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Sexton RE, Uddin MH, Bannoura S, Khan HY, Mzannar Y, Li Y, Aboukameel A, Al-Hallak MN, Al-Share B, Mohamed A, Nagasaka M, El-Rayes B, Azmi AS. Connecting the Human Microbiome and Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:317-331. [PMID: 35366155 PMCID: PMC8976105 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a deadly disease that is increasing in incidence throughout the world. There are no clear causal factors associated with the incidence of pancreatic cancer; however, some correlation to smoking, diabetes and alcohol has been described. Recently, a few studies have linked the human microbiome (oral and gastrointestinal tract) to pancreatic cancer development. A perturbed microbiome has been shown to alter normal cells while promoting cancer-related processes such as increased cell signaling, immune system evasion and invasion. In this article, we will review in detail the alterations within the gut and oral microbiome that have been linked to pancreatic cancer and explore the ability of other microbiomes, such as the lung and skin microbiome, to contribute to disease development. Understanding ways to identify a perturbed microbiome can result in advancements in pancreatic cancer research and allow for prevention, earlier detection and alternative treatment strategies for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Sexton
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Md Hafiz Uddin
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Sahar Bannoura
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Husain Yar Khan
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Yousef Mzannar
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Amro Aboukameel
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Mohammad Najeeb Al-Hallak
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Bayan Al-Share
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Amr Mohamed
- UH Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Misako Nagasaka
- University of California, Irvine, UCI Health Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, CA, Irvine, USA
| | - Bassel El-Rayes
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama, AL, Tuscaloosa, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 4100 John R, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2747-2760. [PMID: 33791834 PMCID: PMC8012020 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02300-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A homeostatic balance exists between the resident microbiota in the oral cavity and the host. Perturbations of the oral microbiota under particular conditions can contribute to the growth of non-oral pathogens that are hard to kill because of their higher resistance to antimicrobials, raising the probability of treatment failure and reinfection. The presence of these bacteria in the oral cavity has been proven to be associated with several oral diseases such as periodontitis, caries, and gingivitis, and systemic diseases of importance in clinical medicine such as cystic fibrosis, HIV, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, it is still controversial whether these species are merely transient members or unique to the oral cavity. Mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between the oral microbiota and non-oral pathogens can also occur, though the mechanisms used by these bacteria are not clear. Therefore, this review presents an overview of the current knowledge about the presence of non-oral bacteria in the oral cavity, their relationship with systemic and oral diseases, and their interactions with oral bacteria.
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Hall AP, Cauvin A, Dudal S, Raymond J, Rogerson P, Jolette J. Case Studies Discussing the Pathology, Immunogenicity, and Proposed Mechanism of Toxicity of an Inhaled Anti-TGFβ Humanized Fab Antibody in Non-Human Primates and Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 49:315-333. [PMID: 33167807 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320960023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of nonhuman primates and mice with a humanized antigen-binding fragment (Fab) antibody (UCBFab) inhibiting transforming growth factor β via daily inhalation for up to 13 weeks resulted in low systemic exposure but high local exposure in the lung. Target engagement was demonstrated by reduced levels of signal transducers, phosphoSMAD and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Treatment was associated with a high frequency and titer of antidrug antibodies, indicating high local immunogenicity, and local pathology within the lung and draining lymph nodes. Microscopic changes were characterized by perivascular (PV) and peribronchiolar (PB) mononuclear inflammatory cell (MIC) infiltrates that were principally lymphocytic in nature and mixed inflammatory cell infiltrates and/or inflammation within the alveoli. Immunohistochemical investigation revealed a predominantly CD68-positive macrophage and CD3- and CD8>CD4-positive T-cell response in the alveoli, whereas within the airways, there was a variable mixture of CD3-positive T cells, CD20-positive B cells, and CD68-positive macrophages. Increased cellularity of the draining lymph nodes was also noted, indicating the presence of an immune response to the inhaled test article. Morphologic changes did not progress over time, and all changes partially recovered. Increased leukocytes (principally macrophages) in BALF cytology correlated with the changes seen by histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - James Raymond
- Charles River Pathology Associates, Frederick, MA, USA
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In-vitro Evaluation of Anti-Bacterial, Anti-biofilm and Cytotoxic Activity of Naturally Inspired Juglans regia, Tamarix aphylla L., and Acacia modesta with Medicinal Potentialities. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.14.2.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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5
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Passarelli Mantovani R, Sandri A, Boaretti M, Grilli A, Volpi S, Melotti P, Burlacchini G, Lleò MM, Signoretto C. Toothbrushes may convey bacteria to the cystic fibrosis lower airways. J Oral Microbiol 2019; 11:1647036. [PMID: 31489126 PMCID: PMC6713191 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1647036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that the oral cavity acts as a bacterial reservoir and might contribute to the transmission of bacteria to the lower airways. Control of a potentially pathogenic microbiota might contribute to prevent the establishment of chronic infection in cystic fibrosis. We evaluated the presence of CF microorganisms in saliva and toothbrushes of CF patients and verify their possible transmission to lower airways. Methods: We assessed the presence of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. maltophilia, A. xylosoxidans, S. marcescens, and yeasts in saliva, toothbrushes and sputum of 38 CF patients and assessed the clonal identity of the strains occurring contemporary in multiple sites by PFGE. Results: At least one of the investigated species was isolated from 60 saliva samples and 23 toothbrushes. S. aureus was the most abundant species, followed by Candida spp. 31 patients contemporary had the same species in sputum and saliva/toothbrush: in most cases, clonal identity of the strains among the different sites was confirmed. Conclusion: Toothbrushes may be sources of oral contamination and might act as reservoirs favoring transmission of potentially pathogenic microorganisms from the environment to the oral cavity and eventually to the LAW. Oral hygiene and toothbrush care are important strategies to prevent CF lung infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Sandri
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marzia Boaretti
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Grilli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sonia Volpi
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI), Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Melotti
- Cystic Fibrosis Center, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata (AOUI), Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Burlacchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria M Lleò
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Caterina Signoretto
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Microbiology Section, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Pathan MM, Bhat KG, Joshi VM. Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of a herbal mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash on select periodontal pathogens: An in vitro and ex vivo study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2018; 21:270-275. [PMID: 29456300 PMCID: PMC5813340 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_382_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several herbal mouthwash and herbal extracts have been tested in vitro and in vivo in search of a suitable adjunct to mechanical therapy for long-term use. In this study, we aimed to look at the antimicrobial effect of the herbal mouthwash and chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on select organisms in in vitro test and an ex vivo model. Materials and Methods: The antimicrobial effects were determined against standard strains of bacteria that are involved in different stages of periodontal diseases. The in vitro tests included determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using broth dilution and agar diffusion. In the ex vivo part of the study supragingival dental plaque were obtained from 20 periodontally healthy adult volunteers. Descriptive analysis was done for the entire quantitative and qualitative variable recorded. Results: The MIC by broth dilution method found no statistically significant difference between the mouthwashes. The agar dilution method showed CHX was more effective as compared to the herbal mouthwash against standard strains of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. However, no difference was observed between the mouthwashes for Porphyromonas, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The ex vivo results conclude that none of the selected mouthwashes were statistically significantly different from each other. Conclusion: In the present study, CHX showed higher levels of antimicrobial action than the herbal mouthwash against bacterial species. The results reinforce the earlier findings that the in vitro testing is sensitive to methods and due diligence is needed when extrapolating the data for further use. However, long-term use and in vivo effectiveness against the periopathogens need to be tested in well-planned clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Multazim Muradkhan Pathan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishore Gajanan Bhat
- Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Central Research Laboratory, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
| | - Vinayak Mahableshwar Joshi
- Maratha Mandal's NGH Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Central Research Laboratory, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
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Genevois A, Roques C, Segonds C, Cavalié L, Brémont F, Maubisson L, Mas E, Mittaine M. Bacterial colonization status of cystic fibrosis children's toothbrushes: A pilot study. Arch Pediatr 2015; 22:1240-6. [PMID: 26596857 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus toothbrush contamination in cystic fibrosis (CF) is unknown. This pilot study aimed to determine their prevalence and the potential involvement of toothbrushes in pulmonary infection. METHODS Toothbrush bacteriological analysis for children aged 8-18 years was conducted on 27 CF patients, 15 healthy siblings, and 15 healthy children from the general population. RESULTS S. aureus was detected on 22% of the patients' toothbrushes, and 13% of healthy children's toothbrushes and P. aeruginosa on 15% of patients' toothbrushes and 0-13% of healthy children's toothbrushes. There was no statistical correlation between pulmonary colonization and toothbrush contamination. P. aeruginosa genotyping showed two identical clones on the patients' toothbrushes and in their sputum, and between one patient's sputum and his sibling's toothbrush. CONCLUSION S. aureus and P. aeruginosa can colonize CF patients' toothbrushes. The impact on pulmonary colonization remains unknown. Toothbrush decontamination methods need to consider these bacteria in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Genevois
- CRCM pédiatrique, service de pneumologie, hôpital des Enfants, 330, avenue de Grande-Bretagne, TSA 70034, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - C Roques
- Laboratoire de génie chimique, UMR5503, faculté des sciences pharmaceutiques, université Toulouse III, 35, chemin des Maraîchers, 31062 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - C Segonds
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène, pôle biologie, institut fédératif de biologie (IFB), 330, avenue de Grande-Bretagne, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - L Cavalié
- Laboratoire de bactériologie-hygiène, pôle biologie, institut fédératif de biologie (IFB), 330, avenue de Grande-Bretagne, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - F Brémont
- CRCM pédiatrique, service de pneumologie, hôpital des Enfants, 330, avenue de Grande-Bretagne, TSA 70034, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - L Maubisson
- Centre de recherche en management, UMR CNRS 5303, IAE de l'université Toulouse I, 2, rue du Doyen Gabriel-Marty, 31042 Toulouse cedex 9, France; Université François-Rabelais de Tours, université d'Orléans, Vallorem EA6296, 50, avenue Jean-Portalis, 37200 Tours, France
| | - E Mas
- CRCM pédiatrique, service de gastroentérologie-hépatologie, hôpital des enfants, 330, avenue de Grande-Bretagne, TSA 70034, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - M Mittaine
- CRCM pédiatrique, service de pneumologie, hôpital des Enfants, 330, avenue de Grande-Bretagne, TSA 70034, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
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8
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Rivas Caldas R, Boisramé S. Upper aero-digestive contamination by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and implications in Cystic Fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros 2014; 14:6-15. [PMID: 24933711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a severe genetic disorder that is common among the Caucasian population. Bacterial respiratory infections are the main cause of morbidity and mortality in CF patients. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main pathogen of lower airways (LAW) decline. METHOD To understand chronic broncho-pulmonary colonization, a systematic review is conducted. The aim of our article is to identify the pathways of contamination in the upper aero-digestive tract. RESULTS A large number of articles report that P. aeruginosa is established first at nasopharyngeal sites. The vast majority of authors agree that the upper aero-digestive tract is the first location of colonization by P. aeruginosa and its presence appears to be predictive of subsequent broncho-pulmonary colonization. CONCLUSION This review supports the possible involvement of the nasal and paranasal sinuses and oral cavity as means of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rivas Caldas
- Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM-EA 3882), Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Université Européenne de Bretagne (UBO-UEB), 22 avenue C. Desmoulins, 29238 Brest Cedex, France.
| | - S Boisramé
- Département de Chirurgie Orale, Pôle Organes des Sens, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU), 5 Av. Foch, 29609 Brest Cedex, France; Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Microbienne (LUBEM-EA 3882), (UBO-UEB), 22 avenue C. Desmoulins, 29238 Brest Cedex, France; CRCM, centre de Perharidy, Route de Perharidy, 29680 Roscoff, France.
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9
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Smith D, Španěl P, Gilchrist FJ, Lenney W. Hydrogen cyanide, a volatile biomarker of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
infection. J Breath Res 2013; 7:044001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/7/4/044001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Isolation and characterization of biofilm-forming bacteria and associated extracellular polymeric substances from oral cavity. ANN MICROBIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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11
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He X, Hu W, He J, Guo L, Lux R, Shi W. Community-based interference against integration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa into human salivary microbial biofilm. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 26:337-52. [PMID: 22053962 PMCID: PMC3327514 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2011.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As part of the human gastrointestinal tract, the oral cavity represents a complex biological system and harbors diverse bacterial species. Unlike the gut microbiota, which is often considered a health asset, studies of the oral commensal microbiota have been largely limited to their implication in oral conditions such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Less emphasis has been given to their potential beneficial roles, especially the protective effects against oral colonization by foreign or pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we used salivary microbiota derived from healthy human subjects to investigate protective effects against colonization and integration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic bacterial pathogen, into developing or pre-formed salivary biofilms. When co-cultivated in saliva medium, P. aeruginosa persisted in the planktonic phase, but failed to integrate into the salivary microbial community during biofilm formation. Furthermore, in saliva medium supplemented with sucrose, the oral microbiota inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa by producing lactic acid. More interestingly, while pre-formed salivary biofilms were able to prevent P. aeruginosa colonization, the same biofilms recovered from mild chlorhexidine gluconate treatment displayed a shift in microbial composition and showed a drastic reduction in protection. Our study indicates that normal oral communities with balanced microbial compositions could be important in effectively preventing the integration of foreign or pathogenic bacterial species, such as P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong He
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wei Hu
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Jian He
- C3 Jian Inc., Inglewood, CA, USA
| | - Lihong Guo
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Renate Lux
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- C3 Jian Inc., Inglewood, CA, USA
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Abstract
The oral cavity of the hospitalized or bedridden elderly is often a reservoir for opportunistic pathogens associated with respiratory diseases. Commensal flora and the host interact in a balanced fashion and oral infections are considered to appear following an imbalance in the oral resident microbiota, leading to the emergence of potentially pathogenic bacteria. The definition of the process involved in colonization by opportunistic respiratory pathogens needs to elucidate the factors responsible for the transition of the microbiota from commensal to pathogenic flora. The regulatory factors influencing the oral ecosystem can be divided into three major categories: the host defense system, commensal bacteria, and external pathogens. In this article, we review the profile of these categories including the intricate cellular interaction between immune factors and commensal bacteria and the disturbance in homeostasis in the oral cavity of hospitalized or bedridden elderly, which facilitates oral colonization by opportunistic respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Tada
- Department of Oral Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
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13
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Meurman JH. Oral microbiota and cancer. J Oral Microbiol 2010; 2. [PMID: 21523227 PMCID: PMC3084564 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v2i0.5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation caused by infections may be the most important preventable cause of cancer in general. However, in the oral cavity the role of microbiota in carcinogenesis is not known. Microbial populations on mouth mucosa differ between healthy and malignant sites and certain oral bacterial species have been linked with malignancies but the evidence is still weak in this respect. Nevertheless, oral microorganisms inevitably up-regulate cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that affect the complex metabolic pathways and may thus be involved in carcinogenesis. Poor oral health associates statistically with prevalence of many types of cancer, such as pancreatic and gastrointestinal cancer. Furthermore, several oral micro-organisms are capable of converting alcohol to carcinogenic acetaldehyde which also may partly explain the known association between heavy drinking, smoking, poor oral health and the prevalence of oral and upper gastrointestinal cancer. A different problem is the cancer treatment-caused alterations in oral microbiota which may lead to the emergence of potential pathogens and subsequent other systemic health problems to the patients. Hence clinical guidelines and recommendations have been presented to control oral microbiota in patients with malignant disease, but also in this area the scientific evidence is weak. More controlled studies are needed for further conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka H Meurman
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Sedgley CM, Samaranayake LP, Hu WHC, Lee MT. Oral Prevalence of Aerobic and Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods and Yeasts in Hospitalised Patients. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609509140101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Sedgley
- Oral Biology Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, The Prince Philip Dental Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - L. P. Samaranayake
- Oral Biology Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, The Prince Philip Dental Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - W. H. C. Hu
- University Department of Medicine, The Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - M. T. Lee
- Oral Biology Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, The Prince Philip Dental Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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15
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Cronin AJ, Claffey N, Stassen LF. Who is at risk? Periodontal disease risk analysis made accessible for the general dental practitioner. Br Dent J 2008; 205:131-7. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Persson GR, Hitti J, Paul K, Hirschi R, Weibel M, Rothen M, Persson RE. Tannerella forsythiaandPseudomonas aeruginosain Subgingival Bacterial Samples From Parous Women. J Periodontol 2008; 79:508-16. [PMID: 18315434 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Rutger Persson
- Department of Periodontology and Fixed Prosthodontics, Division of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, Bern, Switzerland
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Brennan MT, Bahrani-Mougeot F, Fox PC, Kennedy TP, Hopkins S, Boucher RC, Lockhart PB. The role of oral microbial colonization in ventilator-associated pneumonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 98:665-72. [PMID: 15583538 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article reviews the association between microbial colonization of the oral cavity and the lungs in critically ill patients that develop ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting. The risk factors and microorganisms associated with VAP are presented. The role of oral colonization of VAP-associated pathogens (VAP-AP) in the development of VAP is examined. We explore the potential factors involved in oral colonization of VAP-AP, which are atypical bacteria for the oral cavity. Strategies for the prevention or moderation of oral colonization of VAP-AP have had limited success. We need a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of VAP in order to reduce the morbidity, mortality, and cost from this common complication in ICU medicine and surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Brennan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Recently, it has been recognized that oral infection, especially periodontitis, may affect the course and pathogenesis of a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, bacterial pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, and low birth weight. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current status of oral infections, especially periodontitis, as a causal factor for systemic diseases. Three mechanisms or pathways linking oral infections to secondary systemic effects have been proposed: (i) metastatic spread of infection from the oral cavity as a result of transient bacteremia, (ii) metastatic injury from the effects of circulating oral microbial toxins, and (iii) metastatic inflammation caused by immunological injury induced by oral microorganisms. Periodontitis as a major oral infection may affect the host's susceptibility to systemic disease in three ways: by shared risk factors; subgingival biofilms acting as reservoirs of gram-negative bacteria; and the periodontium acting as a reservoir of inflammatory mediators. Proposed evidence and mechanisms of the above odontogenic systemic diseases are given.
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19
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Li X, Kolltveit KM, Tronstad L, Olsen I. Systemic diseases caused by oral infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13:547-58. [PMID: 11023956 PMCID: PMC88948 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.13.4.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been recognized that oral infection, especially periodontitis, may affect the course and pathogenesis of a number of systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, bacterial pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, and low birth weight. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current status of oral infections, especially periodontitis, as a causal factor for systemic diseases. Three mechanisms or pathways linking oral infections to secondary systemic effects have been proposed: (i) metastatic spread of infection from the oral cavity as a result of transient bacteremia, (ii) metastatic injury from the effects of circulating oral microbial toxins, and (iii) metastatic inflammation caused by immunological injury induced by oral microorganisms. Periodontitis as a major oral infection may affect the host's susceptibility to systemic disease in three ways: by shared risk factors; subgingival biofilms acting as reservoirs of gram-negative bacteria; and the periodontium acting as a reservoir of inflammatory mediators. Proposed evidence and mechanisms of the above odontogenic systemic diseases are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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20
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Gendron R, Grenier D, Maheu-Robert L. The oral cavity as a reservoir of bacterial pathogens for focal infections. Microbes Infect 2000; 2:897-906. [PMID: 10962273 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)00391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dental procedures, but more importantly, oral infections and poor oral health can provoke the introduction of oral microorganisms into the bloodstream or the lymphatic system. The subsequent attachment and multiplication of these bacteria on tissues or organs can lead to focal oral infections. Pathogenic agents may also remain at their primary oral site but the toxins liberated can reach an organ or tissue via the bloodstream and cause metastatic injury. Finally, metastatic inflammation may result from an immunological injury caused by oral bacteria or their soluble products that enter the bloodstream and react with circulating specific antibodies to form macromolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gendron
- Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Cité universitaire,Québec, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Mealey
- Department of Periodontics, Eglin Air Force Base Hospital, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, USA
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22
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Abstract
An association between oral conditions such as periodontal disease and several respiratory conditions has been noted. For example, recent evidence has suggested a central role for the oral cavity in the process of respiratory infection. Oral periodontopathic bacteria can be aspirated into the lung to cause aspiration pneumonia. The teeth may also serve as a reservoir for respiratory pathogen colonization and subsequent nosocomial pneumonia. Typical respiratory pathogens have been shown to colonize the dental plaque of hospitalized intensive care and nursing home patients. Once established in the mouth, these pathogens may be aspirated into the lung to cause infection. Other epidemiologic studies have noted a relationship between poor oral hygiene or periodontal bone loss and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Several mechanisms are proposed to explain the potential role of oral bacteria in the pathogenesis of respiratory infection: 1. aspiration of oral pathogens (such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, etc.) into the lung to cause infection; 2. periodontal disease-associated enzymes in saliva may modify mucosal surfaces to promote adhesion and colonization by respiratory pathogens, which are then aspirated into the lung; 3. periodontal disease-associated enzymes may destroy salivary pellicles on pathogenic bacteria to hinder their clearance from the mucosal surface; and 4. cytokines originating from periodontal tissues may alter respiratory epithelium to promote infection by respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Scannapieco
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA
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23
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Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia is a prevalent and costly infection that is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients of all ages. The continuing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (e.g., penicillin-resistant pneumococci) suggests that bacterial pneumonia will assume increasing importance in the coming years. Thus, knowledge of the pathogenesis of, and risk factors for, bacterial pneumonia is critical to the development of strategies for prevention and treatment of these infections. Bacterial pneumonia in adults is the result of aspiration of oropharyngeal flora into the lower respiratory tract and failure of host defense mechanisms to eliminate the contaminating bacteria, which multiply in the lung and cause infection. It is recognized that community-acquired pneumonia and lung abscesses can be the result of infection by anaerobic bacteria; dental plaque would seem to be a logical source of these bacteria, especially in patients with periodontal disease. It is also possible that patients with high risk for pneumonia, such as hospitalized patients and nursing home residents, are likely to pay less attention to personal hygiene than healthy patients. One important dimension of this personal neglect may be diminished attention to oral hygiene. Poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease may promote oropharyngeal colonization by potential respiratory pathogens (PRPs) including Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter species, etc.), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. This paper provides the rationale for the development of this hypothesis especially as it pertains to mechanically ventilated intensive care unit patients and nursing home residents, two patient groups with a high risk for bacterial pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Scannapieco
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA.
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24
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Sedgley CM, Samaranayake LP. The oral prevalence of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods and yeasts in Hong Kong Chinese. Arch Oral Biol 1994; 39:459-66. [PMID: 8067914 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(94)90141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Saline oral rinse samples were obtained from 300 community-dwelling Hong Kong Chinese attending an outpatient dental clinic to determine the oral prevalence of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic Gram-negative rods (AGNR) and yeasts. The oral prevalence of AGNR was 41.7%. Enterobacteriaceae species comprised 73% of all AGNR isolated, with an overall prevalence of 32%. There was no difference in prevalence between females (n = 190) and males (n = 110). Morning samples (n = 154) yielded a significantly higher prevalence of AGNR (54.5%) and Enterobacteriaceae (42.2%) than afternoon samples (n = 146) (28.1 and 21.2%, respectively; p < 0.01, p < 0.01). Subjects over 50 yr had a significantly higher prevalence of AGNR than those aged 30-49 yr (p < 0.01). The most commonly isolated AGNR species were Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumoniae. The oral prevalence of yeasts was 24%, with Candida albicans forming 77% of all yeasts isolated. Subjects taking medication (n = 38) or wearing dentures (n = 38) had a significantly higher oral yeast prevalence of 36.8 (p < 0.05) and 44.7% (p < 0.01), respectively. Yeast prevalence was significantly higher in subjects over 50 yr than those aged 30-49 yr (p < 0.05) and 15-29 yr (p < 0.05). Comparisons with previous studies suggest that the oral prevalence of AGNR in Chinese may be higher in Hong Kong than in other parts of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Sedgley
- Oral Biology Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital
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25
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Carnoy C, Ramphal R, Scharfman A, Lo-Guidice JM, Houdret N, Klein A, Galabert C, Lamblin G, Roussel P. Altered carbohydrate composition of salivary mucins from patients with cystic fibrosis and the adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1993; 9:323-34. [PMID: 8398170 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/9.3.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We compared the chemical composition of salivary mucin glycopeptides from cystic fibrosis (CF) and from non-CF subjects and the adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to these different salivary glycopeptides. Three pools of CF saliva, four pools of non-CF saliva, one individual CF saliva, and one individual non-CF saliva were studied. The soluble fraction of the saliva was treated with pronase, and gel filtration was performed to obtain high and low molecular mass salivary mucin glycopeptides. The yield of total glycopeptides was significantly higher from CF than from non-CF saliva. Furthermore, the chemical composition revealed a significantly higher sialic acid content in CF than in non-CF mucin glycopeptides, and higher sulfate and fucose content in CF than in non-CF high molecular mass glycopeptides. We studied the adhesion of a nonmucoid strain of P. aeruginosa (1244), its nonpiliated isogenic derivative, and a mucoid strain (M35) to salivary mucin glycopeptides from patients with CF and from non-CF subjects. The three strains bound significantly more to the CF salivary glycopeptides than to the corresponding non-CF salivary glycopeptides. The nonpiliated isogenic mutant of P. aeruginosa 1244 also bound to CF salivary glycopeptides, suggesting that the adhesion of P. aeruginosa could involve nonpilus adhesions. Furthermore, neuraminidase treatment of CF glycopeptides decreased the adhesion of P. aeruginosa 1244. Altogether these results suggested that differences in mucins may in part explain the specificity of P. aeruginosa for CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Carnoy
- Unité INSERM No. 16, Lille, France
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Armstrong EA, Ziola B, Habbick BF, Komiyama K. Role of cations and IgA in saliva-mediated aggregation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients. J Oral Pathol Med 1993; 22:207-13. [PMID: 8315600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1993.tb01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Oral colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa possibly precedes the pulmonary infection process in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. As bacterial aggregates may play a role in establishment of pulmonary infections, involvement of IgA and cations in CF patient saliva-mediated aggregation of P. aeruginosa was investigated. For colonized patients, P. aeruginosa aggregation correlated with bacterial-specific and total salivary IgA. Cation or IgA depletion reduced P. aeruginosa aggregation by saliva from all patients. However, if cations were removed before IgA, and saliva was then reconstituted with calcium, only colonized patient saliva showed reduced aggregation. Aggregation by IgA-depleted saliva was augmented by reconstituting with original IgA. CF patient saliva-mediated aggregation of P. aeruginosa thus is cation-dependent and enhanced by bacterial-specific IgA. Characterizing the interactions among bacterial aggregating factor(s), cations, and antibodies in CF saliva will help clarify the link between P. aeruginosa oral colonization and pulmonary infections in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Armstrong
- Department of Microbiology, College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Tumber-Saini SK, Habbick BF, Oles AM, Schaefer JP, Komiyama K. The role of saliva in aggregation and adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in patients with cystic fibrosis. J Oral Pathol Med 1992; 21:299-304. [PMID: 1522530 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1992.tb01015.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation and adherence activity of P. aeruginosa, mediated by whole saliva from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and non-CF subjects, was investigated. CF saliva-mediated aggregation of P. aeruginosa was stronger than the activity of non-CF saliva. Likewise, P. aeruginosa adherence to buccal epithelial cells (BEC) of CF patients was stronger than to BEC of non-CF subjects. Adherence of non-mucoid P. aeruginosa to BEC of CF patients was increased by saliva, whereas the mucoid variant was not. CF patients colonized with P. aeruginosa showed higher adherence of the non-mucoid variant than non-colonized CF patients. CF patients with high saliva-mediated adherence of non-mucoid P. aeruginosa also had high salivary aggregation activity. Increased CF saliva-mediated aggregation activity may be linked to the increased non-mucoid P. aeruginosa adherence to BEC of CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Tumber-Saini
- Department of Oral Biology, Royal University Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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28
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Abstract
To establish whether colonisation of the upper respiratory tract or bacterial contamination of inhaler devices or solutions predisposes to colonisation of the lower respiratory tract in patients with cystic fibrosis, bacterial isolates from groups of children who were positive (n = 13) or negative (n = 18) for Pseudomonas aeruginosa were studied. Cultures of swabs from inhaler devices, toothbrushes, and upper airways were compared with cough swabs or sputum cultures. No pathogens were obtained from inhaler equipment administering unit dose medications. Upper airway carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and Haemophilus influenzae was identified in both groups but correlated poorly with sputum isolates. P. aeruginosa was found only in the upper respiratory tract of children with established colonisation of the lower airways. No P aeruginosa isolates were obtained from the upper airways of the group with negative sputum, including one patient who became colonised by P aeruginosa during the study. Our results did not support the suggestion that colonisation of the upper respiratory tract by P aeruginosa predisposes to colonisation of the lower airways. Failure to isolate pathogenic organisms consistently from the upper airways in patients with positive sputum argues against a local epithelial factor predisposing to bacterial colonisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Taylor
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Sheffield
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Samaranayake LP, Lamb AB, Lamey PJ, MacFarlane TW. Oral carriage of Candida species and coliforms in patients with burning mouth syndrome. J Oral Pathol Med 1989; 18:233-5. [PMID: 2671340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1989.tb00769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The oral carriage of Candida species and coliforms in a healthy adult population and a group of patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) was investigated. The intra-oral prevalence of Candida species and coliforms was higher in the BMS group compared with the controls. The most frequent yeast isolated from the BMS group was Candida albicans while Enterobacter and Klebsiella species were the most prevalent coliforms. The possible reasons and the significance of the above findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Samaranayake
- Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, Scotland
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Ranta K, Haapasalo M, Ranta H. Monoinfection of root canal with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ENDODONTICS & DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY 1988; 4:269-72. [PMID: 3152165 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.1988.tb00646.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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31
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Komiyama K, Habbick BF, Tumber SK. Role of sialic acid in saliva-mediated aggregation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. Infect Immun 1987; 55:2364-9. [PMID: 3115896 PMCID: PMC260714 DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.10.2364-2369.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of saliva-mediated aggregation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in subjects with and without cystic fibrosis (CF) was investigated. Virtually all saliva from CF patients that we tested strongly agglutinated the Pseudomonas cells and was heat stable to 56 degrees C, whereas saliva from subjects without CF had a decreased aggregating ability and was heat sensitive. When saliva was treated with neuraminidase and proteases, and also when P. aeruginosa cells were treated with mixed gangliosides, there was a decrease in aggregating activities. However, neither the addition of the acid-hydrolyzed ganglioside nor the treatment of the P. aeruginosa cells by sugars had any effect on subsequent aggregating activities. Therefore, the release of sialic acid by enzymatic treatments of saliva, as well as the blockage of the sialic acid-binding sites on the cell wall by mixed gangliosides, resulted in the parallel loss of saliva-mediated aggregating activity of P. aeruginosa. The level of free sialic acid released by endogenous neuraminidase was higher in the saliva from CF patients than in that from the non-CF subjects examined. The increased aggregation of P. aeruginosa mediated by saliva from patients with CF seems to be directly related to the sialic acid content present, suggesting that this acid molecule acts as the salivary receptor for P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Komiyama
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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