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Hodgkinson W, Ariel B, Harinam V. Comparing panic alarm systems for high-risk domestic abuse victims: a randomised controlled trial on prevention and criminal justice system outcomes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL CRIMINOLOGY 2022; 19:1-19. [PMID: 35401068 PMCID: PMC8979151 DOI: 10.1007/s11292-022-09505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background The use of panic alarm systems for victims of domestic abuse is becoming increasingly popular. However, tests of these devices are rare. Consequently, it is presently unknown whether domestic abuse offenders are deterred by warning stickers informing them that a panic alarm system is installed on the premises, or whether alarm systems reduce domestic abuse recidivism. There is also a lack of data regarding whether adding an audio-recording feature to the panic alarm results in more prosecutions of domestic abuse offenders compared to standard panic alarm systems. Measuring the efficacy of warning stickers and audio recordings will enhance understanding of the overall effectiveness of panic alarm systems for domestic abuse. Methods This study used a pre-test-post-test, control group design, in which 300 eligible high-risk domestic abuse victims in London, UK, were randomly allocated to either a standard panic alarm system or a panic alarm system with audio-recording capabilities and a red warning sticker on a durable, A6-size sign displayed at eye level at the entrance to the premises. Each sticker was well lit to ensure maximum visibility. The gain scores of multiple measures at 6 months prior and 6 months post-randomisation were used to assess the treatment effects (including the number of calls for service, recorded crimes, and harm score), and a negative binomial generalised linear model was utilised to estimate the likelihood of criminal charges for domestic abuse offenders in the two systems. Outcomes Pre-post comparisons of recidivism suggested an overall reduction in both treatment arms, but there were no statistically significant differences between the two types of alarm systems across these crime measures. Nevertheless, the estimation model indicated a significant 57% increase in charges using the audio-recording alarm relative to the standard panic alarm system. Conclusions Using deterrent stickers to warn domestic abuse offenders of panic alarm systems does not lead to a reduction in subsequent harm to victims. Compared to ordinary panic alarms for high-risk domestic abuse victims, audio-recording systems provide valuable evidence that increases subsequent charges, and thus, these systems should be explored further. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11292-022-09505-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barak Ariel
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Ave, Cambridge, CB3 9DA UK
- Institute of Criminology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mt. Scopus, 9190501 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vincent Harinam
- Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Sidgwick Ave, Cambridge, CB3 9DA UK
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Pardasani M, Marathe SD, Purnapatre MM, Dalvi U, Abraham NM. Multimodal learning of pheromone locations. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21836. [PMID: 34407246 PMCID: PMC7611819 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100167r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Memorizing pheromonal locations is critical for many mammalian species as it involves finding mates and avoiding competitors. In rodents, pheromonal information is perceived by the main and accessory olfactory systems. However, the role of somatosensation in context-dependent learning and memorizing of pheromone locations remains unexplored. We addressed this problem by training female mice on a multimodal task to locate pheromones by sampling volatiles emanating from male urine through the orifices of varying dimensions or shapes that are sensed by their vibrissae. In this novel pheromone location assay, female mice’ preference toward male urine scent decayed over time when they were permitted to explore pheromones vs neutral stimuli, water. On training them for the associations involving olfactory and whisker systems, it was established that they were able to memorize the location of opposite sex pheromones, when tested 15 days later. This memory was not formed either when the somatosensory inputs through whisker pad were blocked or when the pheromonal cues were replaced with that of same sex. The association between olfactory and somatosensory systems was further confirmed by the enhanced expression of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton protein. Furthermore, the activation of main olfactory bulb circuitry by pheromone volatiles did not cause any modulation in learning and memorizing non-pheromonal volatiles. Our study thus provides the evidence for associations formed between different sensory modalities facilitating the long-term memory formation relevant to social and reproductive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Pardasani
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | - Shruti D Marathe
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
| | - Maitreyee Mandar Purnapatre
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Urvashi Dalvi
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Nixon M Abraham
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, India
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Behavioural methods used in rodent models of autism spectrum disorders: Current standards and new developments. Behav Brain Res 2013; 251:5-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Jones RB, Nowell NW. Aversive potency of urine from dominant and subordinate male laboratory mice (Mus musculus): Resolution of a conflict. Aggress Behav 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ab.2480150404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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From models to mechanisms: Odorant communication as a key determinant of social behavior in rodents during illness-associated states. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011; 35:1916-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Turner SP, Farnworth MJ, Mendl M, Erhard HW, Lawrence AB. Evidence for residence-induced enhancement of aggressiveness in the non-territorial pig. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Roullet FI, Wöhr M, Crawley JN. Female urine-induced male mice ultrasonic vocalizations, but not scent-marking, is modulated by social experience. Behav Brain Res 2011; 216:19-28. [PMID: 20540967 PMCID: PMC3094925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the evidence for a communicative function of rodent scent marks and ultrasonic vocalizations, relatively little is known about the impact of social factors on these two forms of communication. Here, we tested the effects of two important social factors, prior exposure to a female and freshness of female urine, on male scent marks and ultrasonic vocalizations elicited by female urine. We also asked whether a recently reported strain difference between the highly social strain C57BL/6J (B6) and the mouse model of autism BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR) herein is specifically seen in response to female urine or also detectable in response to male urine traces. Results show that the emission of female urine-elicited ultrasonic vocalizations was dependent on previous female experience, while scent-marking behavior was not affected. A positive correlation was detected between scent-marking behavior and ultrasonic calling in the most biologically relevant context, male mice exposed to fresh female urine after female experience. Correlations were less prominent or missing in less biologically relevant contexts, e.g. in male mice exposed to fresh female urine without previous female experience, indicating that previous female experience is affecting both the emission of female urine-elicited ultrasonic vocalizations and the correlation between olfactory and acoustic communication. The strain difference in scent-marking behavior and ultrasonic calling between B6 and BTBR appears to be specific to female urine-elicited behavior as it was not seen in response to male urine traces, highlighting the relevance of the social context in which mouse communication is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence I Roullet
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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CAMPBELL-PALMER R, ROSELL F. Conservation of the Eurasian beaver Castor fiber: an olfactory perspective. Mamm Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2010.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hiramatsu C, Melin AD, Aureli F, Schaffner CM, Vorobyev M, Kawamura S. Interplay of olfaction and vision in fruit foraging of spider monkeys. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Scent marking behavior as an odorant communication in mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2008; 32:1236-48. [PMID: 18565582 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In rodents, where chemical signals play a particularly important role in determining intraspecies interactions including social dominance and intersexual relationships, various studies have shown that behavior is sensitive to conspecific odor cues. Mice use urinary scent marks for communication with individual conspecifics in many social contexts. Urinary scent involves genetic information about individuals such as species, sex, and individual identity as well as metabolic information such as social dominance, and reproductive and health status, which are mediated by chemical proteins in scent marks including the major histocompatibility complex and the major urinary proteins. The odor of the predator which can be considered to be a threatening signal for the prey also modulate mouse behavior in which scent marking is suppressed in response to the cat odor exposure in mice. These odorant chemicals are detected and recognized through two olfactory bulbs, the role of which in detection of chemosignals with biological relevant appears to be differential, but partly overlapped. Mice deposit scent marks toward conspecifics to maintain their social relationships, and inhibit scent marking in a context where natural predator, cat odor is contained. This suppression of scent marking is long-lasting (for at least 7 days) and context-dependent, while the odorant signaling to conspecifics tends to appear frequently (over 24h but less than 7 days intervals) depending on the familiarity of each signal-recipient. It has been discussed that scent marking is a communicative behavior associated with territoriality toward conspecifics, indicating that the social signaling within species are sensitive to predator odor cues in terms of vulnerability to predation risk.
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Swaisgood RR. Current status and future directions of applied behavioral research for animal welfare and conservation. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Fitchett AE, Barnard CJ, Cassaday HJ. There's no place like home: cage odours and place preference in subordinate CD-1 male mice. Physiol Behav 2006; 87:955-62. [PMID: 16580031 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies using mice have shown that scent marks are an important source of information and can cause behavioural changes in other individuals. Studies have also shown that scent marks in the environment can affect the outcome of social interactions between mice. We used conditioned place preference tests to investigate whether CD-1 male mice (Mus musculus) are reinforced by olfactory cues from the home cage. Soiled bedding from the home cage was presented in the initially less preferred chamber of the apparatus to determine whether this association would reduce the unconditioned preference for one chamber over the other. We tested the effects of social rank and housing condition by comparing the performance of dyads that were polarised into dominant and subordinate relationships, both when paired and when separated, with mice that were isolated throughout. The development of conditioned place preference (CPP) supported by home cage odours was influenced by social rank but not by housing condition. Only subordinate mice showed CPP to home cage odours, and this effect was seen irrespective of whether they were housed with a dominant cage mate or alone. Neither dominant (paired or separated) nor isolated mice showed any change in their preference for the chamber associated with home cage odours. This suggests that the smell of home is a more powerful reinforcer for subordinate mice in that it can produce contextual conditioning to the environment in which it is experienced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Fitchett
- School of Biology, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Drickamer LC. Urine marking and social dominance in male house mice (Mus musculus domesticus). Behav Processes 2001; 53:113-120. [PMID: 11254998 DOI: 10.1016/s0376-6357(00)00152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
House mice use urine marking for a variety of forms of social communication. Urine marking varies with dominance status; socially dominant male house mice urine mark more than those that are socially subordinate. Experiment I was designed to confirm this previous finding. Experiment II was designed to test whether urine marking, measured prior to testing males for aggression, could be used to predict social dominance. Mice were tested for urine marking in 20 cmx40 cm rectangular cages with filter paper below the wire mesh bottom of the cage. In Experiment I, groups of four males were tested in a round robin design to assess social dominance and were then placed individually in urine marking cages. Social dominance was a significant predictor of the number of 1 cm squares that contained urine marks, both with regard to interior squares and for perimeter squares in the test cage. In Experiment II, groups of four males were first tested individually in urine marking cages and then used for round robin aggressive encounters to assess social dominance. The number of interior squares with urine marks, and, to a lesser extent, the number of perimeter squares with urine marks, were both significant predictors of aggression scores and social dominance status. Being able to judge social dominance without having the mice encounter each other could be a valuable tool for future work; confounding effects on such parameters as hormone levels could be avoided while obtaining an estimate of male social dominance status.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C. Drickamer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, 86011-5640, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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15
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Behavioural mechanisms underlying the spatial dispersion of commensalMus domesticusand grasslandMus spretus. Anim Behav 1997. [DOI: 10.1006/anbe.1996.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Alleva E. Assessment of Aggressive Behavior in Rodents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-185277-1.50012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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18
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Individual strategies of aggressive and non-aggressive male mice in encounters with trained aggressive residents. Anim Behav 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(05)81013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Aldhous P. The effects of individual cross-fostering on the development of intrasexual kin discrimination in male laboratory mice, Mus musculus L. Anim Behav 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0003-3472(89)90060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Postweaning environmental and social factors influencing the onset and expression of agonistic behavior in Norway rats. Behav Processes 1986; 12:237-60. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(86)90039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/1985] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Haug M, Brain PF. The effects of differential housing, castration and steroidal hormone replacement on attacks directed by resident mice towards lactating intruders. Physiol Behav 1983; 30:557-60. [PMID: 6683845 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(83)90220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Group-housed castrated (but not intact) males show high incidences of attack on lactating (but not non-lactating) female intruders. In Experiment 1, responses by isolated and group (in 3's)-housed intact and castrated males to lactating intruders were studied. The latter males were given sham, testosterone (T) or estradiol (E2) implants before testing. Castration augmented attack by animals in both housing conditions, confirming that intra-group fighting could not account for androgen-related changes in fighting behaviour in group-housed animals. Both T and E2 implants suppressed attack in animals in both housing conditions. Consequently, Experiment 2 evaluated the influence of three dose levels of T, E2 and DHT (dihydrotestosterone), in attack by castrated group-housed male residents on lactating intruders. Treatment of castrated males with T or E2 (but not DHT) inhibited attack in these animals. These findings provide support for the idea that aromatization is also a prerequisite for the inhibitory action of T on male aggression towards lactating females.
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Hammour H, Goldsmith JF, Brain PF. Effects of sensory communication on development of “isolation-induced” aggression in laboratory mice. Aggress Behav 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2337(1982)8:2<133::aid-ab2480080210>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gleason PE, Michael SD, Christian JJ. Aggressive behavior during the reproductive cycle of female Peromyscus leucopus: effects of encounter site. BEHAVIORAL AND NEURAL BIOLOGY 1980; 29:506-11. [PMID: 7192547 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-1047(80)92787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Porter RH. Sex-differences in the agonistic behavior of spiny-mice (Acomys cahirinus). ZEITSCHRIFT FUR TIERPSYCHOLOGIE 1976; 40:100-8. [PMID: 944978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.1976.tb00928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Observations of 8 groups each containing three adult spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) revealed that instances of chasing and physical displacement were quite common, while fighting and biting were rarely observed. The relationships between the most frequent behavioral categories were presented in a correlation matrix. In a second study, females tested in their home cages were dominant over males. In the males' home cages, however, no differences in the frequency of female vs. male aggression were observed. More instances of aggression were observed in the cages of the females than in the cages of the males.
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Archer J. Comment on Harmatz, Boelkins, and Kessler (1975): habituation not primer pheromone reduces attack in odor-exposed mice. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1975; 15:519-20. [PMID: 1239995 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(75)92376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kessler S, Harmatz P, Gerling SA. The genetics of pheromonally mediated aggression in mice. I. Strain difference in the capacity of male urinary odors to elicit aggression. Behav Genet 1975; 5:233-8. [PMID: 1169056 DOI: 10.1007/bf01066175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Castrates scented with urine from intact DBA males elicited greater attack with a shorter attack latency than castrates scented either with male urine from other strains or with water. The results suggest that genetic factors affect pheromonally elicited aggression in mice
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Brain PF, Evans CM. Attempts to influence fighting and threat behaviors in adult isolated female CFW mice in standard opponent aggression tests using injected and subcutaneously implanted androgens. Physiol Behav 1975; 14:551-6. [PMID: 1169790 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(75)90180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Harmatz P, Boelkins RC, Kessler S. Postisolation aggression and olfactory cues. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1975; 13:219-24. [PMID: 1168455 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(75)91937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Elias JW, Elias MF, Schlager G. Aggressive social interaction in mice genetically selected for blood pressure extremes. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1975; 13:155-66. [PMID: 1168450 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(75)91801-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Jones RB, Nowell NW. Effects of clean and soiled sawdust substrates and of different urine types upon aggressive behavior in male mice. Aggress Behav 1975. [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2337(1975)1:2<111::aid-ab2480010202>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jones RB, Nowell NW. Latency of approach to food in male mice: effects of clean and soiled sawdust substrates. BEHAVIORAL BIOLOGY 1974; 12:409-12. [PMID: 4447564 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6773(74)91615-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Jones RB, Nowell NW. Aversive effects of the urine of a male mouse upon the investigatory behavior of its defeated opponent. Anim Behav 1973; 21:707-10. [PMID: 4798197 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-3472(73)80095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Jones RB, Nowell NW. The coagulating glands as a source of aversive and aggression-inhibiting pheromone(s) in the male albino mouse. Physiol Behav 1973; 11:455-62. [PMID: 4795485 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(73)90031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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