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Tagini S, Scarpina F, Scacchi M, Mauro A, Zampini M. Reduced Temporal Sensitivity in Obesity: Evidence From a Simultaneity Judgement Task. Multisens Res 2020; 33:777-791. [PMID: 31978872 DOI: 10.1163/22134808-20201501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary evidence showed a reduced temporal sensitivity (i.e., larger temporal binding window) to audiovisual asynchrony in obesity. Our aim was to extend this investigation to visuotactile stimuli, comparing individuals of healthy weight and with obesity in a simultaneity judgment task. We verified that individuals with obesity had a larger temporal binding window than healthy-weight individuals, meaning that they tend to integrate visuotactile stimuli over an extended range of stimulus onset asynchronies. We point out that our finding gives evidence in support of a more pervasive impairment of the temporal discrimination of co-occurrent stimuli, which might affect multisensory integration in obesity. We discuss our results referring to the possible role of atypical oscillatory neural activity and structural anomalies in affecting the perception of simultaneity between multisensory stimuli in obesity. Finally, we highlight the urgency of a deeper understanding of multisensory integration in obesity at least for two reasons. First, multisensory bodily illusions might be used to manipulate body dissatisfaction in obesity. Second, multisensory integration anomalies in obesity might lead to a dissimilar perception of food, encouraging overeating behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Tagini
- 1Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto (TN), Italy
| | - Federica Scarpina
- 2Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,3'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Scacchi
- 2Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,4Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- 2Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Ospedale S. Giuseppe, Piancavallo (VCO), Italy.,3'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Zampini
- 1Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto (TN), Italy.,5Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto (TN), Italy
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Syan SK, Owens MM, Goodman B, Epstein LH, Meyre D, Sweet LH, MacKillop J. Deficits in executive function and suppression of default mode network in obesity. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 24:102015. [PMID: 31795049 PMCID: PMC6861638 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Using a case-control design, obese individuals exhibited worse performance across a number of neurocognitive tests compared to healthy BMI controls, particularly in tasks measuring executive function. In a functional MRI N-Back task measuring working memory performance, obese individuals exhibited greater BOLD activity in task-negative brain regions, suggesting deficits in suppression of the default mode network (DMN). Obese individuals exhibited differences in cortical morphometry in frontal, temporal, and parietal regions linked to executive function. Integrative analyses implicated aspects of behavioral performance, inefficient DMN suppression, and cortical morphometry. Results suggest that obesity is associated with a diverse range of functional, structural and behavioural deficits in executive functioning; longitudinal studies are needed to clarify causal versus consequential influences.
Background Although nutritional and metabolic factors are well established in obesity, neurocognitive determinants are less understood. Using data from the Human Connectome Project, this study concurrently investigated neurocognitive performance, neural activation during a working memory task, and cortical brain morphometry in relation to obesity in a group of young adults, 22–35 years old. Methods Using a case-control design, obese individuals (n = 243, body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2) were compared to a control group of lean BMI individuals (n = 469, BMI = 18–24.9 kg/m2). Performance tests comprised a battery of behavioral neurocognitive assessments. Neural activity was measured as blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) activity during an N-Back task using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Cortical morphometry included indices of volume, thickness, and surface area. Results Relative to the control group, the obese group exhibited significantly worse performance in terms of the National Institutes of Health Toolkit (NIH) 9-Hole Peg Board, Penn Working Memory Test, Delay Discounting, Penn Progressive Matrices, NIH Picture Vocabulary Test, Dimensional Change Card Sort Test and the in-scanner N-Back working memory test (FDR-corrected ps<0.05; ds = 0.231–0.405). The obese group also exhibited significantly greater BOLD activation in N-Back task-negative regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate, and right precentral gyrus (FDR-corrected ps<0.05). Supplemental functional connectivity analyses provided evidence that the implicated regions were part of the default mode network. Significant differences in morphometry were present in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, inferior and superior parietal gyri, and temporal pole (FDR-corrected p<0.001). A data-driven integrative model classified 73.8% of participants correctly. Conclusions and Relevance This multimodal investigation suggests diverse aspects of neurocognition are associated with obesity, particularly implicating deficits in executive function and ineffective suppression of the default mode network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina K Syan
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Max M Owens
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ben Goodman
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonard H Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence H Sweet
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James MacKillop
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Eneva KT, Arlt JM, Yiu A, Murray SM, Chen EY. Assessment of executive functioning in binge-eating disorder independent of weight status. Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50. [PMID: 28644541 PMCID: PMC5672821 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Executive functioning (EF) problems may serve as vulnerability or maintenance factors for Binge-Eating Disorder (BED). However, it is unclear if EF problems observed in BED are related to overweight status or BED status. The current study extends this literature by examining EF in overweight and normal-weight BED compared to weight-matched controls. METHOD Participants were normal-weight women with BED (n = 23), overweight BED (n = 32), overweight healthy controls (n = 48), and normal-weight healthy controls (n = 29). The EF battery utilized tests from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Toolbox and Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). RESULTS After controlling for years of education and minority status, overweight individuals performed more poorly than normal-weight individuals on a task of cognitive flexibility requiring generativity (p < .01), and speed on psychomotor performance tasks (p = .01). Normal-weight and overweight BED performed worse on working memory tasks compared to controls (p = .04). Unexpectedly, normal-weight BED individuals out-performed all other groups on an inhibitory control task (p < .01). No significant differences were found between the four groups on tasks of planning. DISCUSSION Regardless of weight status, BED is associated with working memory problems. Replication of the finding that normal-weight BED is associated with enhanced inhibitory control is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalina T. Eneva
- Temple Eating Disorders program, Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 North 13 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Jean M. Arlt
- Temple Eating Disorders program, Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 North 13 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Angelina Yiu
- Temple Eating Disorders program, Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 North 13 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Susan M. Murray
- Temple Eating Disorders program, Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 North 13 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | - Eunice Y. Chen
- Temple Eating Disorders program, Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 North 13 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122
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Bove RM, Gerweck AV, Mancuso SM, Bredella MA, Sherman JC, Miller KK. Association between adiposity and cognitive function in young men: Hormonal mechanisms. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:954-61. [PMID: 26880680 PMCID: PMC4814338 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association between adiposity, hormones, and cognition in young men with abdominal obesity. METHODS In this cross-sectional observational study, 53 nondiabetic men with abdominal obesity (mean body mass index, 37.3 kg/m(2) ; age, 22-45 years) and normal intelligence underwent detailed measures of body composition, hormonal profiles, and cognition. Age- and education-adjusted performance in five cognitive domains was examined. RESULTS Total fat percentage was negatively associated with visuospatial skills (P = 0.002) and visual memory (P = 0.012). Insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) was also negatively associated with these domains (P = 0.05 and trend, P = 0.06, respectively). Total testosterone levels were negatively associated with executive function and verbal learning and memory (P = 0.04 for each), but free testosterone was not. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was also inversely associated with performance in these domains (P = 0.015 and trend, P = 0.09, respectively). In a stepwise regression model including percentage fat, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, SHBG, and free testosterone, SHBG was the only variable selected for executive function (P = 0.05) and showed a trend for verbal learning and memory (P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS Adiposity and insulin resistance were associated with worse function in visual domains. An unexpected negative association is reported between SHBG and cognitive measures, which seemed to be independent of free testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley M Bove
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anu V Gerweck
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah M Mancuso
- Psychology Assessment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Miriam A Bredella
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janet C Sherman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Psychology Assessment Center, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Karen K Miller
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Prickett C, Brennan L, Stolwyk R. Examining the relationship between obesity and cognitive function: A systematic literature review. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 9:93-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Salvy SJ, Bowker JC. Peers and Obesity during Childhood and Adolescence: A Review of the Empirical Research on Peers, Eating, and Physical Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4. [PMID: 28090396 PMCID: PMC5228616 DOI: 10.4172/2165-7904.1000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity during childhood and adolescence is a growing problem in the United States, Canada, and around the world that leads to significant physical, psychological, and social impairment. In recent years, empirical research on factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of obesity has begun to consider peer experiences, such as peer rejection, peer victimization, and friendship. Peer experiences have been theoretically and empirically related to the “Big Two” contributors to the obesity epidemic, eating and physical activity, but there has not been a comprehensive review of the extant empirical literature. In this article, we review and synthesize the emerging theoretical and empirical literatures on peer experiences in relation to: (a) eating (food consumption and food selection); and (b) physical activity, during childhood and adolescence. A number of limitations and issues in the theoretical and empirical literatures are also discussed, along with future research directions. In conclusion, we argue that the involvement of children and adolescents’ peer networks in prevention and intervention efforts may be critical for promoting and maintaining positive behavioral health trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie C Bowker
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Bove RM, Brick DJ, Healy BC, Mancuso SM, Gerweck AV, Bredella MA, Sherman JC, Miller KK. Metabolic and endocrine correlates of cognitive function in healthy young women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1343-9. [PMID: 23671055 PMCID: PMC3742554 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity has been associated with cognitive decline in longitudinal studies of older individuals. We hypothesized that the cognitive sequelae of obesity may be detectable in the reproductive years. In addition, we explored the hypothesis that these associations may be mediated by the hormonal milieu. DESIGN AND METHODS Of 49 young healthy lean and overweight women aged 20-45, we investigated the association between performance on a battery of cognitive tests, body composition parameters [body mass index, total fat, abdominal (visceral, subcutaneous, and total) adipose tissue, and muscle], and hormone levels (insulin, adiponectin, leptin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), estrogen, testosterone, and vitamin D). RESULTS We found a significant negative association between both visceral adiposity and muscle, and performance in the domain of verbal learning and memory, after controlling for age and education. Other body composition parameters showed similar trends (0.05 < P < 0.10). Additionally, the degree of insulin resistance was negatively associated with executive function domain. None of the associations between the other hormones examined (adipokines, IGF-1, gonadal hormones, and vitamin D) and cognitive function were significant. CONCLUSION These preliminary findings suggest a possible association between obesity and cognitive function in healthy young women of reproductive age. More research is warranted into the potential modulatory effect of insulin resistance on this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Bove
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Vainik U, Dagher A, Dubé L, Fellows LK. Neurobehavioural correlates of body mass index and eating behaviours in adults: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:279-99. [PMID: 23261403 PMCID: PMC4017079 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide increase in obesity has spurred numerous efforts to understand the regulation of eating behaviours and underlying brain mechanisms. These mechanisms can affordably be studied via neurobehavioural measures. Here, we systematically review these efforts, evaluating neurocognitive tests and personality questionnaires based on: (a) consistent relationship with obesity and eating behaviour, and (b) reliability. We also considered the measures' potential to shed light on the brain mechanisms underlying these individual differences. Sixty-six neurocognitive tasks were examined. Less than 11%, mainly measures of executive functions and food motivation, yielded both replicated and reliable effects. Several different personality questionnaires were consistently related to BMI. However, further analysis found that many of these questionnaires relate closely to Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Neuroticism within the Five-Factor Model of personality. Both neurocognitive tests and personality questionnaires suggest that the critical neural systems related to individual differences in obesity are lateral prefrontal structures underpinning self-control and striatal regions implicated in food motivation. This review can guide selection of the highest yield neurobehavioural measures for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uku Vainik
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Smith E, Hay P, Campbell L, Trollor JN. A review of the association between obesity and cognitive function across the lifespan: implications for novel approaches to prevention and treatment. Obes Rev 2011; 12:740-55. [PMID: 21991597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Smith
- Brain and Ageing Research Program, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Toward molecular neuroeconomics of obesity. Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:393-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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