1
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Mensch EL, Dissanayake AA, Nair MG, Wagner CM. The effect of putrescine on space use and activity in sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). Sci Rep 2022; 12:17400. [PMID: 36253421 PMCID: PMC9576135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish use odor to avoid exposure to predation and disease. Harnessing these odors as repellents is proving useful for management initiatives that conserve native species or control invasive populations. Here, we evaluated the behavioral response of invasive sea lamprey to putrescine, a decay molecule that many prey organisms avoid. Putrescine is found in tissue extracts that contain sea lamprey alarm cue, and human saliva, two mixtures known to elicit flight and avoidance responses in migratory sea lamprey. We used two behavioral assays to evaluate metrics of repellency: behavioral preference (space use) and change in activity rates and found context-dependent results. In smaller assays with individual fish, we found that putrescine had no effect on sea lamprey activity but did induce avoidance. In larger assays with multiple animals, sea lamprey did not avoid putrescine. Our results also showed consistent changes in activity and avoidance behavior in sea lamprey exposed to alarm cue in the smaller assay, concluding that this design could prove useful as a high-throughput screening tool. We also investigated a novel odor identified in sea lamprey skin, petromyzonacil, and found no behavioral effects to this odor on its own or in synergy with putrescine. Our results show limited evidence that putrescine acts as robust repellent for sea lamprey and highlight the importance of environmental context when interpreting avoidance behavior in laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily L. Mensch
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Amila A. Dissanayake
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Muraleedharan G. Nair
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - C. Michael Wagner
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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2
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Kessler SE, Aunger R. The evolution of the human healthcare system and implications for understanding our responses to COVID-19. Evol Med Public Health 2022; 10:87-107. [PMID: 35284079 PMCID: PMC8908543 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed an urgent need for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary understanding of how healthcare systems respond successfully to infectious pathogens-and how they fail. This study contributes a novel perspective that focuses on the selective pressures that shape healthcare systems over evolutionary time. We use a comparative approach to trace the evolution of care-giving and disease control behaviours across species and then map their integration into the contemporary human healthcare system. Self-care and pro-health environmental modification are ubiquitous across animals, while derived behaviours like care for kin, for strangers, and group-level organizational responses have evolved via different selection pressures. We then apply this framework to our behavioural responses to COVID-19 and demonstrate that three types of conflicts are occurring: (1) conflicting selection pressures on individuals, (2) evolutionary mismatches between the context in which our healthcare behaviours evolved and our globalized world of today and (3) evolutionary displacements in which older forms of care are currently dispensed through more derived forms. We discuss the significance of understanding how healthcare systems evolve and change for thinking about the role of healthcare systems in society during and after the time of COVID-19-and for us as a species as we continue to face selection from infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Kessler
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| | - Robert Aunger
- Environmental Health Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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3
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Anderson JR, Yeow H, Hirata S. Putrescine--a chemical cue of death-is aversive to chimpanzees. Behav Processes 2021; 193:104538. [PMID: 34742895 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
As in many other species of nonhuman primates, chimpanzee mothers with a dead infant may continue to care for and transport the infant for days, weeks, or even longer. The bereaved females do this despite what humans perceive as the foul odour from the putrefying corpse. Putrescine is a major contributor to the "smell of death," and it elicits behaviours aimed at getting rid of the source of the smell, or escape responses in mammals including humans. However, it has never been shown that the odour of putrescine is aversive to chimpanzees. To address this question, we visually presented six adult chimpanzees with the corpse of a small bird, or a stuffed glove, in association with putrescine, ammonia, or water, and recorded the chimpanzees' reactions. The apes spent significantly less time near the object when it was paired with putrescine than the other substances, although they showed no signs of increased arousal or anxiety. We interpret the findings as evidence of an aversion to the smell of death in chimpanzees, discuss the implications for understanding the continued maternal-like behaviour of bereaved female chimpanzees, and suggest future research directions for the field of comparative evolutionary thanatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Hanling Yeow
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirata
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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Dewan A. Olfactory signaling via trace amine-associated receptors. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 383:395-407. [PMID: 33237477 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03331-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors that function as odorant receptors in the main olfactory system of vertebrates. TAARs are monoallelically expressed in primary sensory neurons where they couple to the same transduction cascade as canonical olfactory receptors and are mapped onto glomeruli within a specific region of the olfactory bulb. TAARs have a high affinity for volatile amines, a class of chemicals that are generated during the decomposition of proteins and are ubiquitous physiological metabolites that are found in body fluids. Thus, amines are proposed to play an important role in intra- and interspecific communication such as signaling the sex of the conspecific, the quality of the food source, or even the proximity of a predator. TAARs have a crucial role in the perception of these behaviorally relevant compounds as the genetic deletion of all or even individual olfactory TAARs can alter the behavioral response and reduce the sensitivity to amines. The small size of this receptor family combined with the ethological relevance of their ligands makes the TAARs an attractive model system for probing olfactory perception. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the olfactory TAARs and discuss whether they represent a unique subsystem within the main olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Dewan
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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5
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Abstract
Although some definitions of thanatology-broadly definable as the study of death and dying-exclude nonhumans as subjects, recognition of the scientific value of studying how other species respond to sick, injured, dying and dead conspecifics appears to be growing. And whereas earlier literature was largely characterized by anecdotal descriptions and sometimes fanciful interpretations, we now see more rigorous and often quantitative analysis of various behaviors displayed towards conspecifics (and sometimes heterospecifics) at various stages of incapacitation, including death. Studies of social insects in particular have revealed chemical cues that trigger corpse management behaviors, as well as the adaptive value of these behaviors. More recent research on other taxonomic groups (including aquatic and avian species, and mammals) has sought to better document these animals' responses to the dying and dead, to identify influencing factors and underlying mechanisms, and to better understand the physiological, emotional, social and psychological significance of the phenomena observed. This special issue presents original short reports, reviews, and full research articles relating to these topics in New World monkeys, Old World monkeys and apes, as well as equids and proboscids. The range of events, data, hypotheses and proposals presented will hopefully enrich the field and stimulate further developments in comparative evolutionary thanatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Yoshida-honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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6
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Swift KN, Marzluff JM, Templeton CN, Shimizu T, Cross DJ. Brain activity underlying American crow processing of encounters with dead conspecifics. Behav Brain Res 2020; 385:112546. [PMID: 32035868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Animals utilize a variety of auditory and visual cues to navigate the landscape of fear. For some species, including corvids, dead conspecifics appear to act as one such visual cue of danger, and prompt alarm calling by attending conspecifics. Which brain regions mediate responses to dead conspecifics, and how this compares to other threats, has so far only been speculative. Using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) we contrast the metabolic response to visual and auditory cues associated with a dead conspecific among five a priori selected regions in the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) brain: the hippocampus, nidopallium caudolaterale, striatum, amygdala, and the septum. Using a repeated-measures, fully balanced approach, we exposed crows to four stimuli: a dead conspecific, a dead song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), conspecific alarm calls given in response to a dead crow, and conspecific food begging calls. We find that in response to observations of a dead crow, crows show significant activity in areas associated with higher-order decision-making (NCL), but not in areas associated with social behaviors or fear learning. We do not find strong differences in activation between hearing alarm calls and food begging calls; both activate the NCL. Lastly, repeated exposures to negative stimuli had a marginal effect on later increasing the subjects' brain activity in response to control stimuli, suggesting that crows might quickly learn from negative experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaeli N Swift
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - John M Marzluff
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States
| | | | - Toru Shimizu
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Donna J Cross
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Kessler SE. Why Care: Complex Evolutionary History of Human Healthcare Networks. Front Psychol 2020; 11:199. [PMID: 32116974 PMCID: PMC7031495 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the striking features of human social complexity is that we provide care to sick and contagious individuals, rather than avoiding them. Care-giving is a powerful strategy of disease control in human populations today; however, we are not the only species which provides care for the sick. Widespread reports occurring in distantly related species like cetaceans and insects suggest that the building blocks of care for the sick are older than the human lineage itself. This raises the question of what evolutionary processes drive the evolution of such care in animals, including humans. I synthesize data from the literature to evaluate the diversity of care-giving behaviors and conclude that across the animal kingdom there appear to be two distinct types of care-behaviors, both with separate evolutionary histories: (1) social care behaviors benefitting a sick individual by promoting healing and recovery and (2) community health behaviors that control pathogens in the environment and reduce transmission within the population. By synthesizing literature from psychology, anthropology, and biology, I develop a novel hypothesis (Hominin Pathogen Control Hypothesis) to explain how these two distinct sets of behaviors evolved independently then merged in the human lineage. The hypothesis suggests that social care evolved in association with offspring care systems whereas community health behaviors evolved as a type of niche construction. These two types of behaviors merged in humans to produce complex, multi-level healthcare networks in humans. Moreover, each type of care increases selection for the other, generating feedback loops that selected for increasing healthcare behaviors over time. Interestingly, domestication processes may have contributed to both social care and community health aspects of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E. Kessler
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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8
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Monsó S. How to Tell If Animals Can Understand Death. ERKENNTNIS 2019; 87:117-136. [PMID: 35125561 PMCID: PMC8789628 DOI: 10.1007/s10670-019-00187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is generally assumed that humans are the only animals who can possess a concept of death. However, the ubiquity of death in nature and the evolutionary advantages that would come with an understanding of death provide two prima facie reasons for doubting this assumption. In this paper, my intention is not to defend that animals of this or that nonhuman species possess a concept of death, but rather to examine how we could go about empirically determining whether animals can have a concept of death. In order to answer this question, I begin by sketching an account of concept possession that favours intensional classification rather than mere extensional discrimination. Further, I argue that the concept of death should be construed as neither binary nor universal. I then present a proposal for a set of minimal conditions that must be met to have a concept of death. I argue that having a minimal understanding of death entails first expecting a dead individual to be alive, and then grasping its non-functionality and irreversibility. Lastly, I lay out the sort of observational and experimental evidence that we should look for to determine whether animals have the capacity for a minimal comprehension of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Monsó
- Unit of Ethics and Human-Animal Studies, Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Oh J, Yang H, Jeong GE, Moon D, Kwon OS, Phyo S, Lee J, Song HS, Park TH, Jang J. Ultrasensitive, Selective, and Highly Stable Bioelectronic Nose That Detects the Liquid and Gaseous Cadaverine. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12181-12190. [PMID: 31478373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Field-effect transistor (FET) devices based on conductive nanomaterials have been used to develop biosensors. However, development of FET-based biosensors that allow efficient stability, especially in the gas phase, for obtaining reliable and reproducible responses remains a challenge. In this study, we developed a nanodisc (ND)-functionalized bioelectronic nose (NBN) based on a nickel (Ni)-decorated carboxylated polypyrrole nanoparticle (cPPyNP)-FET that offers the detection of liquid and gaseous cadaverine (CV). The TAAR13c, specifically binding to CV, which is an indicator of food spoilage, was successfully constructed in NDs. The NBN was fabricated by the oriented assembly of TAAR13c-embedded NDs (T13NDs) onto the transistor with Ni/cPPyNPs. The NBN showed high performance in selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of CV, with excellent stability in both aqueous and gas phases. Moreover, the NBN allowed efficient measurement of corrupted real-food samples. It demonstrates the ND-based device can allow the practical biosensor that provides high stability in the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungkyun Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Heehong Yang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Go Een Jeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseok Moon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- Infectious Disease Research Center , Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeol Phyo
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Seok Song
- Sensor System Research Center , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul 02792 , Republic of Korea.,Division of Bioconvergence Analysis , Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Cheongju 28119 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jyongsik Jang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
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10
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Gonçalves A, Biro D. Comparative thanatology, an integrative approach: exploring sensory/cognitive aspects of death recognition in vertebrates and invertebrates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170263. [PMID: 30012749 PMCID: PMC6053989 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary thanatology benefits from broad taxonomic comparisons of non-human animals' responses to death. Furthermore, exploring the sensory and cognitive bases of these responses promises to allow classification of the underlying mechanisms on a spectrum from phylogenetically ancient to more derived traits. We draw on studies of perception and cognition in invertebrate and vertebrate taxa (with a focus on arthropods, corvids, proboscids, cetaceans and primates) to explore the cues that these animals use to detect life and death in others, and discuss proximate and ultimate drivers behind their capacities to do so. Parallels in thanatological behaviour exhibited by the last four taxa suggest similar sensory-cognitive processing rules for dealing with corpses, the evolution of which may have been driven by complex social environments. Uniting these responses is a phenomenon we term 'animacy detection malfunction', whereupon the corpse, having both animate and inanimate attributes, creates states of fear/curiosity manifested as approach/avoidance behaviours in observers. We suggest that integrating diverse lines of evidence (including the 'uncanny valley' effect originating from the field of robotics) provides a promising way to advance the field, and conclude by proposing avenues for future research.This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Gonçalves
- Language and Intelligence Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Dora Biro
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
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11
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Sun Q, Haynes KF, Zhou X. Managing the risks and rewards of death in eusocial insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170258. [PMID: 30012744 PMCID: PMC6053982 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eusocial insects frequently face death of colony members as a consequence of living in large groups where the success of the colony is not dependent on the fate of the individual. Whereas death of conspecifics commonly triggers aversion in many group-living species due to risk of pathogens, eusocial insects perform cooperative corpse management. The causes and social context of the death, as well as feeding and nesting ecology of the species, influence the way that corpses are treated. The corpse itself releases cues that dictate the colony's response. As a result, social insects exhibit behavioural responses that promote disease resistance, colony defence and nutrient recycling. Corpse management represents a unique adaption that enhances colony success, and is another factor that has enabled eusocial insects to be so successful. In this review, we summarize the causes of death, the sensory detection of death and corpse management strategies of social insects. In addition, we provide insights into the evolution of behavioural response to the dead and the ecological relevance of corpse management.This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Centre North, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Kenneth F Haynes
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Centre North, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Centre North, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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12
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Swift K, Marzluff JM. Occurrence and variability of tactile interactions between wild American crows and dead conspecifics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170259. [PMID: 30012745 PMCID: PMC6053988 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Observations of some mammals and birds touching their dead provoke questions about the motivation and adaptive value of this potentially risky behaviour. Here, we use controlled experiments to determine if tactile interactions are characteristic of wild American crow responses to dead crows, and what the prevalence and nature of tactile interactions suggests about their motivations. In Experiment 1, we test if food or information acquisition motivates contact by presenting crows with taxidermy-prepared dead crows, and two species crows are known to scavenge: dead pigeons and dead squirrels. In Experiment 2, we test if territoriality motivates tactile interactions by presenting crows with taxidermy crows prepared to look either dead or upright and life-like. In Experiment 1, we find that crows are significantly less likely to make contact but more likely to alarm call and recruit other birds in response to dead crows than to dead pigeons and squirrels. In addition, we find that aggressive and sexual encounters with dead crows are seasonally biased. These findings are inconsistent with feeding or information acquisition-based motivation. In Experiment 2, we find that crows rarely dive-bomb and more often alarm call and recruit other crows to dead than to life-like crows, behaviours inconsistent with responses given to live intruders. Consistent with a danger response hypothesis, our results show that alarm calling and neighbour recruitment occur more frequently in response to dead crows than other stimuli, and that touching dead crows is atypical. Occasional contacts, which take a variety of aggressive and sexual forms, may result from an inability to mediate conflicting stimuli.This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolutionary thanatology: impacts of the dead on the living in humans and other animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaeli Swift
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington College of the Environment, Seattle, WA 98195-5350, USA
| | - John M Marzluff
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington College of the Environment, Seattle, WA 98195-5350, USA
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13
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Rampin O, Jerôme N, Saint-Albin A, Ouali C, Boué F, Meunier N, Nielsen BL. Where is the TMT? GC-MS analyses of fox feces and behavioral responses of rats to fear-inducing odors. Chem Senses 2017; 43:105-115. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Abstract
Expanding human populations favors a few species while extinguishing and endangering many others (Maxwell et al., 2016; Pimm et al., 2014). Understanding how animals perceive and learn about dangers and rewards can aid conservationists seeking to limit abundant or restore rare species (Schakner and Blumstein, 2016; Greggor et al., 2014; Angeloni et al., 2008; Fernández-Juricic and Schulte, 2016). Cognition research is informing conservation science by suggesting how naïve prey learn novel predators (Griffin et al., 2000; Moseby et al., 2015; Schakner et al., 2016; Blumstein, 2016), the mechanisms underlying variation in tolerance of human disturbance (Bostwick et al., 2014), and when natural aversions and fear learning can be leveraged to humanely control predators (Nielsen et al., 2015; Colman et al., 2014; Norbury et al., 2014; Lance et al., 2010; Cross et al., 2013). Insights into the relationships between cognition and adaptability suggest that behavioral inflexibility often presages species rarity (Amiel et al., 2011; Reif et al., 2011; Sol et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2014; but see Kellert, 1984). Human compassion and restraint are ultimately required to conserve species. Cognitive science can therefore further inform conservation by revealing the complex inner worlds of the animals we threaten and, in partnership with environmental psychologists, explore how such newfound knowledge affects our empathy for other species and ultimately the public's actions on behalf of species in need of conservation (Collado et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2014).
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15
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Sun Q, Haynes KF, Zhou X. Dynamic changes in death cues modulate risks and rewards of corpse management in a social insect. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546‐0091 USA
| | - Kenneth F. Haynes
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546‐0091 USA
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky40546‐0091 USA
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16
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High-affinity olfactory receptor for the death-associated odor cadaverine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19579-84. [PMID: 24218586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318596110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carrion smell is strongly repugnant to humans and triggers distinct innate behaviors in many other species. This smell is mainly carried by two small aliphatic diamines, putrescine and cadaverine, which are generated by bacterial decarboxylation of the basic amino acids ornithine and lysine. Depending on the species, these diamines may also serve as feeding attractants, oviposition attractants, or social cues. Behavioral responses to diamines have not been investigated in zebrafish, a powerful model system for studying vertebrate olfaction. Furthermore, olfactory receptors that detect cadaverine and putrescine have not been identified in any species so far. Here, we show robust olfactory-mediated avoidance behavior of zebrafish to cadaverine and related diamines, and concomitant activation of sparse olfactory sensory neurons by these diamines. The large majority of neurons activated by low concentrations of cadaverine expresses a particular olfactory receptor, trace amine-associated receptor 13c (TAAR13c). Structure-activity analysis indicates TAAR13c to be a general diamine sensor, with pronounced selectivity for odd chains of medium length. This receptor can also be activated by decaying fish extracts, a physiologically relevant source of diamines. The identification of a sensitive zebrafish olfactory receptor for these diamines provides a molecular basis for studying neural circuits connecting sensation, perception, and innate behavior.
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17
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18
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Prounis GS, Shields WM. Necrophobic behavior in small mammals. Behav Processes 2013; 94:41-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Stewart FA, Piel AK, O'Malley RC. Responses of chimpanzees to a recently dead community member at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Am J Primatol 2011; 74:1-7. [PMID: 22038875 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chimpanzee responses to the death of a group member have rarely been observed in the wild and most instances involve infant deaths. One of the very few detailed accounts of a group's response to the death of an adult community member is from Gombe National Park, Tanzania, where Teleki [Folia Primatologica 20:81-94, 1973] observed the responses of 16 chimpanzees to an accidental death, none of whom touched the body. Now, almost 40 years later, we report on the behaviors of 16 (different) Gombe individuals to the recently dead body of an adult female community member. In stark contrast to Teleki's account, we observed individual chimpanzees' responses to range from curious observation and passive investigation (e.g. smelling and grooming) to the shaking, dragging, and frustrated beating of the body. Variation across demographic groups is described and may reflect individuals' past experience with death. The implications of our observations are discussed in the context of core morbidity traits shared between humans and chimpanzees.
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Atherosclerotic plaques induced by marble-burying behavior are stabilized by exercise training in experimental atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2011; 151:284-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Michel WC, Sanderson MJ, Olson JK, Lipschitz DL. Evidence of a novel transduction pathway mediating detection of polyamines by the zebrafish olfactory system. J Exp Biol 2003; 206:1697-706. [PMID: 12682101 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the full extent of the odorant detection capabilities of fish, we investigated the olfactory sensitivity of zebrafish to a monoamine and several polyamines using electrophysiological and activity-dependent labeling techniques. Electro-olfactogram (EOG) recording methods established the relative stimulatory effectiveness of these odorants as: spermine >> spermidine approximately agmatine > glutamine > putrescine >or= cadaverine >or= histamine > artificial freshwater. The detection threshold for the potent polyamines was approximately 1 micromol l(-1). Cross-adaptation experiments suggested that multiple receptors are involved in polyamine detection. Three observations indicated that polyamine signaling may involve a transduction cascade distinct from those used by either amino acids or bile salts. Like bile salts and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin, but unlike amino acid odorants, polyamines failed to stimulate activity-dependent labeling of olfactory sensory neurons with the cation channel permeant probe agmatine, suggesting a signaling pathway different from that used by amino acid stimuli. Also supporting distinct amino acid and polyamine signaling pathways is the finding that altering phospholipase C activity with the inhibitor U-73122 significantly reduced amino acid-evoked responses, but had little effect on polyamine- (or bile salt-) evoked responses. Altering cyclic nucleotide-mediated signaling by adenylate cyclase activation with forskolin, which significantly reduced responses to bile salts, failed to attenuate polyamine responses, suggesting that polyamines and bile salts do not share a common transduction cascade. Collectively, these findings suggest that polyamines are a new class of olfactory stimuli transduced by a receptor-mediated, second messenger signaling pathway that is distinct from those used by amino acids or bile salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Michel
- Department of Physiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1297, USA.
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Abstract
Sexual behavior is directed by a sophisticated interplay between steroid hormone actions in the brain that give rise to sexual arousability and experience with sexual reward that gives rise to expectations of competent sexual activity, sexual desire, arousal, and performance. Sexual experience allows animals to form instrumental associations between internal or external stimuli and behaviors that lead to different sexual rewards. Furthermore, Pavlovian associations between internal and external stimuli allow animals to predict sexual outcomes. These two types of learning build upon instinctual mechanisms to create distinctive, and seemingly "automated," patterns of sexual response. This article reviews the literature on conditioning and sexual behavior with a particular emphasis on incentive sequences of sexual behavior that move animals from distal to proximal with regard to sexual stimuli during appetitive phases of behavior and ultimately result in copulatory interaction and mating during consummatory phases of behavior. Accordingly, the role of learning in sexual excitement, in behaviors that bring about the opportunity to mate, in courtship and solicitation displays, in sexual arousal and copulatory behaviors, in sexual partner preferences, and the short- and long-term influence of copulatory experience on sexual and reproductive function is examined. Although hormone actions set the stage for sexual activity by generating the ability of animals to become sexually excited and aroused, it is each animal's unique experience with sexual behavior and sexual reward that molds the strength of responses made toward sexual incentives.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Pfaus
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, 1455 deMaisonneuve Bldg. W., Montréal, Québec, H3G 1M8 Canada.
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Abstract
Proteins that are degraded by the proteasome are first modified by a set of enzymes that attach multiple copies of ubiquitin to substrate lysines, but a tiny minority, including the polyamine-synthesizing enzyme ornithine decarboxylase, is handled differently. This enzyme is targeted for destruction by another protein--antizyme. Why does ornithine decarboxylase have its own dedicated destruction mechanism, how does it work, and is it the only protein to be targeted to the proteasome in this way?
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Affiliation(s)
- P Coffino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0414, USA.
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Olivier B, van Wijngaarden I, Soudijn W. 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists and anxiety; a preclinical and clinical review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2000; 10:77-95. [PMID: 10706989 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(99)00065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reviews the evidence for anxiolytic activity of 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists in animal models of anxiety and in clinical trials in humans. Compared to the established anxiolytics (benzodiazepine receptor agonists and, to a lesser extent, 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists) 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists display a different anxiolytic profile. They are anxiolytic in a limited number of animal anxiety models. If active, they often are very potent and display bell-shaped dose response curves, whereas the ratio between therapeutic activity and side effects appears remarkably large. 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists remain active after chronic dosing and no indications for tolerance, dependence or rebound effects were found, which seems to make these drugs an attractive alternative to the benzodiazepines. However, the large body of animal data indicating a complete lack of psychotropic activity of 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists weakens the prediction of anxiolytic activity in these drugs. Human data are also controversial; some investigators have reported positive effects in anxiety disorders (panic disorder, GAD), others did not. It can be concluded that 5-HT(3) receptor antagonists do not represent a breakthrough in the treatment of various anxiety disorders, as initially suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Olivier
- Department of Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rudolf Magnus Institute for Neurosciences, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Rodríguez-Manzo G, López-Rubalcava C, Fernández-Guasti A. Anxiolytic-Like effect of ejaculation under various sexual behavior conditions in the male rat. Physiol Behav 1999; 67:651-7. [PMID: 10604834 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(99)00119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to analyze the anxiety-like effect induced by ejaculation in male rats subjected to different sexual behavior conditions. The animal model of anxiety used was the conditioned defensive burying test. Results showed that experimental anxiety was reduced after one or six consecutive ejaculations. Six ejaculations did not induce a larger reduction in burying behavior than that produced by two, suggesting that this effect is not cumulative. This anxiolytic-like effect endured a short period (less than 24 h), and was not accompanied by a reduction in ambulatory behavior. The present results also showed a facilitating action of a previous ejaculation on the reduction in burying behavior induced by a second ejaculatory response. This potentiation occurred with an interval of 24 h between ejaculations. In sexually exhausted rats two populations are distinguished: one sexually unresponsive, and one achieving one ejaculation. Interestingly, in the ejaculatory population no reduction in burying behavior was observed, while in the unresponsive one a diminution in defensive burying was found. Data reveal differences in the anxiolytic-like properties of ejaculation between nonsatiated rats and the two populations of sexually exhausted animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rodríguez-Manzo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, CINVESTAV Mexico DF, México.
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Olivier B, Mos J, Van Der Heyden J, Van Der Poel G, Tulp M, Slangen J, De Jonge R. Preclinical evidence for the anxiolytic activity of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/smi.2460080211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine represent a group of naturally occurring compounds exerting a bewildering number of biological effects, yet despite several decades of intensive research work, their exact physiological function remains obscure. Chemically these compounds are organic aliphatic cations with two (putrescine), three (spermidine) or four (spermine) amino or amino groups that are fully protonated at physiological pH values. Early studies showed that the polyamines are closely connected to the proliferation of animal cells. Their biosynthesis is accomplished by a concerted action of four different enzymes: ornithine decarboxylase, adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, spermidine synthase and spermine synthase. Out of these four enzyme, the two decarboxylases represent unique mammalian enzymes with an extremely short half life and dramatic inducibility in response to growth promoting stimuli. The regulation of ornithine decarboxylase, and to some extent also that of adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, is complex, showing features that do not always fit into the generally accepted rules of molecular biology. The development and introduction of specific inhibitors to the biosynthetic enzymes of the polyamines have revealed that an undisturbed synthesis of the polyamines is a prerequisite for animal cell proliferation to occur. The biosynthesis of the polyamines thus offers a meaningful target for the treatment of certain hyperproliferative diseases, most notably cancer. Although most experimental cancer models responds strikingly to treatment with polyamine antimetabolites--namely, inhibitors of various polyamine synthesizing enzymes--a real breakthrough in the treatment of human cancer has not yet occurred. It is, however, highly likely that the concept is viable. An especially interesting approach is the chemoprevention of cancer with polyamine antimetabolites, a process that appears to work in many experimental animal models. Meanwhile, the inhibition of polyamine accumulation has shown great promise in the treatment of human parasitic diseases, such as African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jänne
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, Finland
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Broekkamp CL, Rijk HW, Joly-Gelouin D, Lloyd KL. Major tranquillizers can be distinguished from minor tranquillizers on the basis of effects on marble burying and swim-induced grooming in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 1986; 126:223-9. [PMID: 2875886 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(86)90051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of psychotropic compounds on grooming and burying were compared in mice. Burying behaviour was provoked by glass marbles and grooming was observed after 3 min swimming. Compounds with minor tranquilizing properties, such as diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, flunitrazepam, clonazepam, meprobamate and ethyl alcohol, were more effective in reducing burying than grooming. Drugs with an anticholinergic effect, e.g. scopolamine and atropine were also more effective against burying. A number of neuroleptic drugs, such as haloperidol, chlorpromazine, perphenazine and trifluperidol reduced grooming more effectively than burying. Non-selective inhibitory effects were observed with clozapine, thioridazine, diphenhydramine, imipramine, mianserin and apomorphine. It is concluded that, with certain limitations, the burying-grooming test described offers a simple tool for identifying novel compounds as potential major or minor tranquilizers.
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Abstract
Animal models for the study of anxiolytic agents are reviewed and evaluated according to pharmacological and behavioral criteria. Although there are important exceptions, in general, most early animal models have not provided a reliable basis for identifying compounds with potential anxiolytic action, or for delineating the mechanisms of anxiolytic drug action. The possibility that phylogenetically 'prepared' forms of defensive learning might serve as a basis for the study of anxiolytic agents is introduced.
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Watson CS, Salomon D, Catterall JF. Structure and expression of androgen-regulated genes in mouse kidney. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1984; 438:101-14. [PMID: 6598317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb38279.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Conditioned Defensive Burying: A Biological and Cognitive Approach to Avoidance Learning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4115(08)61800-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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