1
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Eghlidos O, Oswald J. Derived Coarse-Grained Potentials for Semicrystalline Polymers with a Blended Multistate Iterative Boltzmann Inversion Method. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:9445-9456. [PMID: 38083860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we employ the multistate iterative Boltzmann inversion (MS-IBI) method to develop coarse-grained potentials capable of representing molecular structure in both the amorphous and crystalline phases of semicrystalline polymers with improved accuracy while allowing for tunable control over the dynamics governing the α-relaxation process. A unique feature of this method is that the potentials are blended using the product of the target structural distributions, for example, the radial density function, for each phase and a weighting factor. To demonstrate this approach, a family of potentials for polyethylene is developed where the weighting factor of the crystalline phase ranges is varied from zero, incorporating information only from the amorphous phase, to unity, where the model is trained from only the crystalline phase. The most accurate representation of structural distributions was obtained when the crystalline phases is weighted at 50%. However, we show that when the crystalline phase is weighted at 90%, the model more accurately represents dynamics of the α-relaxation process, with realistic predicted values of activation energy and diffusion rates, with relatively minor impact on accuracy in structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Eghlidos
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Jay Oswald
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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2
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Wang SQ, Smith T, Gupta C, Siavoshani AY. Building a phenomenological chain-level understanding of mechanics of semicrystalline polymers: 2. Conceptual. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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3
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Zhu L, Li J, Li H, Liu B, Chen J, Jiang S. Effects of end groups and entanglements on crystallization and melting behaviors of poly(ε-caprolactone). SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2275-2286. [PMID: 36919364 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00127j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The topology including end groups, entanglement loops, and tie molecules has a significant impact on the rheological and crystallization behavior and consequently on the functionality of a polymer. Unentangled, weakly entangled, and strongly entangled poly(ε-caprolactone)s (PCLs) with end groups and various molecular weights were synthesized. POM and DSC were used to observe spherulite growth and characterize thermal properties during crystallization and melting. The viscosity and structure of the samples were probed by rheology and X-ray analysis, respectively. The crossover of the scaling relationship of viscosity vs molecular weight demonstrates that the samples cover a wide range of entanglement density, and the bulky end groups cause deviations from the classical scaling laws. In situ simultaneous SAXS/WAXS investigations showed that the crystal structure of PCLs did not change with end groups and heating. The results of POM and DSC imply that the end groups and entanglements affect the crystallization rate and the spherulite morphology. The melting of PCLs containing end groups was found to be a multi-step process involving various nanoscale crystalline structures. The evolution of nanoscale crystalline structures of isothermally crystallized PCLs during heating was analyzed by fitting 1D SAXS profiles, and the continuous structural evolution was found to be a process influenced by end groups and entanglements. The results show that end groups and entanglements affect the chain dynamics and lead to constrained crystallization behavior and the formation of metastable structures, ultimately affecting the structure evolution during melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyong Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jingqing Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Binyuan Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Jizhong Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shichun Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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4
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Smith T, Gupta C, Siavoshani AY, Wang SQ. Building a phenomenological chain-level understanding of mechanics of semicrystalline polymers: 1. Experimental. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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5
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Kuenstler AS, Bowman CN. Catalytic Control of Crystallization in Dynamic Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:133-139. [PMID: 36634287 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The effect of catalysts with varying nucleophilic strength on thiol-thioester bond exchange dynamics and concomitant crystallization was studied in a model semicrystalline polymer network. It was found that the characteristic time scale of covalent bond exchange, τ, could be tuned over a ∼101-103 s range simply by changing the nucleophilicity of the catalyst. Using isothermal crystallization measurements via differential scanning calorimetry, thermodynamic and kinetic features of crystallization were considered. A depression in melting temperature was observed with increasing bond exchange rate, suggesting a dependence of crystalline organization on network dynamics. Furthermore, a systematic slowing of crystallization kinetics with faster covalent bond exchange rates was observed. Lauritzen-Hoffman analysis showed a near doubling in the barrier for secondary nucleation for dynamic networks, suggesting that that bond exchange slows crystallization by limiting secondary nucleation and further growth. Finally, longitudinal DSC studies reveal a long-term increase in melting temperature for samples held at ambient temperature with bond exchange activated at room temperature, indicating that while bond exchange slows crystallization on short time scales it facilitates isothermal long-term crystal rearrangement and growth on longer time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S Kuenstler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States.,Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
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6
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Iaccheri E, Cevoli C, Ragni L, Rosa MD, Fabbri A. Physical Stability of Frozen Eggplant: Emphasis on State Diagram, Sorption, Thermal, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-023-03017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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7
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Gedde U, Unge M, Nilsson F, Hedenqvist M. Mass and charge transport in polyethylene – Structure, morphology and properties. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Zhang C, Cheng CF, McMullen N, Wnek GE, Olah A, Baer E. High elastic modulus polyethylene – A two-stage multi-axial rolling and orientation process. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Kida T, Hiejima Y, Nitta KH, Yamaguchi M. Evaluation of microscopic structural changes during strain hardening of polyethylene solids using In situ Raman, SAXS, and WAXD measurements under step-cycle test. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Investigation into the effect of ZnO nanorod coating on the thermal-mechanical and dielectric properties of ITO coated PET. MATERIALS RESEARCH BULLETIN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2021.111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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11
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Cho SH, Register RA. Minimum Molecular Weight and Tie Molecule Content for Ductility in Polyethylenes of Varying Crystallinity. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hyuk Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Richard A. Register
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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12
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Remarkably improved toughness of isotactic polypropylene realized by introducing star-shaped SEBS and annealing treatment. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Salhi B. The Photovoltaic Cell Based on CIGS: Principles and Technologies. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051908. [PMID: 35269139 PMCID: PMC8911708 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductors used in the manufacture of solar cells are the subject of extensive research. Currently, silicon is the most commonly used material for photovoltaic cells, representing more than 80% of the global production. However, due to its very energy-intensive and costly production method, other materials appear to be preferable over silicon, including the chalcopyrite-structured semiconductors of the CIS-based family (Cu(In, Ga, Al) (Se, S)2). Indeed, these compounds have bandwidths between 1 eV (CuInSe2) and 3 eV (CuAlS2), allowing them to absorb most solar radiation. Moreover, these materials are currently the ones that make it possible to achieve the highest photovoltaic conversion efficiencies from thin-film devices, particularly Cu(In, Ga)Se2, which is considered the most efficient among all drifts based on CIS. In this review, we focus on the CIGS-based solar cells by exploring the different layers and showing the recent progress and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billel Salhi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Liu J, Jiang D, Li Z. Annealing‐induced high impact toughness of immiscible isotactic polypropylene/poly(acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene) blend. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Dexing Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Zihan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
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15
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Schulz M, Schäfer M, Saalwächter K, Thurn-Albrecht T. Competition between crystal growth and intracrystalline chain diffusion determines the lamellar thickness in semicrystalline polymers. Nat Commun 2022; 13:119. [PMID: 35013275 PMCID: PMC8748680 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-equilibrium thickness of lamellar crystals in semicrystalline polymers varies significantly between different polymer systems and depends on the crystallization temperature Tc. There is currently no consensus on the mechanism of thickness selection. Previous work has highlighted the decisive role of intracrystalline chain diffusion (ICD) in special cases, but a systematic dependence of lamellar thickness on relevant timescales such as that of ICD and stem attachment has not yet been established. Studying the morphology by small-angle X-ray scattering and the two timescales by NMR methods and polarization microscopy respectively, we here present data on poly(oxymethylene), a case with relatively slow ICD. It fills the gap between previously studied cases of absent and fast ICD, enabling us to establish a quantitative dependence of lamellar thickness on the competition between the noted timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Schulz
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle, Germany
| | - Mareen Schäfer
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle, Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle, Germany.
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099, Halle, Germany.
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16
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Qian L, Wang Y, Lu Y, Men Y. Crystallization behavior of impact copolymer polypropylene revealed by fast scanning chip calorimetry analysis. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Cerpentier RR, van Vliet T, Pastukhov LV, van Drongelen M, Boerakker MJ, Tervoort TA, Govaert LE. Fatigue-Crack Propagation of High-Density Polyethylene Homopolymers: Influence of Molecular Weight Distribution and Temperature. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin R.J. Cerpentier
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tim van Vliet
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Leonid V. Pastukhov
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martin van Drongelen
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O.Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Boerakker
- SABIC, Technology Centre Geleen, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A. Tervoort
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, HCI H513 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leon E. Govaert
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, University of Twente, P.O.Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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18
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Effect of Thermal Aging on Mechanical Properties and Color Difference of Glass Fiber/Polyetherimide (GF/PEI) Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010067. [PMID: 35012089 PMCID: PMC8747404 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research study is aimed at evaluating the mechanical characteristics in terms of tensile strength and flexural strength of glass fiber reinforced Polyetherimide (GF/PEI) under different thermal aging. Tensile testing and bending testing were performed on the thermally aged polyetherimide composites. The mechanical properties of the thermally aged samples were also correlated with their color difference. The experimental results showed that both the tensile strength and flexural strength of the GF/PEI composite samples decreased with increasing aging temperature. However, the elastic modulus of the composite samples is nearly independent on the thermal aging. The thermally aged samples exhibited brittle fracture, resulting in low strength and low ductility. The loss in strength after thermal aging could be also linked to the change of their color difference, which can indirectly reflect the change of the strength for the composites after thermal aging.
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19
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Qian C, Zhao Y, Wang D. Structural evolution of mesomorphic propylene–1‐butene random copolymer during heating process. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengao Qian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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20
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21
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Polińska M, Rozanski A, Galeski A, Bojda J. The Modulus of the Amorphous Phase of Semicrystalline Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Polińska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Artur Rozanski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Andrzej Galeski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
| | - Joanna Bojda
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, Lodz 90-363, Poland
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22
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Erartsın O, Arntz SAJJ, Troisi EM, Pastukhov LV, Drongelen M, Warnet L, Govaert LE. Long‐term failure of transversely loaded glass/
iPP. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozan Erartsın
- Chair of Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Stijn A. J. J. Arntz
- Chair of Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Enrico M. Troisi
- Chair of Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Leonid V. Pastukhov
- Chair of Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Martin Drongelen
- Chair of Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Laurent Warnet
- Chair of Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Leon E. Govaert
- Chair of Production Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
- Chair of Polymer Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
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23
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Broda M, Spear MJ, Curling SF, Ormondroyd GA. The Viscoelastic Behaviour of Waterlogged Archaeological Wood Treated with Methyltrimethoxysilane. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:5150. [PMID: 34576374 PMCID: PMC8467558 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogged wood treatment with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) proved effective in stabilising wood dimensions upon drying (anti-shrink efficiency of 76-93%). Before the method can be proposed as a reliable conservation treatment, further research is required that includes the evaluation of the mechanical properties of treated wood. The aim of the study was to characterise the effect of the treatment on the viscoelastic behaviour of archaeological waterlogged elm and oak wood differing in the degree of degradation. Dynamic mechanical analysis in the temperature range from -150 to +150 °C was used for the study. To better understand the viscoelastic behaviour of the treated wood, pore structure and moisture properties were also investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy, nitrogen sorption, and Dynamic Vapour Sorption. The results clearly show that methyltrimethoxysilane not only prevents collapse and distortions of the degraded cell walls and decreases wood hygroscopicity (by more than half for highly degraded wood), but also reinforces the mechanical strength by increasing stiffness and resistance to deformation for heavily degraded wood (with an increase in storage modulus). However, the MTMS also has a plasticising effect on treated wood, as observed in the increased value of loss modulus and introduction of a new tan δ peak). On the one hand, methyltrimethoxysilane reduces wood hygroscopicity that reflects in lower wood moisture content, thus limiting the plasticising effect of water on wood polymers, but on the other hand, as a polymer itself, it contributes to the viscous behaviour of the treated wood. Interestingly, the effect of silane differs with both the wood species and the degree of wood degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Broda
- Department of Wood Science and Thermal Techniques, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 38/42, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
- BioComposites Centre, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; (M.J.S.); (S.F.C.); (G.A.O.)
| | - Morwenna J. Spear
- BioComposites Centre, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; (M.J.S.); (S.F.C.); (G.A.O.)
| | - Simon F. Curling
- BioComposites Centre, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; (M.J.S.); (S.F.C.); (G.A.O.)
| | - Graham A. Ormondroyd
- BioComposites Centre, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK; (M.J.S.); (S.F.C.); (G.A.O.)
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Wortmann FJ, Jones C, Davies TJ, Wortmann G. Perm-waved human hair: a thermorheologically complex shape memory composite. Biophys J 2021; 120:3831-3840. [PMID: 34214523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A "permanent" bent shape can be imposed on a straight human hair by a two-stage reduction/oxidation (perm-waving) process. The process relies on the molecular level on sulfhydryl/disulfide interchange as bond exchange reaction (BER). We expected a well-documented transition temperature around 60°C to be the trigger for the shape memory (SM) process of perm-waved hair. We confirm the existence of the SM process as such and investigate its time and temperature dependence. The results show a two-stage SM behavior, implying two distinct variations of the BER. The model to fit the data contains two fractional, normalized, elastic bending rigidities, which are strictly compensatory. They show Arrhenius-type temperature dependence and a common activation energy (EA) of ∼-12 kJ/mol. The characteristic relaxation time for the first SM process shows little, if any, temperature dependence (EA = -4 ± 2.7 kJ/mol). This is in contrast to the second process (EA = -58 ± 5.5 kJ/mol) but in line with the expected properties of the suggested BERs. None of the parameters shows any sign of the expected trigger transition (∼60°C). We hypothesize that this specific transition occurs only for large tensile deformations, when specific SS bonds in the intermediate filaments of hair are activated. There is thus no specific "trigger" transition for the SM behavior of bent, perm-waved hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz J Wortmann
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| | - Celina Jones
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J Davies
- School of Design, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Wortmann
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Effect of Dendritic Side Groups on the Mobility of Modified Poly(epichlorohydrin) Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121961. [PMID: 34199206 PMCID: PMC8231771 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The macromolecular dynamics of dendronized copolymer membranes (PECHs), obtained by chemical modification of poly(epichlorohydrin) with the dendron 3,4,5-tris[4-(n-dodecan-1-yloxy)benzyloxy] benzoate, was investigated. In response to a thermal treatment during membrane preparation, these copolymers show an ability to change their shape, achieve orientation, and slightly crystallize, which was also observed by CP-MAS NMR, XRD, and DSC. The phenomenon was deeply analyzed by dielectric thermal analysis. The dielectric spectra show the influence of several factors such as the number of dendritic side groups, the orientation, their self-assembling dendrons, and the molecular mobility. The dielectric spectra present a sub-Tg dielectric relaxation, labelled as γ, associated with the mobility of the benzyloxy substituent of the dendritic group. This mobility is not related to the percentage of these lateral chains but is somewhat hindered by the orientation of the dendritic groups. Unlike other less complex polymers, the crystallization was dismantled before the appearance of the glass transition (αTg). Only after that, clearing transition (αClear) can be observed. The PECHs were flexible and offered a high free volume, despite presenting a high degree of modifications. However, the molecular mobility is not independent in each phase and the self-assembling dendrons can be eventually fine-tuned according to the percentage of grafted groups.
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Jurischka C, Dinter F, Efimova A, Weiss R, Schiebel J, Schulz C, Fayziev B, Schierack P, Fischer T, Rödiger S. An explorative study of polymers for 3D printing of bioanalytical test systems. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020; 75:57-84. [PMID: 31929149 DOI: 10.3233/ch-190713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 3D printing is relevant as a manufacturing technology of functional models for forensic, pharmaceutical and bioanalytical applications such as drug delivery systems, sample preparation and point-of-care tests. OBJECTIVE Melting behavior and autofluorescence of materials are decisive for optimal printing and applicability of the product which are influenced by varying unknown additives. METHODS We have produced devices for bioanalytical applications from commercially available thermoplastic polymers using a melt-layer process. We characterized them by differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy and functional assays (DNA capture assay, model for cell adhesion, bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation test). RESULTS From 14 tested colored, transparent and black materials we found only deep black acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and some black polylactic acid (PLA) useable for fluorescence-based assays, with low autofluorescence only in the short-wave range of 300-400 nm. PLA was suitable for standard bioanalytical purposes due to a glass transition temperature of approximately 60°C, resistance to common laboratory chemicals and easy print processing. For temperature-critical methods, such as hybridization reactions up to 90°C, ABS was better suited. CONCLUSIONS Autofluorescence was not a disadvantage per se but can also be used as a reference signal in assays. The rapid development of individual protocols for sample processing and analysis required the availability of a material with consistent quality over time. For fluorescence-based assays, the use of commercial standard materials did not seem to meet this requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Jurischka
- Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Dinter
- Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Efimova
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Romano Weiss
- Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Schiebel
- Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- Project Group Pz-Syn, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses IZI-BB, Potsdam, Germany Located at the BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Bekzodjon Fayziev
- Chair of Mathematical Modeling, Samarkand State University, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
| | - Peter Schierack
- Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fischer
- Zentrales Analytisches Labor, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany.,Study Program Forensic Sciences and Engineering, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Stefan Rödiger
- Chair of Multiparametric Diagnostics, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany.,Study Program Forensic Sciences and Engineering, BTU Cottbus - Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Senftenberg, Germany
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27
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Costa C, Sabater i Serra R, Andrio Balado A, Gómez Ribelles J, Lanceros-Méndez S. Dielectric relaxation dynamics in poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Pb(Zr0·53Ti0.47)O3 composites. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Kuenstler AS, Clark KD, Read de Alaniz J, Hayward RC. Reversible Actuation via Photoisomerization-Induced Melting of a Semicrystalline Poly(Azobenzene). ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:902-909. [PMID: 35648524 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of azobenzene in polymer matrices is a powerful method to convert photon energy into mechanical work. While most previous studies have focused on incorporating azobenzene within amorphous or liquid crystalline materials, the limited extents of molecular ordering and correspondingly modest enthalpy changes upon switching in such systems has limited the achievable energy densities. In this work, we introduce a semicrystalline main-chain poly(azobenzene), where photoisomerization is capable of reversibly triggering melting and recrystallization under essentially isothermal conditions. These materials can be drawn into aligned fibers, yielding optically driven two-way shape memory actuators capable of reversible bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S. Kuenstler
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Kyle D. Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ryan C. Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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29
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Eichelter J, Wilhelm H, Eder A, Mautner A, Bismarck A. Influence of the α-relaxation on the high-velocity stretchability of isotactic polypropylene. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Brunengo E, Luciano G, Canu G, Canetti M, Conzatti L, Castellano M, Stagnaro P. Double-step moulding: An effective method to induce the formation of β-phase in PVDF. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Drakopoulos SX, Forte G, Ronca S. Relaxation Dynamics in Disentangled Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene via Torsional Rheology. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K
| | - Sara Ronca
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, U.K
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32
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Schäfer M, Wallstein N, Schulz M, Thurn‐Albrecht T, Saalwächter K. Intracrystalline Dynamics in Oligomer‐Diluted Poly(Ethylene Oxide). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mareen Schäfer
- Institut für Physik ‐ NMR Martin‐Luther Universtität Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7. D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Niklas Wallstein
- Institut für Physik ‐ NMR Martin‐Luther Universtität Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7. D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Martha Schulz
- Institut für Physik ‐ Polymerphysik Martin‐Luther Universtität Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7. D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn‐Albrecht
- Institut für Physik ‐ Polymerphysik Martin‐Luther Universtität Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7. D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik ‐ NMR Martin‐Luther Universtität Halle‐Wittenberg Betty‐Heimann‐Str. 7. D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
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33
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Structural evolution of cellulose triacetate film during stretching deformation: An in-situ synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-Ray scattering study. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Okereke MI, Akpoyomare AI. Two-process constitutive model for semicrystalline polymers across a wide range of strain rates. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Zavada SR, Sauti G, Gordon KL, Smith JG, Siochi EJ. Thermally Induced Healing of Electrically Insulating Ethylene–Octene Copolymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b03575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott R. Zavada
- National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
| | - Godfrey Sauti
- NASA Langley Research Center, Advanced Materials and Processing Branch, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Keith L. Gordon
- NASA Langley Research Center, Advanced Materials and Processing Branch, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Joseph G. Smith
- NASA Langley Research Center, Advanced Materials and Processing Branch, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Emilie J. Siochi
- NASA Langley Research Center, Advanced Materials and Processing Branch, Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
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36
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Minakov AA, Schick C. Nanoscale Heat Conduction in CNT-POLYMER Nanocomposites at Fast Thermal Perturbations. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152794. [PMID: 31370312 PMCID: PMC6696361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanometer scale heat conduction in a polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite under fast thermal perturbations is described by linear integrodifferential equations with dynamic heat capacity. The heat transfer problem for local fast thermal perturbations around CNT is considered. An analytical solution for the nonequilibrium thermal response of the polymer matrix around CNT under local pulse heating is obtained. The dynamics of the temperature distribution around CNT depends significantly on the CNT parameters and the thermal contact conductance of the polymer/CNT interface. The effect of dynamic heat capacity on the local overheating of the polymer matrix around CNT is considered. This local overheating can be enhanced by very fast (about 1 ns) components of the dynamic heat capacity of the polymer matrix. The results can be used to analyze the heat transfer process at the early stages of “shish-kebab” crystal structure formation in CNT/polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Minakov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, GPI RAS, Vavilov str. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics and Competence Centre CALOR, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany.
- Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia.
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37
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Taherzadehboroujeni M, Kalhor R, Fahs GB, Moore RB, Case SW. Accelerated testing method to estimate the long‐term hydrostatic strength of semi‐crystalline plastic pipes. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roozbeh Kalhor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and MechanicsVirginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061
- Macromolecules Innovation InstituteVirginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Gregory B. Fahs
- Macromolecules Innovation InstituteVirginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061
- Department of ChemistryVirginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Robert B. Moore
- Macromolecules Innovation InstituteVirginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061
- Department of ChemistryVirginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Scott W. Case
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and MechanicsVirginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061
- Macromolecules Innovation InstituteVirginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia 24061
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38
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Li C, Zhang Y, Leng J, He B, Chen X. Synergistic Toughening Effect of Nucleating Agent and Annealing Treatment and Morphological Research on Block Copolymerization Polypropylene. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/03602559.2018.1466333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caili Li
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yake Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Leng
- Materials Quality Supervision & Inspection Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Bobing He
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Xian Chen
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
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39
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Wei Z, Jin C, Xu Q, Leng X, Wang Y, Li Y. Synthesis, microstructure and mechanical properties of partially biobased biodegradable poly(ethylene brassylate-co-ε-caprolactone) copolyesters. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 91:255-265. [PMID: 30599448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High-molecular-weight poly(ethylene brassylate-co-ε-caprolactone) copolyesters within a wide composition range were prepared via triphenyl bismuth catalyzed copolymerization of ethylene brassylate (EB) and ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) in bulk. Microstructural analysis of the resulting copolyesters demonstrated that the comonomer units were completely random distribution. DSC and WAXD recognized that the copolyesters cocrystallize within the lattices analogous to either of the parent homopolymers. It confirmed the isodimorphism behavior with a pseudo-eutectic point of melting temperatures as well as lattice spacings at 75 mol% ε-CL units. The crystal cell would be stretched in one dimension rather than expanding in both dimensions with the incorporation of comonomer units according to the result of WAXD. The mechanical properties of the copolyesters are well tunable by the composition, and its trend is consistent with the isodimorphism behavior, in particular, the maximum elongation at break over 2000% is located at the pseudo-eutectic point. The intralamellar shear occurred at the low tensile rate while both intralamellar shear and interlamellar shear occurred at high tensile rate. The copolymers exhibit excellent hydrolytic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Chenhao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Petrochemical Research Institute, Petro China Co Ltd., Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuefei Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yanshai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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40
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KIDA T, HIEJIMA Y, NITTA KH. Raman Spectroscopic Study of Microscopic Deformation Behavior of Crystalline Polyolefin Solids. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2018. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.2018-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takumitsu KIDA
- Division of Natural System, Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Yusuke HIEJIMA
- School of Frontier Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University
| | - Koh-hei NITTA
- School of Frontier Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University
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41
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Lee S, Choi J, Choe J, Kim M, Paeng K. Segmental dynamics of polymer by rotational fluorescence correlation microscopy. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:164910. [PMID: 30384724 DOI: 10.1063/1.5050634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The segmental dynamics of polymers is known to be closely related to the glass transition where the glass transition is the single most important parameter in its application. In this study, we designed an efficient and reliable experimental method to study the ensemble segmental dynamics of polymers by probing rotation of fluorescent molecules in the polymer matrix using a home-built microscope setup. The rotational dynamics of fluorescent molecules was analyzed using a fluorescence correlation method that extracts information through orthogonally polarized fluorescence images. From fluorescence intensities, autocorrelation functions (ACFs) were obtained in many areas simultaneously and by averaging several ACFs, well-defined ACF and precise experimental values were obtained from a single measurement movie. The robustness of the method and optimal experimental conditions were investigated by performing experiments with various probe concentrations, frame rates, and measurement lengths. By employing a home-built vacuum chamber, a wide temperature range was achieved, and we demonstrate the versatility and efficiency of imaging rotational FCM (fluorescence correlation microscopy) by probing segmental dynamics of different polymeric systems with glass transition temperature that differ by ≈100 K and with fragility ranging from 49 to 131. The imaging rotational FCM covers dynamics up to 4 orders of magnitude near the glass transition, and it was found that the rapidity of the stretching exponent β variation with temperature correlates with the fragility of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jongwon Choe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Myungwoong Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, South Korea
| | - Keewook Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
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42
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Schulz M, Seidlitz A, Kurz R, Bärenwald R, Petzold A, Saalwächter K, Thurn-Albrecht T. The Underestimated Effect of Intracrystalline Chain Dynamics on the Morphology and Stability of Semicrystalline Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Schulz
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Anne Seidlitz
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ricardo Kurz
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ruth Bärenwald
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Albrecht Petzold
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
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43
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Minakov AA, Schick C. Nanometer scale thermal response of polymers to fast thermal perturbations. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:074503. [PMID: 30134667 DOI: 10.1063/1.5044187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanometer scale thermal response of polymers to fast thermal perturbations is described by linear integro-differential equations with dynamic heat capacity. The exact analytical solution for the non-equilibrium thermal response of polymers in plane and spherical geometry is obtained in the absence of numerical (finite element) calculations. The solution is different from the iterative method presented in a previous publication. The solution provides analytical relationships for fast thermal response of polymers even at the limit t → 0, when the application of the iterative process is very problematic. However, both methods give the same result. It was found that even fast (ca. 1 ns) components of dynamic heat capacity greatly enhance the thermal response to local thermal perturbations. Non-equilibrium and non-linear thermal response of typical polymers under pulse heating with relaxation parameters corresponding to polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) is determined. The obtained results can be used to analyze the heat transfer process at the early stages of crystallization with fast formation of nanometer scale crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Minakov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, GPI RAS, Vavilov St. 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Christoph Schick
- University of Rostock, Institute of Physics and Competence Centre CALOR, Albert-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany
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44
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Kurz R, Schulz M, Scheliga F, Men Y, Seidlitz A, Thurn-Albrecht T, Saalwächter K. Interplay between Crystallization and Entanglements in the Amorphous Phase of the Crystal-Fixed Polymer Poly(ϵ-caprolactone). Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Kurz
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Martha Schulz
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Felix Scheliga
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstr. 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yongfeng Men
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, 130022 Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Anne Seidlitz
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kay Saalwächter
- Institut für Physik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
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45
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Liu W, Qiu J, Zhu L, Fei ME, Qiu R, Sakai E, Ito K, Song G, Tang G. Tannic acid-induced crosslinking of epoxidized soybean oil for toughening poly(lactic acid) via dynamic vulcanization. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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46
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Ramos J, Vega J, Martínez-Salazar J. Predicting experimental results for polyethylene by computer simulation. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Kotula AP, Migler KB. Evaluating models for polycaprolactone crystallization via simultaneous rheology and Raman spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY 2018; 62:343-356. [PMID: 29628538 PMCID: PMC5885807 DOI: 10.1122/1.5008381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization of a polymer melt is characterized by dramatic structural and mechanical changes that significantly impact the processing conditions used to generate industrially-relevant products. Relationships between crystallinity and rheology are necessary to simulate and monitor the effect of processing conditions on the properties of the final product. However, separate measurements of crystallinity and rheology are difficult to correlate due to differences in sample history, geometry, and temperature. Recently, we have developed a rheo-Raman microscope for simultaneous rheology, Raman spectroscopy, and polarized reflection-mode optical measurements of soft materials, which allows for quantitative crystallinity measurements through features in the Raman spectrum. In this work, we apply this technique to monitor the isothermal crystallization of polycaprolactone to probe the relationship between structure, crystallinity, and rheology. Both crystallinity and the shear modulus vary over comparable timescales, but the birefringence increases much earlier in the crystallization process. We directly plot rheological parameters as a function of crystallinity to probe a range of suspension-based and empirical models relating the complex modulus to crystallinity, and we find that the previously developed models cannot describe the crystallinity-modulus relationship over the crystallization process. By developing a suspension-based model we can fit the complex modulus over the crystallization range. The crystallization process is characterized by a critical percolation fraction and a single scaling exponent.
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48
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Filgueiras JG, da Silva UB, Paro G, d'Eurydice MN, Cobo MF, deAzevedo ER. Dipolar filtered magic-sandwich-echoes as a tool for probing molecular motions using time domain NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2017; 285:47-54. [PMID: 29102820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple 1H NMR approach for characterizing intermediate to fast regime molecular motions using 1H time-domain NMR at low magnetic field. The method is based on a Goldmann Shen dipolar filter (DF) followed by a Mixed Magic Sandwich Echo (MSE). The dipolar filter suppresses the signals arising from molecular segments presenting sub kHz mobility, so only signals from mobile segments are detected. Thus, the temperature dependence of the signal intensities directly evidences the onset of molecular motions with rates higher than kHz. The DF-MSE signal intensity is described by an analytical function based on the Anderson Weiss theory, from where parameters related to the molecular motion (e.g. correlation times and activation energy) can be estimated when performing experiments as function of the temperature. Furthermore, we propose the use of the Tikhonov regularization for estimating the width of the distribution of correlation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson G Filgueiras
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 369, São Carlos, 13560-970 SP, Brazil.
| | - Uilson B da Silva
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 369, São Carlos, 13560-970 SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Paro
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 369, São Carlos, 13560-970 SP, Brazil
| | - Marcel N d'Eurydice
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Márcio F Cobo
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 369, São Carlos, 13560-970 SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R deAzevedo
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 369, São Carlos, 13560-970 SP, Brazil.
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Sanchis M, Carsí M, Culebras M, Gómez C, Rodriguez S, Torres F. Molecular dynamics of carrageenan composites reinforced with Cloisite Na+ montmorillonite nanoclay. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 176:117-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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50
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Miranda DF, Zhang S, Runt J. Controlling Crystal Microstructure To Minimize Loss in Polymer Dielectrics. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F. Miranda
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shihai Zhang
- PolyK Technologies,
LLC, 2124 Old Gatesburg Road, State College, Pennsylvania 16803, United States
| | - James Runt
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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