroprotective proteins like Bcl-2 and its actions on regulators of apoptosis and cellular resilience, such as GSK-3. However, results are contradictory and more specific studies into the use of lithium in therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Marmol
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova, 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
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Böer U, Eglins J, Krause D, Schnell S, Schöfl C, Knepel W. Enhancement by lithium of cAMP-induced CRE/CREB-directed gene transcription conferred by TORC on the CREB basic leucine zipper domain. Biochem J 2007; 408:69-77. [PMID: 17696880 PMCID: PMC2049075 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the action of lithium salts in the treatment of bipolar disorder is not well understood. As their therapeutic action requires chronic treatment, adaptive neuronal processes are suggested to be involved. The molecular basis of this are changes in gene expression regulated by transcription factors such as CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein). CREB contains a transactivation domain, in which Ser119 is phosphorylated upon activation, and a bZip (basic leucine zipper domain). The bZip is involved in CREB dimerization and DNA-binding, but also contributes to CREB transactivation by recruiting the coactivator TORC (transducer of regulated CREB). In the present study, the effect of lithium on CRE (cAMP response element)/CREB-directed gene transcription was investigated. Electrically excitable cells were transfected with CRE/CREB-driven luciferase reporter genes. LiCl (6 mM or higher) induced an up to 4.7-fold increase in 8-bromo-cAMP-stimulated CRE/CREB-directed transcription. This increase was not due to enhanced Ser119 phosphorylation or DNA-binding of CREB. Also, the known targets inositol monophosphatase and GSK3beta (glycogen-synthase-kinase 3beta) were not involved as specific GSK3beta inhibitors and inositol replenishment did not mimic and abolish respectively the effect of lithium. However, lithium no longer enhanced CREB activity when the CREB-bZip was deleted or the TORC-binding site inside the CREB-bZip was specifically mutated (CREB-R300A). Otherwise, TORC overexpression conferred lithium responsiveness on CREB-bZip or the CRE-containing truncated rat somatostatin promoter. This indicates that lithium enhances cAMP-induced CRE/CREB-directed transcription, conferred by TORC on the CREB-bZip. We thus support the hypothesis that lithium salts modulate CRE/CREB-dependent gene transcription and suggest the CREB coactivator TORC as a new molecular target of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Böer
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37099 Göttingen, Germany.
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Montezinho LP, Mørk A, Duarte CB, Penschuck S, Geraldes CF, Castro MMC. Effects of mood stabilizers on the inhibition of adenylate cyclase via dopamine D(2)-like receptors. Bipolar Disord 2007; 9:290-7. [PMID: 17430304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mood stabilizing drugs lithium, carbamazepine and valproate modulate brain adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, which are assumed to be elevated in bipolar disorder patients. The aim of this work was to investigate how these three mood stabilizing agents affect the regulation of cAMP levels by dopamine D(2)-like receptors in vitro in rat cortical neurons in culture and in vivo in the rat prefrontal cortex. METHODS The production of cAMP was measured in the cultured cortical neurons or in microdialysis samples collected from the prefrontal cortex of freely moving rats using the [8-(3)H] and [(125)I] radioimmunoassay kits. RESULTS In vitro and in vivo data showed that the treatment with the mood stabilizing drugs had no effect on basal cAMP levels in vitro, but had differential effects in vivo. Direct stimulation of adenylate cyclase (AC) with forskolin increased cAMP levels both in vitro and in vivo, and this effect was significantly inhibited by all three mood stabilizers. Activation of dopamine D(2)-like receptors with quinpirole partially inhibited forskolin-induced increase in cAMP in untreated cultures, but no effect was observed in cortical neuron cultures treated with the mood stabilizing drugs. Similar results were obtained by chronic treatment with lithium and valproate in the prefrontal cortex in vivo. However, surprisingly, in carbamazepine-treated rats the activation of dopamine D(2)-like receptors enhanced the responsiveness of AC to subsequent activation by forskolin, possibly as a consequence of chronic inhibition of the activity of the enzyme. CONCLUSIONS It was shown that each of these drugs affects basal- and forskolin-evoked cAMP levels in a distinct way, resulting in differential responses to dopamine D(2)-like receptors activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana P Montezinho
- Department of Biochemistry, NMR Centre, and Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Zarrindast MR, Fazli-Tabaei S, Ahmadi S, Yahyavi SH. Effect of lithium on morphine state-dependent memory of passive avoidance in mice. Physiol Behav 2006; 87:409-15. [PMID: 16364379 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 10/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, effects of lithium chloride (LiCl) on morphine induced state-dependent memory of passive avoidance task were examined in mice. One-trial step-down paradigm was used for the assessment of memory retention in adult male NMRI mice. Administration of morphine (5 mg/kg) subcutaneously (s.c.) 30 min before training or testing induced impairment of memory performance. Injection of the same dose of the drug 30 min before testing restored memory retention impaired under pre-training morphine effect. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of lithium, 60 min before training or prior to testing also impaired memory performance. Under the pre-training of morphine, the response of the opioid was restored when animals received LiCl (80 and 160 mg/kg) as pre-test injection. Pre-training administration of lower dose of lithium (20 mg/kg), but not the higher doses of the drug (80 and 160 mg/kg) impaired memory retention in passive avoidance test. LiCl-induced impairment of memory retention was restored by pre-test administration of morphine. In the animals receiving pre-training morphine, combined pre-test morphine and LiCl administration increased the restoration of memory by the opioid. It can be concluded that there may be a cross-state dependency between morphine and lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zarrindast
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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Frey BN, Fonseca MMRD, Machado-Vieira R, Soares JC, Kapczinski F. [Neuropatological and neurochemical abnormalities in bipolar disorder]. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2004; 26:180-8. [PMID: 15645064 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462004000300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Postmortem, pharmacological, neuroimaging, and animal model studies have demonstrated a possible association of intracellular signaling mechanisms in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. The objective of this paper is to review the findings in neuropathology and cellular biochemistry. METHODS We performed a MEDLINE research, between 1980-2003, using bipolar disorder, signaling, second messengers, and postmortem as keywords, and cross-references. RESULTS Neuropathological studies reported a decrease in neuronal and glial cells, mainly in the prefrontal cortex of bipolar patients. Neurochemical studies reported dysfunction in cAMP, phosphoinositide, Wnt/GSK-3b, and intracellular Ca++ pathways in these patients. CONCLUSION The neuropathological and neurochemical abnormalities demonstrated in BD may be related to the pathophysiology of this disorder and the effects of mood stabilizers. However, further studies are needed to clarify the role of the intracellular signaling cascade in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benício Noronha Frey
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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Boufidou F, Nikolaou C, Alevizos B, Liappas IA, Christodoulou GN. Cytokine production in bipolar affective disorder patients under lithium treatment. J Affect Disord 2004; 82:309-13. [PMID: 15488263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2004.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our knowledge concerning immune functioning in bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is limited, while lithium's immunomodulatory effects seem multiple and conflicting. Our aim was to evaluate cytokine production and lithium's effect on it in BAD patients, using ELISPOT technique as a sensitive tool. METHODS Cytokine (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-gamma) production from isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was evaluated (ELISPOT technique) in 40 euthymic BAD patients under chronic lithium treatment, in 20 healthy volunteers, and in 10 never medicated BAD patients before and after the introduction of lithium therapy. In all cases, cytokine plasma levels were also measured using ELISA. RESULTS BAD patients under chronic lithium treatment had significantly lower numbers of IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-gamma secreting cells compared to healthy volunteers. The number of cytokine secreting cells decreased in never medicated patients after 3 months of lithium treatment. In vitro stimulation of PBLs with lithium did not affect the number of cytokine secreting cells either in the patients or in the healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS The significantly lower number of PBLs producing cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-gamma) in euthymic BAD patients under chronic lithium treatment result from the long-term (over 3 months) lithium administration. In vitro stimulation of PBLs with lithium did not change the number of cytokine producing cells. Our findings may be useful in elucidating possible downregulatory effects of lithium in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotini Boufidou
- Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National University of Athens, 72-74 Vasilissis Sophias Avenue, Athens 115 28, Greece.
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Fonseca CP, Montezinho LP, Nabais C, Tomé AR, Freitas H, Geraldes CFGC, Castro MMCA. Effects of Li+ transport and intracellular binding on Li+/Mg2+ competition in bovine chromaffin cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2004; 1691:79-90. [PMID: 15110989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2003] [Revised: 12/16/2003] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Li(+) transport, intracellular immobilisation and Li(+)/Mg(2+) competition were studied in Li(+)-loaded bovine chromaffin cells. Li(+) influx rate constants, k(i), obtained by atomic absorption (AA) spectrophotometry, in control (without and with ouabain) and depolarising (without and with nitrendipine) conditions, showed that L-type voltage-sensitive Ca(2+) channels have an important role in Li(+) uptake under depolarising conditions. The Li(+) influx apparent rate constant, k(iapp), determined under control conditions by (7)Li NMR spectroscopy with the cells immobilised and perfused, was much lower than the AA-determined value for the cells in suspension. Loading of cell suspensions with 15 mmol l(-1) LiCl led, within 90 min, to a AA-measured total intracellular Li(+) concentration, [Li(+)](iT)=11.39+/-0.56 mmol (l cells)(-1), very close to the steady state value. The intracellular Li(+) T(1)/T(2) ratio of (7)Li NMR relaxation times of the Li(+)-loaded cells reflected a high degree of Li(+) immobilisation in bovine chromaffin cells, similar to neuroblastoma, but larger than for lymphoblastoma and erythrocyte cells. A 52% increase in the intracellular free Mg(2+) concentration, Delta[Mg(2+)](f)=0.27+/-0.05 mmol (l cells)(-1) was measured for chromaffin cells loaded with the Mg(2+)-specific fluorescent probe furaptra, after 90-min loading with 15 mmol l(-1) LiCl, using fluorescence spectroscopy, indicating significant displacement of Mg(2+) by Li(+) from its intracellular binding sites. Comparison with other cell types showed that the extent of intracellular Li(+)/Mg(2+) competition at the same Li(+) loading level depends on intracellular Li(+) transport and immobilisation in a cell-specific manner, being maximal for neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Fonseca
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre for Neuroscience of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, P.O. Box 3126, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal
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Abstract
Lithium is an effective drug for both the treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. However, the precise mechanism of lithium action is not yet well understood. Extensive research aiming to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of lithium has revealed several possible targets. The behavioral and physiological manifestations of the illness are complex and are mediated by a network of interconnected neurotransmitter pathways. Thus, lithium's ability to modulate the release of serotonin at presynaptic sites and modulate receptor-mediated supersensitivity in the brain remains a relevant line of investigation. However, it is at the molecular level that some of the most exciting advances in the understanding of the long-term therapeutic action of lithium will continue in the coming years. The lithium cation possesses the selective ability, at clinically relevant concentrations, to alter the PI second-messenger system, potentially altering the activity and dynamic regulation of receptors that are coupled to this intracellular response. Subtypes of muscarinic receptors in the limbic system may represent particularly sensitive targets in this regard. Likewise, preclinical data have shown that lithium regulates arachidonic acid and the protein kinase C signaling cascades. It also indirectly regulates a number of factors involved in cell survival pathways, including cAMP response element binding protein, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, bcl-2 and mitogen-activated protein kinases, and may thus bring about delayed long-term beneficial effects via under-appreciated neurotrophic effects. Identification of the molecular targets for lithium in the brain could lead to the elucidation of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and the discovery of a new generation of mood stabilizers, which in turn may lead to improvements in the long-term outcome of this devastating illness (1).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Corbella
- 1Clinical Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Vieta
- 1Clinical Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Januel D, Massot O, Poirier MF, Olié JP, Fillion G. Interaction of lithium with 5-HT(1B) receptors in depressed unipolar patients treated with clomipramine and lithium versus clomipramine and placebo: preliminary results. Psychiatry Res 2002; 111:117-24. [PMID: 12374629 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1781(02)00136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is commonly used in combination with antidepressant drugs as a treatment for refractory depression; less often, it is used in non-resistant depression. The aim of this study was to examine the interaction of lithium with 5-HT(1B) receptors in 10 non-resistant unipolar depressed patients treated with clomipramine+lithium (C+L) vs. clomipramine+placebo (C+P). A mediation of the serotonergic system has been proposed in the literature to explain the clinical effect of lithium. Indeed, in a previous study of healthy human blood platelets, we demonstrated the interaction of lithium with adenylate cyclase activity coupled to 5-HT(1B) receptors. The functional activity of these receptors was measured by studying the inhibitory effect of L694,247, a 5-HT(1B) receptor agonist, on the adenylate cyclase activity determined by the production of cAMP. Using the same technique in the present study, we found that lithium significantly reduced the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity induced by 5-HT(1B) receptor activation. This result confirms the specific interaction of lithium with 5-HT(1B) receptors. Moreover, a correlation between the percentage of 5-HT(1B) receptor-dependent adenylate cyclase inhibition and the clinical benefit of lithium was established, suggesting 5-HT(1B) receptors may be a target for the therapeutic effect of lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Januel
- Unité de Pharmacologie Neuro-Immuno-Endocrinienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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18
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Abstract
Over the past decade, the focus of research into the pathophysiology of mood disorders (bipolar disorder and unipolar depression in particular) has shifted from an interest in the biogenic amines to an emphasis on second messenger systems within cells. Second messenger systems rely on cell membrane receptors to relay information from the extracellular environment to the interior of the cell. Within the cell, this information is processed and altered, eventually to the point where gene and protein expression patterns are changed. There is a preponderance of evidence implicating second messenger systems and their primary contact with the extracellular environment, G proteins, in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. After an introduction to G proteins and second messenger pathways, this review focuses on the evidence implicating G proteins and two second messenger systems-the adenylate cyclase (cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP) and phosphoinositide (protein kinase C, PKC) intracellular signaling cascades-in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder and unipolar depression. Emerging evidence implicates changes in cellular resiliency, neuroplasticity and additional cellular pathways in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. The systems discussed within this review have been implicated in neuroplastic processes and in modulation of many other cellular pathways, making them likely candidates for mediators of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Gould
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, NIMH, National Institutes of Health, Building 49, Room B1EE16, Bethesda, MD 20892-4405, USA
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that lithium may have profound immunomodulatory effects in animal models as well as in humans. METHODS In this study, whole blood cultures from normal control subjects were established for 5 days and the effects of lithium on cytokine production were investigated. Because many of lithium's actions have been postulated to be modulated through phosphoinositide (PI), protein kinase C (PKC) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP) signaling pathways, the effects of myo-inositol and prostaglandin E(2), alone or in combination with lithium, were also investigated. RESULTS We found that lithium caused an increase in interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 levels, traditionally classified as T-helper lymphocyte type-2 cytokines, and a decrease in interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma levels, traditionally classified as T-helper lymphocyte type-1 (TH-1) cytokines. This shift cannot be fully explained by lithium's actions on the PI, PKC, or c-AMP messenger systems. CONCLUSIONS Monocytes exposed to lithium in the presence of a mitogen for 5 days produced a shift toward the production of TH-2 cytokines and away from the production of TH-1 cytokines. The study suggests that lithium may have complex time-dependent effects on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Rapaport
- Psychopharmacology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, California 92037, USA
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20
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Abstract
Clinical studies over the years have provided evidence that monoamine signaling and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis disruption are integral to the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. A full understanding of the pathophysiology from a molecular to a systems level must await the identification of the susceptibility and protective genes driving the underlying neurobiology of bipolar disorder. Furthermore, the complexity of the unique biology of this affective disorder, which includes the predisposition to episodic and often progressive mood disturbance, and the dynamic nature of compensatory processes in the brain, coupled with limitations in experimental design, have hindered our progress to date. Imaging studies in patient populations have provided evidence of a role for anterior cingulate, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. More recent research strategies designed to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying our pharmacologic treatments and their interaction in the regulation of signal transduction as well as more advanced brain imaging studies remain promising approaches. This experimental strategy provides data derived from the physiologic response of the system in affected individuals and addresses the critical dynamic interaction with pharmacologic agents that effectively modify the clinical expression of the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Manji
- Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Chen G, Masana MI, Manji HK. Lithium regulates PKC-mediated intracellular cross-talk and gene expression in the CNS in vivo. Bipolar Disord 2000; 2:217-36. [PMID: 11249800 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-5618.2000.20303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly appreciated that the long-term treatment of complex neuropsychiatric disorders like bipolar disorder (BD) involves the strategic regulation of signaling pathways and gene expression in critical neuronal circuits. Accumulating evidence from our laboratories and others has identified the family of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes as a shared target in the brain for the long-term action of both lithium and valproate (VPA) in the treatment of BD. In rats chronically treated with lithium at therapeutic levels, there is a reduction in the levels of frontal cortical and hippocampal membrane-associated PKC alpha and PKC epsilon. Using in vivO microdialysis, we have investigated the effects of chronic lithium on the intracellular cross-talk between PKC and the cyclic AMP (cAMP) generating system in vivo. We have found that activation of PKC produces an increase in dialysate cAMP levels in both prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, effects which are attenuated by chronic lithium administration. Lithium also regulates the activity of another major signaling pathway the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway--in a PKC-dependent manner. Both Li and VPA, at therapeutically relevant concentrations, increase the DNA binding of activator protein 1 (AP-1) family of transcription factors in cultured cells in vitro, and in rat brain ex vivo. Furthermore, both agents increase the expression of an AP-1 driven reporter gene, as well as the expression of several endogenous genes known to be regulated by AP-1. Together, these results suggest that the PKC signaling pathway and PKC-mediated gene expression may be important mediators of lithium's long-term therapeutic effects in a disorder as complex as BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, WSU School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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22
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Dehpour AR, Sadr SS, Nouroddini M, Shadan F, Nourozi A, Farahani M, Sahebgharani M. Comparison of simultaneous administration of lithium with L-NAME or L-arginine on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice. Hum Psychopharmacol 2000; 15:87-93. [PMID: 12404337 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(200003)15:2<87::aid-hup147>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Due to the claim that chronic administration of lithium or L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor reduces morphine withdrawal syndrome, the effects of chronic administration of lithium, L-NAME, or L-arginine (L-Arg), a precursor of NO, alone or co-administration of lithium with L-Arg or L-NAME, on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome and physical dependence development to morphine in mice chronically treated with morphine, were evaluated. Morphine dependency was induced by the intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of morphine (10 mg/kg), once daily for 7 days. Physical dependence to morphine was observed by precipitating an abstinence syndrome with naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). Chronic administration of L-NAME (10 mg/kg, i.p., once daily, for 7 days after 10 days of receiving only tap water and food prior to naloxone), decreased all withdrawal signs significantly, while L-Arg (200 mg/kg, as above) increased only some withdrawal signs significantly in morphine-dependent mice. Chronic administration of lithium (600 mg/kg, in drinking water) alone or co-administration of lithium (as above) with L-NAME (10 mg/kg) or L-Arg (200 mg/kg, i.p., once daily) for 7 days after 10 days of receiving only lithium (as above) and food, decreased all withdrawal signs and physical dependence significantly in morphine-dependent mice. The results obtained indicate that co-administration of L-NAME with lithium increases the effect of lithium or L-NAME alone, on withdrawal signs, but this increase is not significantly different as compared to chronic lithium or L-NAME administration alone; while co-administration of L-Arg with lithium decreases the effects of lithium on withdrawal signs and this decrease is not significant as compared to chronic lithium administration alone. These findings indicate that nitric oxide may be involved in modulation of naloxone-induced withdrawal syndrome, and treatment with lithium could have some effect on this system. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Manji HK, McNamara R, Chen G, Lenox RH. Signalling pathways in the brain: cellular transduction of mood stabilisation in the treatment of manic-depressive illness. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1999; 33 Suppl:S65-83. [PMID: 10622182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1614.1999.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The long-term treatment of manic-depressive illness (MDI) likely involves the strategic regulation of signalling pathways and gene expression in critical neuronal circuits. Accumulated evidence has identified signalling pathways, in particular the family of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, as targets for the long-term action of lithium. Chronic lithium administration produces a reduction in the expression of PKC alpha and epsilon, as well as a major PKC substrate, MARCKS, which has been implicated in long-term neuroplastic events in the developing and adult brain. More recently, studies have demonstrated robust effects of lithium on another kinase system, GSK-3beta, and on neuroprotective/neurotrophic proteins in the brain. Given the key roles of these signalling cascades in the amplification and integration of signals in the central nervous system, these findings have clear implications not only for research into the neurobiology of MDI, but also for the future development of novel and innovative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Manji
- Department of Psychiatry, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
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24
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Chen G, Hasanat KA, Bebchuk JM, Moore GJ, Glitz D, Manji HK. Regulation of signal transduction pathways and gene expression by mood stabilizers and antidepressants. Psychosom Med 1999; 61:599-617. [PMID: 10511011 DOI: 10.1097/00006842-199909000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the currently available evidence supports the hypothesis that antidepressants and mood stabilizers may bring about some of their long-term therapeutic effects by regulating signal transduction pathways and gene expression in the central nervous system. METHODS To address this question, we reviewed the evidence showing that chronic administration of antidepressants and mood stabilizers involves alterations in signaling pathways and gene expression in the central nervous system. RESULTS A large body of data has shown that lithium and valproate exert effects on the protein kinase C signaling pathway and the activator protein 1 family of transcription factors; in contrast, antidepressants affect the cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway and may bring about their therapeutic effects by modulating cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated gene expression in the central nervous system. CONCLUSIONS Given the key roles of these signaling cascades in the amplification and integration of signals in the central nervous system, the findings have clear implications not only for research into the etiology and pathophysiology of the severe mood disorders but also for the development of novel and innovative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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25
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Karege F, Golaz J, Schwald M, Malafosse A. Lithium and haloperidol treatments differently affect the mononuclear leukocyte Galphas protein levels in bipolar affective disorder. Neuropsychobiology 1999; 39:181-6. [PMID: 10343182 DOI: 10.1159/000026581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous suggestions of the involvement of GTP-binding proteins in the mechanisms of action of psychoactive drugs in bipolar affective disorder, few studies have been conducted during the drug treatment of patients. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a mood stabilizer and an antipsychotic drug on Galphas proteins. Patients with bipolar affective disorder under lithium treatment with or without haloperidol were assessed with respect to their mononuclear leukocyte (MNL) Galphas subunit protein. Galphas-45 protein subunit levels were analyzed by the Western immunoblot method. The subjects consisted of a group of 20 patients, all diagnosed as euthymic bipolars, and a comparison group of 15 drug-free healthy subjects. Results showed that Galphas levels were significantly decreased in the bipolar patients (BP) compared to drug-free healthy subjects (Mann-Whitney U test, p < 0.002). The drug effect was evaluated by a factorial analysis of variance and showed significant differences between groups (Kruskal-Wallis H test, p < 0.02). Lithium-treated patients displayed the most decreased Galphas levels (normalized mean values 53.2 +/- 31 vs. 122 +/- 45% for BP and controls, respectively, p < 0.001), while no change was observed in Galphas levels of haloperidol-treated patients compared to controls (mean values: 124.9 +/- 37%; NS). The data indicate that lithium and haloperidol affect the mechanism of Galphas protein signal transduction differently, consistent with previous animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Karege
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland.
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26
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Mørk A. Effects of lithium treatment on extracellular serotonin levels in the dorsal hippocampus and wet-dog shakes in the rat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1998; 8:267-72. [PMID: 9928915 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(97)00085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study wet-dog shakes in rats were induced by local potassium (K+) depolarization in the dorsal hippocampus. Concurrently, changes in extracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP (cAMP) and serotonin (5-HT) were assessed by microdialysis. It has been well-established that lithium influences the synthesis of cAMP in the brain via effects on adenylate cyclases. In this study, the effect of chronic lithium treatment on the number of wet-dog shakes and the release of 5-HT was investigated. Wet-dog shakes, formation of cAMP and release of 5-HT were induced by perfusing a Ringer solution containing 60 mM K+ through the microdialysis probe for 20 min. Under some conditions, this high K+ solution also contained 20 microM forskolin. The number of wet-dog shakes and the formation of cAMP induced by K+ depolarization were enhanced by forskolin, while the K+ -stimulated release of 5-HT was unaffected by forskolin. Chronic lithium treatment, yielding a plasma lithium level of 0.78+/-0.09 mmol/l, decreased the number of wet-dog shakes but did not affect the extracellular level of 5-HT in the dorsal hippocampus. Chronic lithium treatment may affect the serotonergic wet-dog shake syndrome in the rat partly via the cAMP signalling system but does not seem to influence this syndrome by changing the release of 5-HT from nerve terminals in the dorsal hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mørk
- Department of Pharmacology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Jakobsen SN, Wiborg O. Selective effects of long-term lithium and carbamazepine administration on G-protein subunit expression in rat brain. Brain Res 1998; 780:46-55. [PMID: 9473582 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of lithium and carbamazepine in treatment of bipolar affective disorder is well established. Although a number of biochemical effects have been found the exact molecular mechanisms underlying their therapeutic actions have not been elucidated. Nor have the target regions in the brain been located. The objectives of the present investigation were to identify the selective effects and target regions of long-term treatment, with either lithium or carbamazepine, on G-protein subunit expression in rat brain. Effects were measured in hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, frontal cortex, neostriatum, thalamus, raphe nuclei and cerebellum. At the protein level amounts of Galphao decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in neostriatum and Gbeta increased in frontal cortex in response to both drug treatments. At the mRNA level amounts of Galphai1 increased significantly (P < 0.01) in neostriatum. Galphas messenger amounts decreased in frontal cortex and increased in thalamus. These effects were common for both drugs, however, in addition also some differential effects, specific for either of the two drugs, were observed. We conclude frontal cortex and neostriatum are important target regions of long-term treatment with either lithium or carbamazepine and suggest Galphao, Galphas, Galphai1 and Gbeta to be selective target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Jakobsen
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
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28
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Manji HK, Potter WZ. Affective Disorders. Neurotherapeutics 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59259-466-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Dehpour AR, Farsam H, Azizabadi-Farahani M. Inhibition of the morphine withdrawal syndrome and the development of physical dependence by lithium in mice. Neuropharmacology 1995; 34:115-21. [PMID: 7623960 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(94)00121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Due to the claim that lithium (Li+) reduces morphine self-administration in dependent rats, the effects of acute and chronic Li+ treatments on naloxone-precipitated withdrawal syndrome and physical dependence development to morphine in mice chronically treated with morphine, were evaluated. Morphine dependency was induced by the ingestion of morphine through drinking water in increasing doses for 10 days. Physical dependence to morphine was observed by precipitating an abstinence syndrome with naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). In the acute experiments, Li+ (1 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered 1 hr prior to challenge with naloxone to morphine-dependent mice whereas for chronic studies, mice received morphine concomitant with Li+ (1200 mg/l) as drinking fluid for 10 days. Results obtained indicate that acute Li+ administration significantly reduced the withdrawal signs, and we were unable to induce some degree of morphine dependency in co-administration of Li+ to mice receiving chronic morphine treatment as compared to chronic morphine administration alone. The present study revealed that even in mice with very much lower serum Li+ levels than the commonly accepted therapeutic range there was a significant reduction in the withdrawal signs. It has been shown that Li+ and morphine have diverse effects on the transmembrane signal control systems. The interaction of Li+ and morphine might be through these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Dehpour AR, Farsam H, Azizabadi-Farahani M. The effect of lithium on morphine-induced analgesia in mice. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1994; 25:1635-41. [PMID: 7721039 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(94)90365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
1. The effects of acute and chronic lithium (Li+) treatments on the antinociception caused by morphine were studied in mice using the tail-flick test. 2. Subcutaneous injection of morphine (10 mg/kg) caused significant antinociception. 3. Acute Li+ administration (0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) alone had no significant antinociceptive effect but changed morphine analgesia; low doses of Li+ (0.1, 0.3 and 1 mg/kg) were found to decrease the antinociception induced by morphine whereas higher doses of the drug (10 mg/kg) potentiated this effect. 4. The 6 day administration of Li+ with a serum level of 0.528 mM decreased the antinociceptive effect of morphine. 5. The effect of Li+ on morphine-induced analgesia persisted for 96 hr in spite of the fact that Li+ drinking was discontinued (the serum Li+ level decreased from 0.528 to 0.022 mM). 6. It has been reported that Li+ might change both the binding of opioids to their receptors and biosynthesis or release of endogenous opioids. There is also a considerable body of evidence which indicates that both Li+ and morphine affect phosphoinositide turnover, intracellular calcium content and cyclic AMP level. The interaction of two drugs may conceivably take place through these systems. 7. These data suggest that the biological effects of Li+ may exist at very much lower serum Li+ levels than the commonly accepted therapeutic range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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Rapaport MH, Schmidt ME, Risinger R, Manji H. The effects of prolonged lithium exposure on the immune system of normal control subjects: serial serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor and antithyroid antibody measurements. Biol Psychiatry 1994; 35:761-6. [PMID: 8043704 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(94)91136-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to begin evaluating the effects of lithium carbonate on in vivo immune function in normal controls. We postulated that lithium carbonate would stimulate lymphocytes but would not affect the production of antithyroid antibodies. Twenty-seven normal controls had blood samples drawn for measurements of serum soluble interleukin-2 receptors (SIL-2Rs), antithyroglobulin antibodies, and antimicrosomal antibodies prior to and after approximately 1 and 4 weeks of treatment with lithium carbonate at therapeutic blood levels. Subjects had a small but statistically significant increase in serum SIL-2Rs after 4 weeks of lithium treatment (446.3 +/- 177.2 U/ml versus 497.6 +/- 232.3 U/ml, p = 0.033). There was no increase in the prevalence of antithyroglobulin or antimicrosomal antibodies with lithium treatment nor did lithium act as an adjuvant to increase the titers in subjects with preexisting antithyroid antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Rapaport
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla 92093-0655
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Mørk A, Geisler A. Lithium in situ decreases extracellular levels of cyclic AMP in the dorsal hippocampus of living rats. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1994; 74:300-2. [PMID: 8090703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1994.tb01115.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Mørk
- Department of Pharmacology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Alessi N, Naylor MW, Ghaziuddin M, Zubieta JK. Update on lithium carbonate therapy in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994; 33:291-304. [PMID: 8169173 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199403000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of lithium to treat child and adolescent psychiatric disorders is becoming more common. Since the publication of the report of The Committee on Biological Aspects of Child Psychiatry of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry in 1978, a considerable body of literature has accumulated on the efficacy of lithium in treating adolescent bipolar disorders, childhood aggression, and behavioral disorders associated with mental retardation and developmental disorders. Efforts to understand lithium's mechanism(s) and refinements in psychiatric diagnosis have contributed to its growing use.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Alessi
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor 48109-0290
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Manji HK, Lenox RH. Long-term action of lithium: a role for transcriptional and posttranscriptional factors regulated by protein kinase C. Synapse 1994; 16:11-28. [PMID: 8134897 DOI: 10.1002/syn.890160103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Lithium, a simple monovalent cation, represents one of psychiatry's most important treatments and is the most effective treatment for reducing both the frequency and severity of recurrent affective episodes. Despite extensive research, the underlying biologic basis for the therapeutic efficacy this drug remains unknown, and in recent years, research has focused on signal transduction pathways to explain lithium's efficacy in treating both poles of manic-depressive illness. Critical to attributions of therapeutic relevance to any observed biochemical effect, however, is the observation that the characteristic prophylactic action of lithium in stabilizing the profound mood cycling of bipolar disorder requires a lag period for onset and is not immediately reversed upon discontinuation of treatment. Biochemical changes requiring such prolonged administration of a drug suggest alterations at the genomic level but, until recently, little has been known about the transcriptional and posttranscriptional factors regulated by chronic drug treatment, although long-term changes in neuronal synaptic function are known to be dependent upon the selective regulation of gene expression. In this paper, we will present evidence to show that chronic lithium exerts significant transcriptional and posttranscriptional effects, and that these actions of lithium may be mediated via protein kinase C (PKC)-induced alterations in nuclear transcription regulatory factors responsible for modulating the expression of proteins involved in long-term neural plasticity and cellular response. Such target sites for chronic lithium may help unravel the processes by which a simple monovalent cation can produce a long-term stabilization of mood in individuals vulnerable to bipolar illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Manji
- Section on Clinical Pharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Manji HK, Etcheberrigaray R, Chen G, Olds JL. Lithium decreases membrane-associated protein kinase C in hippocampus: selectivity for the alpha isozyme. J Neurochem 1993; 61:2303-10. [PMID: 8245981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb07474.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of lithium on alterations in the amount and distribution of protein kinase C (PKC) in discrete areas of rat brain by using [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate quantitative autoradiography as well as western blotting. Chronic administration of lithium resulted in a significant decrease in membrane-associated PKC in several hippocampal structures, most notably the subiculum and the CA1 region. In contrast, only modest changes in [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding were observed in the various other cortical and subcortical structures examined. Immunoblotting using monoclonal anti-PKC antibodies revealed an isozyme-specific 30% decrease in hippocampal membrane-associated PKC alpha, in the absence of any changes in the labeling of either the beta (I/II) or gamma isozymes. These changes were observed only after chronic (4 week) treatment with lithium, and not after acute (5 days) treatment, suggesting potential clinical relevance. Given the critical role of PKC in regulating neuronal signal transduction, lithium's effects on PKC in the limbic system represent an attractive molecular mechanism for its efficacy in treating both poles of manic-depressive illness. In addition, the decreased hippocampal membrane-associated PKC observed in the present study offers a possible explanation for lithium-induced memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Manji
- Section on Clinical Pharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Masana MI, Bitran JA, Hsiao JK, Potter WZ. In vivo evidence that lithium inactivates Gi modulation of adenylate cyclase in brain. J Neurochem 1992; 59:200-5. [PMID: 1319465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In vivo microdialysis of cyclic AMP from prefrontal cortex complemented by ex vivo measures was used to investigate the possibility that lithium produces functional changes in G proteins that could account for its effects on adenylate cyclase activity. Four weeks of lithium administration (serum lithium concentration of 0.85 +/- 0.05 mM; n = 11) significantly increased the basal cyclic AMP content in dialysate from prefrontal cortex of anesthetized rats. Forskolin infused through the probe increased dialysate cyclic AMP, but the magnitude of this increase was unaffected by chronic lithium administration. Inactivation of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein Gi with pertussis toxin increased dialysate cyclic AMP in control rats, as did stimulation with cholera toxin (which activates the stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding protein Gs). The effect of pertussis toxin was abolished following chronic lithium, whereas the increase in cyclic AMP after cholera toxin was enhanced. In vitro pertussis toxin-catalyzed ADP ribosylation of alpha i (and alpha o) was increased by 20% in prefrontal cortex from lithium-treated rats, but the alpha i and alpha s contents (as determined by immunoblot) as well as the cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP ribosylation of alpha s were unchanged. Taken together, these results suggest that chronic lithium administration may interfere with the dissociation of Gi into its active components and thereby remove a tonic inhibitory influence on adenylate cyclase, with resultant enhanced basal and cholera toxin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Masana
- Section on Clinical Pharmacology, Experimental Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Lacaille JC, Cloutier S, Reader TA. Lithium reduced synaptic transmission and increased neuronal excitability without altering endogenous serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1992; 16:397-412. [PMID: 1350356 DOI: 10.1016/0278-5846(92)90091-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Extracellular field potentials were recorded in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer following stimulation of stratum radiatum in rat hippocampal slices during superfusion with different concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mM) of lithium (Li+). Control slices were exposed similarly to choline (Ch+) or sodium (Na+). 2. At high concentrations (greater than or equal to 10 mM), Li+, Ch+ and Na+ reduced the amplitude of the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). However, Li+ increased, whereas Ch+ and Na+ reduced the population spike amplitude. Thus, Li+ specifically enhanced the excitability of CA1 pyramidal cells. 3. Electrophysiologically monitored slices, plus an additional group exposed to Li+, Ch+ or Na+ without concomitant field potential recordings, were processed for measurement of endogenous levels of serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA). The mean endogenous levels of 5-HT and NE were not significantly different in 1-30 mM Li+, Ch+ and Na+. Dopamine contents were unchanged after exposure to Li+ and Na+, but were reduced by Ch+. 4. The non-specific effects of Li+ on synaptic transmission and its specific effects on neuronal excitability appeared independent of changes in endogenous 5-HT, NE and DA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lacaille
- Département de Physiologie, Université de Montréal, Qué., Canada
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Sillence DJ, Downes CP. Lithium treatment of affective disorders: effects of lithium on the inositol phospholipid and cyclic AMP signalling pathways. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1138:46-52. [PMID: 1310626 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(92)90150-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of lithium (Li+) on the adenylyl cyclase and inositol phospholipid receptor signalling pathways were compared directly in noradrenergic and carbachol stimulated rat brain cortical tissue slices. Li+ was a comparatively weak inhibitor of noradrenaline-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation with an IC50 of approx. 20 mM. By contrast, half-maximal effects of Li+ on inositol monophosphate (InsP) accumulation in [3H]inositol labelled tissue slices occurred at about 1 mM. A similar IC50 for Li+ of about 1 mM was also obtained for noradrenaline-stimulated accumulation of CMP-phosphatidate (CMPPA), a sensitive indicator of intracellular inositol depletion, in tissue slices that had been prelabelled with [3H]cytidine. The effect of myo-inositol (inositol) depletion on the prolonged activity of phosphoinositidase C (PIC) was examined in carbachol-stimulated cortical slices using a novel mass assay for InsP. Exposure to a maximal dose of carbachol for 30 min in the presence of 5 mM Li+ caused a 10-fold increase in the level of radioactivity associated with the InsP fraction, but only a 2-fold increase in InsP mass. During prolonged incubations in the presence of both carbachol and Li+ the accumulation of InsP mass was enhanced if 30 mM inositol was included in the medium. The results are compatible with the inositol depletion hypothesis of Li+ action but do not support the concept that adenylyl cyclase or guanine nucleotide dependent proteins represent therapeutically relevant targets of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Sillence
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee Medical Sciences Institute, U.K
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Hsiao JK, Manji HK, Chen GA, Bitran JA, Risby ED, Potter WZ. Lithium administration modulates platelet Gi in humans. Life Sci 1992; 50:227-33. [PMID: 1731175 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90276-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelet G proteins were assessed in 7 normal volunteers before and after 14 days of lithium administration at therapeutic plasma levels. Cholera and pertussis toxin catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of platelet membrane proteins were measured by SDS-PAGE. Immunoblotting with specific antibodies was used to measure platelet membrane alpha i content. There was a statistically significant 37% increase in pertussis toxin mediated ADP-ribosylation of a 40,000 Mr protein in platelet membranes after lithium administration, but cholera toxin mediated ADP-ribosylation of a 45,000 Mr protein and alpha i immunoblotting were unchanged by lithium. Increased pertussis toxin stimulated ADP-ribosylation in the absence of changes in alpha i content could be explained by a shift in platelet Gi in favor of its undissociated, inactive form. This would be consistent with increased platelet adenylyl cyclase activity found in these same subjects after lithium.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Hsiao
- Section on Clinical Pharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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40
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Masana MI, Bitran JA, Hsiao JK, Mefford IN, Potter WZ. Lithium effects on noradrenergic-linked adenylate cyclase activity in intact rat brain: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res 1991; 538:333-6. [PMID: 1849439 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90450-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of chronic lithium treatment on adenylate cyclase activity in intact rat brain were examined using in vivo microdialysis. Basal extracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) increased in a dose-dependent manner after norepinephrine was added to the perfusate. Chronic lithium treatment increased basal brain extracellular fluid cyclic AMP levels, while decreasing the magnitude of the cyclic AMP response to stimulation with 100 microM norepinephrine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Masana
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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41
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Mørk A, Klysner R, Geisler A. Effects of treatment with a lithium-imipramine combination on components of adenylate cyclase in the cerebral cortex of the rat. Neuropharmacology 1990; 29:261-7. [PMID: 2109275 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(90)90011-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the effects of treatment with a lithium-imipramine combination on the activity of adenylate cyclase in membranes from the cerebral cortex of the rat. Treatment with (1) lithium for 2 weeks, yielding a level of lithium in serum of 0.54 +/- 0.12 mmol/l, (2) imipramine for 4 weeks (10 mg/kg i.p. twice per day) and (3) a combination of the two drugs reduced isoprenaline-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase by GTP, with a greater decrement with the combined treatment. None of the treatments exerted any effect on the activity of the enzyme stimulated by GTP alone. Lithium ex vivo inhibited the calcium (Ca2+)- and Gpp(NH)p-stimulated activity of adenylate cyclase, but imipramine ex vivo did not affect the activity of adenylate cyclase, stimulated by these activators. The lithium-imipramine treatment reduced Ca2(+)- and Gpp(NH)p-stimulated activity of adenylate cyclase, but this was not different from that observed in the lithium-treated group. In conclusion, the beta-adrenoceptor-stimulated adenylate cyclase was affected markedly by administration of lithium and imipramine together. In contrast to lithium ex vivo, imipramine ex vivo did not impair the activity of either the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein or the catalytic subunit, since no change in activity was observed in the presence of beta,gamma-imidoguanosine-5' triphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) or Ca2+. Furthermore, lithium ex vivo exerted its post-receptor effects on the adenylate cyclase, independent of imipramine. The decrement in activity of beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase, induced by administration of the two drugs together may partly be involved in the therapeutic action of the augmentation of antidepressants by lithium in refractory depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mørk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mørk A, Geisler A. Effects of lithium ex vivo on the GTP-mediated inhibition of calcium-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 168:347-54. [PMID: 2583240 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(89)90796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic lithium treatment on calcium (Ca2+)-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in rat striatum and hippocampus, and to elucidate the effect of lithium treatment on the neurotransmitter/GTP-mediated inhibition of Ca2+-stimulated enzyme activity in the two brain areas. Lithium treatment, which gave a serum-lithium concentration of 0.9 +/- 0.16 mmol/l, enhanced Ca2+-stimulated enzyme activity in the hippocampus but reduced this activity in the striatum. Serotonin (5-HT) dose dependently reduced Ca2+-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the hippocampus, and chronic lithium administration reduced the ability of 1 microM 5-HT to inhibit Ca2+-stimulated enzyme activity. Furthermore, the 5-HT-induced GTP-mediated inhibition of Ca2+-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in the hippocampus was markedly decreased by lithium. Increasing concentrations of dopamine in the striatum did not, however, affect Ca2+-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity and the inhibition of enzyme activity observed with increasing concentrations of GTP was not influenced by chronic lithium treatment. These results demonstrate that lithium ex vivo exerts dual and region-specific effects on Ca2+-stimulated adenylate cyclase in the brain. Furthermore, long-term administration of lithium could reduce the inhibitory effect of 5-HT on adenylate cyclase in the hippocampus, by influencing the inhibitory GTP-binding protein. The effects of lithium on serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission could be involved in the therapeutic actions of lithium in manic-depressive illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mørk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mørk A, Geisler A. Effects of GTP on hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in cerebral cortex, striatum, and hippocampus from rats treated chronically with lithium. Biol Psychiatry 1989; 26:279-88. [PMID: 2568134 DOI: 10.1016/0006-3223(89)90040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of lithium on guanosine triphosphate (GTP) stimulated adenylate cyclase activity and hormone-induced GTP activation of the enzyme have been studied in three regions of the rat brain. Chronic treatment with lithium, giving a serum lithium level of 0.71 +/- 24 mmol/L, reduced isoprenaline-induced GTP stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in cortical membranes at concentrations of GTP up to 2 microM. No effect of lithium was observed at higher concentrations of GTP. The enzyme activity stimulated by GTP alone was unaltered by lithium ex vivo. In striatal membranes, lithium ex vivo decreased both dopamine-induced GTP activation of adenylate cyclase and GTP-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity at concentrations of GTP below 2 microM. No effects of lithium ex vivo were found in striatum at 2 microM GTP and above. In hippocampal membranes, lithium ex vivo did not influence either serotonin-induced GTP stimulation of the adenylate cyclase or GTP-stimulated enzyme activity at low levels of GTP. However, at 50 microM GTP, lithium ex vivo enhanced serotonin-stimulated enzyme activity. The present results suggest that lithium ex vivo decreases neurotransmitter activation of the cortical beta-adrenergic adenylate cyclase by influencing the mechanisms by which receptor agonists enhance the GTP stimulation of the adenylate cyclase. Furthermore, lithium ex vivo exerts a region-specific action on the brain adenylate cyclases, but in the brain regions studied, an effect of lithium on N-protein level might be of significance for the action of lithium ex vivo on neurotransmitter activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mørk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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