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Carli G, Farabollini F. Neuroendocrine correlates of stress and tonic immobility. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 271:229-251. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Carli G, Farabollini F. Tonic immobility as a survival, adaptive response and as a recovery mechanism. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 271:305-329. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Pain control in tonic immobility (TI) and other immobility models. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 271:253-303. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
The reproductive function of humans is regulated by several sex hormones which are secreted in synergy with the circadian timing of the body. Sleep patterns produce generic signatures that physiologically drive the synthesis, secretion, and metabolism of hormones necessary for reproduction. Sleep deprivation among men and women is increasingly reported as one of the causes of infertility. In animal models, sleep disturbances impair the secretion of sexual hormones thereby leading to a decrease in testosterone level, reduced sperm motility and apoptosis of the Leydig cells in male rats. Sleep deprivation generates stressful stimuli intrinsically, due to circadian desynchrony and thereby increases the activation of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis, which, consequently, increases the production of corticosterone. The elevated level of corticosteroids results in a reduction in testosterone production. Sleep deprivation produces a commensurate effect on women by reducing the chances of fertility. Sleeplessness among female shift workers suppresses melatonin production as well as excessive HPA activation which results in early pregnancy loss, failed embryo implantation, anovulation and amenorrhea. Sleep deprivation in women has also be found to be associated with altered gonadotropin and sex steroid secretion which all together lead to female infertility. Poor quality of sleep is observed in middle-aged and older men and this also contributes to reduced testosterone concentrations. The influence of sleep disturbances post-menopausal is associated with irregular synthesis and secretion of female sex steroid hormones.
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Alvarenga TA, Aguiar MF, Mazaro-Costa R, Tufik S, Andersen ML. Effects of sleep deprivation during pregnancy on the reproductive capability of the offspring. Fertil Steril 2013; 100:1752-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Andersen ML, Alvarenga TF, Mazaro-Costa R, Hachul HC, Tufik S. The association of testosterone, sleep, and sexual function in men and women. Brain Res 2011; 1416:80-104. [PMID: 21890115 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone has been the focus of several investigations and review studies in males, but few have addressed its effects on sleep and sexual function, despite evidence of its androgenic effects on circadian activity in both sexes. Studies have been conducted to understand how sleeping increases (and how waking decreases) testosterone levels and how this rhythm can be related to sexual function. This review addresses the inter-relationships among testosterone, sexual function and sleep, including sleep-disordered breathing in both sexes, specifically its effects related to sleep deprivation. In addition, hormonal changes in testosterone that occur in the gonadal and adrenal axis with obstructive sleep apnea and other conditions of chronic sleep deprivation, and which consequently affect sexual life, have also been explored. Nevertheless, hormone-associated sleep disruptions occur across a lifetime, particularly in women. The association between endogenous testosterone and sex, sleep and sleep disturbances is discussed, including the results of clinical trials as well as animal model studies. Evidence of possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this relationship is also described. Unraveling the associations of sex steroid hormone concentrations with sleep and sexual function may have clinical implications, as sleep loss reduces testosterone levels in males, and low sex steroid hormone concentrations have been associated with sexual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Andersen
- Departmento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lupo C, Paluffi G, Carli G. Behavioural and hormonal effects of captivity on the immobility reaction in crested newts (Triturus cristatus carnifex). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250008309439419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lupo C, Lodi L, Paluffi G. Immobility reaction, plasma sex steroids and testosterone metabolism in the brain of mating and non-mating toads. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250008509440521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW)on a request from the Commission related to “The Impact of the current housing and husbandry systems on the health and welfare of farmed domestic rabbits.”. EFSA J 2005. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Central and peripheral endocrine correlates of the immobility reaction in the toad Bufo bufo. Behav Processes 1991; 24:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/0376-6357(91)90082-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/1991] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Erratum. Physiol Behav 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Farabollini F, Facchinetti F, Lupo C, Carli G. Time-course of opioid and pituitary-adrenal hormone modifications during the immobility reaction in rabbits. Physiol Behav 1990; 47:337-41. [PMID: 2159164 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(90)90152-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of experiments in male rabbits examined the influence of tonic immobility (animal hypnosis) on the opioid and pituitary-adrenal hormones. The aims of the experiments were to follow the temporal modifications in hormone parameters and to discriminate the effects of immobility from those of the manipulative procedure to induce the reaction. Results show that immobility elicits increases in plasma ACTH and beta-EP, but no modifications in pituitary beta-EP. The effects of induction procedure were dissociable from those of immobility, the most marked effect being a prolonged, sustained increase of corticosterone plasma levels. Results support the hypothesis of the opioid involvement in the physiological control of immobility reaction and indicate different mechanisms underlying the immobility response and the procedure of induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Farabollini
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Siena, Italy
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Abstract
Acute physical restraint represents a potent stressor in several animal species and is accompanied by a complex pattern of hormonal responses and functional changes in the central nervous system. Repeated immobilization leads to partial blunting of the behavioral and hormonal responses, with transient modifications of neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Pain reactions, as investigated by different kinds of nociceptive tests, are usually attenuated both during and immediately following acute immobilization and the analgesic effect of opiate compounds potentiated; these behavioral alterations may be attributed at least in part to activation of an endogenous opioid system. In some species, restraint may induce a reflex immobility (animal hypnosis or tonic immobility) which is also characterized by suppression of pain reactions in rabbits, probably subserved by different mechanisms. Analysis of available data suggests that pain testing in unanesthetized, restrained animals may involve alterations of the animal's reactivity to noxious stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo A Porro
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Universitá di Modena, 41100 ModenaItaly Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Siena, 53100 SienaItaly
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Canchola E, Monroy E, Velazquez-Moctezuma J. REM sleep deprivation facilitates the estrogen effect on heterotypical sexual behavior in male rats. Physiol Behav 1986; 37:33-7. [PMID: 3737721 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(86)90380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gonadectomized male rats were submitted to REM sleep deprivation (REMd) for 120 hr and their hetero and homotypical sexual response to estradiol benzoate (EB) was tested. Subjects (Ss) receiving 20 micrograms EB showed lordosis quotients (LQ) twice as high as those receiving 10 micrograms EB and at the same time the LQs in these groups were higher than in the non-REMd groups. Gonadectomized-adrenalectomized control Ss showed the highest levels of lordosis throughout the experiment. REMd by itself does not produce lordosis response. The results indicate that the brain structures underlying this behavior in males are probably similar to those in females, since REMd increases lordosis in both cases. The lack of homotypical sexual behavior normally observed in gonadectomized male rats does not seem to be affected by this treatment. The issue of adequate controls for REMd experiments is discussed.
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Carli G, Farabollini F, Fontani G, Grazzi F. Physiological characteristics of pressure immobility. Effects of morphine, naloxone and pain. Behav Brain Res 1984; 12:55-63. [PMID: 6732913 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(84)90202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study is an attempt to detect the most important modifications of physiological parameters occurring during pressure immobility in rabbits and to compare them with those recorded during animal hypnosis. Like the latter, pressure immobility is characterized by the development of high voltage slow waves in the EEG, reduction in frequency and amount of rhythmic slow activity in the hippocampus (RSA) and depression of spinal polysynaptic reflexes. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures are not modified. Duration of two types of immobility is positively correlated within individuals. Treatment by a single dose of morphine (1 mg/kg) potentiates the duration and this effect is antagonized by naloxone (1 mg/kg). Repeated morphine injection up to tolerance reduces duration. Pressure immobility may also be produced under persistent nociceptive stimulation and is characterized by the development of high voltage slow waves in the EEG, as is typical in the absence of pain. Naloxone, (5 mg/kg) injected in a condition of persistent noxious stimulation, reduces immobility duration. In contrast to animal hypnosis, the duration of pressure immobility is neither potentiated by pain nor reduced by naloxone (1,5 or 20 mg/kg). It is suggested that the two immobilities are controlled by several mechanisms, some similar, some different.
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Farabollini F, Carli G, Lupo C. Changes in brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid levels in the rabbit following tonic immobility. Physiol Behav 1984; 32:205-9. [PMID: 6201936 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(84)90130-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The effect of tonic immobility on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) and on 5- hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels in different brain areas has been investigated, following two different schedules of treatment. The massed treatment consisted of a series of consecutive trials up to 15 min, the spaced treatment in 4 series of trials within 24 hours. Massed treatment produced a decrease in 5-HT in the mesencephalon and of 5-HIAA in the pons-medullary area, but similar changes were also elicited in animals treated with the procedure of induction not followed by immobility. The spaced treatment, which resulted in a potentiation of the immobility duration, i.e., sensitization, produced a reduction of 5-HT levels in the mesencephalon and of 5-HT turnover in the striatum. The procedure of the induction per se acts preferentially on 5-HIAA by increasing its levels. In the striatum, which appears selectively responsive to the spaced treatment of immobility, a negative correlation has been found between serotonin levels and immobility duration. Results suggest that elicitation of tonic immobility is associated with reduced levels of 5-HT in the brain.
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Farabollini F, di Prisco CL, Carli G. Neuroendocrine changes following habituation of animal hypnosis in male rabbits. Behav Brain Res 1981; 2:363-72. [PMID: 6261775 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(81)90018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine changes have been studied in male rabbits during daily repeated inductions of animal hypnosis. All the animals attained the habituation but after different times, showing a different individual sensitivity to the treatment. Once habituation was reached, further treatment did not elicit any recovery. Corticosterone plasma levels gradually increased during treatment, reached a peak at habituation and did not change afterwards. Because corticosterone was not modified after habituation was established, despite further manipulation of the animals, it can be assumed that the increase of corticosterone is due to hypnosis. ACTH did not follow the same pattern of variation as corticosterone: an increase was found at habituation, but this was not statistically significant. Estradiol decreased and the testosterone/estradiol (T/E) ratio increased on the final day with respect to Day 1, whereas testosterone plasma levels were not modified by the treatment. However, there was a general increase of testosterone metabolites (dihydrotestosterone, estradiol) studied in vitro in the anterior hypothalamus of rabbits sacrificed at the end of the treatment. Thus the different responsiveness associated with repeated induction of animal hypnosis changes basal levels of ACTH, steroid hormones and central testosterone metabolism.
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Passero S, Carli G, Battistini N. Depression of cerebral glucose utilization during animal hypnosis in the rabbit. Neurosci Lett 1981; 21:345-9. [PMID: 7219882 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(81)90228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The rates of local cerebral glucose utilization have been measured in normal conscious and hypnotized rabbits by the [14C]deoxyglucose method. In control rabbits the rates vary widely throughout the brain, with the values in gray matter broadly distributed around an average which is about 3 times greater than that of white matter. The higher values area in structures of auditory system (superior olive, inferior colliculus, auditory cortex). Animal hypnosis reduces the rates of glucose utilization in all structures of the rabbit brain, particularly in the caudate nucleus, putamen and sensory and motor cortices.
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Carli G, Farabollini F, di Prisco CL. Plasma corticosterone and its relation to susceptibility to animal hypnosis in rabbits. Neurosci Lett 1979; 11:271-4. [PMID: 514540 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(79)90006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasma corticosterone has been correlated with the susceptibility to animal hypnosis in male rabbits. Subjects (Ss) were considered susceptible when mean hypnosis duration was above 30 sec or when initial duration (duration of trial 1) was greater than 0. A positive significant correlation was found between mean and initial duration. A significant difference was found between corticosterone levels in susceptible and unsusceptible Ss: higher values were associated with susceptible SS and with SS with initial duration greater than 0. These results indicate a higher susceptibility to animal hypnosis in rabbits with a more active adrenocortical system.
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