1
|
Matikainen-Ankney BA, Earnest T, Ali M, Casey E, Wang JG, Sutton AK, Legaria AA, Barclay KM, Murdaugh LB, Norris MR, Chang YH, Nguyen KP, Lin E, Reichenbach A, Clarke RE, Stark R, Conway SM, Carvalho F, Al-Hasani R, McCall JG, Creed MC, Cazares V, Buczynski MW, Krashes MJ, Andrews ZB, Kravitz AV. An open-source device for measuring food intake and operant behavior in rodent home-cages. eLife 2021; 10:66173. [PMID: 33779547 PMCID: PMC8075584 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Feeding is critical for survival, and disruption in the mechanisms that govern food intake underlies disorders such as obesity and anorexia nervosa. It is important to understand both food intake and food motivation to reveal mechanisms underlying feeding disorders. Operant behavioral testing can be used to measure the motivational component to feeding, but most food intake monitoring systems do not measure operant behavior. Here, we present a new solution for monitoring both food intake and motivation in rodent home-cages: the Feeding Experimentation Device version 3 (FED3). FED3 measures food intake and operant behavior in rodent home-cages, enabling longitudinal studies of feeding behavior with minimal experimenter intervention. It has a programmable output for synchronizing behavior with optogenetic stimulation or neural recordings. Finally, FED3 design files are open-source and freely available, allowing researchers to modify FED3 to suit their needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Earnest
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Mohamed Ali
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesBethesdaUnited States,Department of Bioengineering, University of MarylandCollege ParkUnited States
| | - Eric Casey
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Justin G Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Amy K Sutton
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesBethesdaUnited States
| | - Alex A Legaria
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Kia M Barclay
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Laura B Murdaugh
- Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State UniversityBlacksburgUnited States
| | - Makenzie R Norris
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States,Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and PharmacySt. LouisUnited States
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Katrina P Nguyen
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesBethesdaUnited States
| | - Eric Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | | | | | - Romana Stark
- Department of Physiology, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Sineadh M Conway
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and PharmacySt. LouisUnited States,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | | | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and PharmacySt. LouisUnited States,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Jordan G McCall
- Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences and PharmacySt. LouisUnited States,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Meaghan C Creed
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| | - Victor Cazares
- Department of Psychology, Williams CollegeWilliamstownUnited States
| | - Matthew W Buczynski
- Department of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic and State UniversityBlacksburgUnited States
| | - Michael J Krashes
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesBethesdaUnited States
| | - Zane B Andrews
- Department of Physiology, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States,Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. LouisSt. LouisUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ali MA, Kravitz AV. Challenges in quantifying food intake in rodents. Brain Res 2019; 1693:188-191. [PMID: 29903621 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Feeding is a critical behavior that animals depend on for survival, and pathological alterations in food intake underlie disorders such as obesity and anorexia nervosa. To understand these disorders and their development in animal models, researchers must quantify food intake. Although conceptually straightforward, it remains a challenge to obtain accurate records of food intake in rodents. Several approaches have been used to accomplish this, each with benefits and drawbacks. In this article, we survey the four most common methods for measuring food intake in rodents: manual weighing of food, automated weighing scales, pellet dispensers, and video-based analyses. We highlight each method's benefits and drawbacks for use in feeding research, focusing on accuracy, potential sources of errors, affordability, and practical concerns relating to their use. Finally, we discuss the outlook for feeding devices and unmet challenges for measuring food intake in laboratory rodents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ali
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexxai V Kravitz
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen ACH, Davis CM, Kahler CW, Kuerbis AN, Covault J, Kranzler HR, Morgenstern J. 5-HTTLPR moderates naltrexone and psychosocial treatment responses in heavy drinking men who have sex with men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:2362-8. [PMID: 25070809 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A functional polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene has been widely studied as a risk factor and moderator of treatment for a variety of psychopathologic conditions. To evaluate whether 5-HTTLPR moderates the effects of treatment to reduce heavy drinking, we studied 112 high-functioning European-American men who have sex with men (MSM). Subjects participated in a randomized clinical trial of naltrexone (NTX) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for problem drinking. METHODS Subjects were treated for 12 weeks with 100 mg/d of oral NTX or placebo (PBO). All participants received medical management with adjusted brief behavioral compliance enhancement treatment (BBCET) alone or in combination with modified behavioral self-control therapy (MBSCT; an amalgam of motivational interviewing and CBT). Participants were genotyped for the tri-allelic 5-HTTLPR polymorphism (i.e., low-activity S' or high-activity L' alleles). RESULTS During treatment, the number of weekly heavy drinking days (HDD; defined as 5 or more standard drinks per day) was significantly lower in subjects with the L'L' (N = 26, p = 0.015) or L'S' (N = 52, p = 0.016) genotype than those with the S'S' (N = 34) genotype regardless of treatment type. There was a significant interaction of genotype with treatment: For subjects with the S'S' genotype, the effects of MBSCT or NTX on HDD were significantly greater than the minimal intervention (i.e., BBCET or PBO, p = 0.007 and p = 0.049, respectively). In contrast, for subjects with 1 or 2 L' alleles, the effects of the more intensive psychosocial treatment (MBSCT) or NTX did not significantly differ from BBCET or PBO. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings support the utility of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism for personalizing treatment selection in problem drinkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C H Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York; Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc., New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ford J, Abramson CI, Sears N, Gutierrez F. A Low-Cost Drinkometer Circuit Suitable for Insects and other Organisms. Psychol Rep 2004; 94:1137-43. [PMID: 15362383 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.94.3c.1137-1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost drinkometer circuit suitable for use with insects is described. The circuit is composed of readily available components powered by a battery pack. Schematic diagrams of the circuit and simulations are provided. The operational theory behind the development of the circuit is discussed. The usefulness of the circuit is illustrated by a simple consumption experiment in which the amount of sucrose consumed by honey bees is determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Ford
- Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 74078, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smith BR, Boyle AE, Amit Z. The effects of the GABA(B) agonist baclofen on the temporal and structural characteristics of ethanol intake. Alcohol 1999; 17:231-40. [PMID: 10231171 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(98)00053-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the behavioral processes mediating the influence of the GABA(B) agonist baclofen on the maintenance of voluntary ethanol intake. Long-Evans rats were randomly assigned to two groups, one receiving baclofen (10 mg/kg, IP) and the other an equal volume of saline. Subjects were presented with a free choice of ethanol (10% v/v) and water immediately following drug injections, which occurred every other day. The results demonstrated that baclofen treatment resulted in an overall increase in the intake of absolute ethanol but failed to influence the intake of water. In contrast, food intake was substantially attenuated as evidenced by a decrease in the number of pellets consumed in subjects treated with baclofen. A microanalysis of the patterns of food and fluid bouts indicated that the enhanced ethanol intake was primarily a function of an increase in the frequency of ethanol bouts. In contrast, the decrease in food intake appeared to be a reflection of a decrease in the size of the food meals but not their frequency. An analysis of the temporal pattern of intake over the 23-h test sessions indicated that baclofen treatment produced a biphasic effect on ethanol intake with a slight decrease in intake during the first hour following treatment. Baclofen-treated animals then were observed to consume greater amounts of ethanol than did saline controls throughout the remainder of the dark cycle as well as into the light cycle. Although ethanol intake gradually decreased in controls throughout the light cycle, baclofen-treated subjects maintained a consistent level of intake throughout this period. Furthermore, there was a clear dissociation between the temporal pattern of ethanol intake and that of food and water, as intake of the latter substances was shown to decrease during the first hour following injection, but unlike with ethanol, no increase in intake was observed during the remainder of the test session. The nature of the effects of baclofen observed in the present study would suggest that the GABA(B) receptor system may not play a central role in the mediation of voluntary ethanol intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Smith
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meyer C, Jacquart G, Joyal CC, Mahler P, Lalonde R. A revolving food pellet test for measuring sensorimotor performance in rats. J Neurosci Methods 1997; 72:117-22. [PMID: 9133575 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(96)02165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A revolving food pellet (RFP) test is presented, measuring the ability of rats to eat food pellets suspended from a horizontal bar in their home cage. This easy to make and economical device evaluates the efficiency of bilateral front paw coordination while standing. During the beginning of a ten day testing period, rats exposed to the RFP chamber had a lower intake of food and decreased body weight than rats housed in a standard home cage. With continued practice, the experimental group increased their food intake and body weight. During this time, the rats learned to control the revolving pellets by stabilizing them with their front paws and chewing on them. This apparatus is suitable for assessing a form of sensorimotor learning, involving the efficiency of front paw reaching, grasping, and holding movements, together with appropriate postural adjustments and biting movements. This test was sensitive to brain lesioning, as rats with bilateral lesions of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus were impaired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Meyer
- Université de Nancy 1, Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie Fonctionnelle Oro-Faciale, Faculté Odontologie, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Badiani A, Mundl WJ, Cabilio S. A computerized system for the continuous recording and analysis of feeding, drinking, diuresis, and locomotor activity. Physiol Behav 1995; 57:973-81. [PMID: 7610152 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(94)00357-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A system has been designed to study the intake of liquids and solid foods in rats that allows for the analysis of feeding and drinking episodes over time. In addition, it monitors locomotor activity and diuresis. This system is particularly useful for the study of the differential effects of drugs on various parameters of feeding and drinking. Because it allows for the monitoring of all behaviors for periods of 24 consecutive hours without disturbing the animals, it can be applied to the study of light/dark cycles of ingestive behavior. The apparatus consists of rat cages (equipped with photocells, bottles, electronic balances, and a funnel to collect urine), computer interfaces, an AT-compatible microcomputer for data collection, and a VAX system for analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Badiani
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Madrid JA, Matas P, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ, Cuenca EM. A contact eatometer for automated continuous recording of feeding behavior in rats. Physiol Behav 1995; 57:129-34. [PMID: 7878105 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(94)00214-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A new contact eatometer designed and built in our laboratory is described. The system makes possible the reliable continuous recording of feeding behavior in rats from the time of weaning, without significantly affecting food intake- and growth-related variables. Improved time discrimination and reliability of records--along with the small financial outlay necessary to manufacture the device--make the system appropriate for chronobiological studies which involve the simultaneous use of a large number of animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Madrid
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Badiani A, Stewart J. Enhancement of the prophagic but not of the antidipsogenic effect of U-50, 488H after chronic amphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993; 44:77-86. [PMID: 8430131 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Two groups of rats were treated with seven daily injections of either saline or d-amphetamine (3 mg/kg IP). On the 2 days following the last injection, rats were tested according to a counterbalanced experimental design, each animal receiving, immediately prior to the beginning of the dark phase, saline on one day and the highly selective kappa-opioid agonist trans- +/- 3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]-benzene- acetamide methanesulfonate hydrate [U-50,488H (U50)] on the other. A microcomputer-controlled data acquisition system was used for the structural analysis of the feeding and drinking responses to amphetamine and U50. U50 enhanced feeding and depressed drinking in the first hour. The increased food intake was probably the result of the effect of U50 on the development of satiation and duration of satiety. Chronic amphetamine potentiated the prophagic effect but not the antidipsogenic effect of U50. The structural analysis demonstrated that the characteristics of the prophagic effect of U50 were amplified but not changed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Badiani
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Boujard T, Dugy X, Genner D, Gosset C, Grig G. Description of a modular, low cost, eater meter for the study of feeding behavior and food preferences in fish. Physiol Behav 1992; 52:1101-6. [PMID: 1484866 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(92)90466-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The eater meter described in this paper is especially designed for fish studies. It consists of three parts: the detector, the feeder, and the interface between the detector and the feeder. The detector is a rod that closed a circuit (by contact or through a magnetic detector) when stuck by a fish, the feeder is electric and can be of any commercial model, and the interface is a simple electronic device, or a computer. Some preliminary results obtained with rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, are also presented in order to illustrate the uses of this modular eater meter for fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Boujard
- INRA, Unité de Nutrition des poissons, Saint-Pée-Sur-Nivelle, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Boyle AE, Smith BR, Amit Z. Microstructural analysis of the effects of THIP, a GABAA agonist, on voluntary ethanol intake in laboratory rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1992; 43:1121-7. [PMID: 1335577 DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(92)90491-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of GABAA agonist THIP on the acquisition of voluntary ethanol intake and the pattern of food and water consumption were examined through the use of a computer-controlled data acquisition system. Twenty male Long-Evans rats were randomly assigned to two groups, one of which received THIP (16 mg/kg, IP) and the other an equal volume of saline. Subjects were presented with a free choice of ethanol and water immediately following drug injections, which occurred every other day. The initial concentration of ethanol presented was 2% and was increased by increments of 2% following the second presentation of each concentration, up to a maximum concentration of 10%. Subjects treated with THIP consumed significantly greater amounts of ethanol than did saline controls. A microstructural analysis of bout patterns suggested that the increased consumption of ethanol was a function of an increase in the size, duration, and frequency of ethanol drinking bouts. Food intake was also attenuated by THIP treatment. The results indicated that the decrease in total food intake was a function of a decrease in the frequency of the food bouts. However, in contrast to that observed for ethanol intake, the size and duration of the food bouts were unchanged. The qualitatively different patterns in the microstructure of consummatory behavior for ethanol and food following THIP treatment would suggest that differential mechanisms may mediate the food and ethanol effects observed in the present study. In addition, the differential effects of THIP on ethanol consumption relative to water would suggest that GABAA manipulations may play a role in influencing the acquisition of voluntary ethanol drinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Boyle
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gannon KS, Smith JC, Henderson R, Hendrick P. A system for studying the microstructure of ingestive behavior in mice. Physiol Behav 1992; 51:515-21. [PMID: 1523228 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(92)90173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A system for long-term monitoring of mouse eating and drinking behavior with 6-s resolution is described. The apparatus utilizes infrared beams to monitor activity at a single feeding port and electronic contact detector circuitry to record individual licks at two drinking ports. Eight SWR/J mice were monitored using this system and data from the last day of testing with food and water were analyzed. Mice ate an average of 4.54 +/- 0.40 g of powdered food and drank an average of 5.81 +/- 0.65 ml of water. Mice had an average of 36.25 +/- 3.96 food bouts and 32.25 +/- 7.56 water bouts lasting 3.00 +/- 0.48 and 0.88 +/- 0.35 min, respectively. Information regarding the temporal association between eating and drinking and the circadian patterns of ingestion was provided, utilizing customized software that augments the system. Important implications for the use of mice in ingestion pattern research are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K S Gannon
- Psychology Department, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306-1051
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Badiani A, Stewart J. The kappa-opioid U-50,488H suppresses the initiation of nocturnal spontaneous drinking in normally hydrated rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1992; 106:463-73. [PMID: 1315973 DOI: 10.1007/bf02244816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a systemic (IP) treatment with 1.0, 3.0 and 9.0 mg/kg U-50,488H (U50), a highly selective kappa-agonist, on spontaneous, nocturnal ingestive behavior of the rat was studied using a microcomputer controlled data acquisition system. The latency to initiate drinking was increased and drinking behavior was suppressed in the first hour after injection in a dose-dependent manner. The consummatory indices of drinking were not affected. After this period of adipsia, a phase of polydipsia, that was probably due to the diuretic effect of U50, was evident. This prophagic effect of U50 was evident only at the dose of 3 mg/kg and was accompanied by an increased duration of feeding episodes but not by a reduced latency to feed. These results suggest that kappa-receptors play a pivotal role in modulating spontaneous drinking in the normally hydrated rat and that this control is mainly exerted on the motivational aspect of drinking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Badiani
- Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
We have designed and implemented a system that utilizes a network of top-loading balances digitally interfaced to a Macintosh computer. The system simultaneously collects two forms of data which allow the evaluation of the animal's biting and/or licking behavior in addition to cumulative food intake and meal patterns. The system is capable of resuming data acquisition following a power failure without user intervention. Plexiglas cages utilized with the system features adjustable tunnel feeders and are appropriate for use with small rodents. Given appropriate caging, the system may be utilized to evaluate the feeding behavior of other species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Hulsey
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, College of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roehrig KL. The influence of food on food intake: methodological problems and mechanisms of action. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1991; 30:575-97. [PMID: 1741952 DOI: 10.1080/10408399109527557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Emphasis has been placed on the understanding of the regulation of food intake in the hope of aiding the battle against obesity and of helping to ameliorate the anorexia of cancer and eating disorders. Available data suggest that the regulatory system is multifaceted and complex. This review focuses on current research on the regulation of appetite and satiety by carbohydrates, fats, and proteins as well as by artificial sweeteners. Some methodological problems and potential mechanisms of action at the biochemical level are discussed. Evidence suggests that organisms are more successful in defending against calorie dilution than in adjusting to increases in calories. The implications of that defense relative to the use of ersatz nutrients are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Roehrig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| |
Collapse
|