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Fysikopoulos A, Seimetz M, Hadzic S, Knoepp F, Wu CY, Malkmus K, Wilhelm J, Pichl A, Bednorz M, Tadele Roxlau E, Ghofrani HA, Sommer N, Gierhardt M, Schermuly RT, Seeger W, Grimminger F, Weissmann N, Kraut S. Amelioration of elastase-induced lung emphysema and reversal of pulmonary hypertension by pharmacological iNOS inhibition in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:152-171. [PMID: 32201936 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, encompassing chronic airway obstruction and lung emphysema, is a major worldwide health problem and a severe socio-economic burden. Evidence previously provided by our group has shown that inhibition of inducible NOS (iNOS) prevents development of mild emphysema in a mouse model of chronic tobacco smoke exposure and can even trigger lung regeneration. Moreover, we could demonstrate that pulmonary hypertension is not only abolished in cigarette smoke-exposed iNOS-/- mice but also precedes emphysema development. Possible regenerative effects of pharmacological iNOS inhibition in more severe models of emphysema not dependent on tobacco smoke, however, are hitherto unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We have established a mouse model using a single dose of porcine pancreatic elastase or saline, intratracheally instilled in C57BL/6J mice. Emphysema, as well as pulmonary hypertension development was determined by both structural and functional measurements. KEY RESULTS Our data revealed that (i) emphysema is fully established after 21 days, with the same degree of emphysema after 21 and 28 days post instillation, (ii) emphysema is stable for at least 12 weeks and (iii) pulmonary hypertension is evident, in contrast to smoke models, only after emphysema development. Oral treatment with the iNOS inhibitor N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-l-lysine (L-NIL) was started after emphysema establishment and continued for 12 weeks. This resulted in significant lung regeneration, evident in the improvement of emphysema and reversal of pulmonary hypertension. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our data indicate that iNOS is a potential new therapeutic target to treat severe emphysema and associated pulmonary hypertension. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.1/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Fysikopoulos
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Seimetz
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hadzic
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Fenja Knoepp
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Cheng-Yu Wu
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Malkmus
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Pichl
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Mariola Bednorz
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Elsa Tadele Roxlau
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossein A Ghofrani
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Mareike Gierhardt
- Max-Planck Heart and Lung Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Werner Seeger
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Friedrich Grimminger
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Simone Kraut
- Justus-Liebig University of Giessen (JLUG), Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
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Dimori M, Heard-Lipsmeyer ME, Byrum SD, Mackintosh SG, Kurten RC, Carroll JL, Morello R. Respiratory defects in the CrtapKO mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L592-L605. [PMID: 32022592 PMCID: PMC7191481 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00313.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory disease is a leading cause of mortality in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a connective tissue disease that causes severely reduced bone mass and is most commonly caused by dominant mutations in type I collagen genes. Previous studies proposed that impaired respiratory function in OI patients was secondary to skeletal deformities; however, recent evidence suggests the existence of a primary lung defect. Here, we analyzed the lung phenotype of Crtap knockout (KO) mice, a mouse model of recessive OI. While we confirm changes in the lung parenchyma that are reminiscent of emphysema, we show that CrtapKO lung fibroblasts synthesize type I collagen with altered posttranslation modifications consistent with those observed in bone and skin. Unrestrained whole body plethysmography showed a significant decrease in expiratory time, resulting in an increased ratio of inspiratory time over expiratory time and a concomitant increase of the inspiratory duty cycle in CrtapKO compared with WT mice. Closed-chest measurements using the forced oscillation technique showed increased respiratory system elastance, decreased respiratory system compliance, and increased tissue damping and elasticity in CrtapKO mice compared with WT. Pressure-volume curves showed significant differences in lung volumes and in the shape of the curves between CrtapKO mice and WT mice, with and without adjustment for body weight. This is the first evidence that collagen defects in OI cause primary changes in lung parenchyma and several respiratory parameters and thus negatively impact lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Dimori
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Melissa E Heard-Lipsmeyer
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Richard C Kurten
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - John L Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Roy Morello
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
- Division of Genetics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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Voiriot G, Contou D, Tran Van Nhieu J, Amsellem V, Marcos E, Latiri M, Adnot S, Maitre B, Mekontso Dessap A. Middle age exacerbates acute respiratory distress syndrome in a double hit murine model. Exp Gerontol 2017; 96:146-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Hashimoto M, Asai A, Kawagishi H, Mikawa R, Iwashita Y, Kanayama K, Sugimoto K, Sato T, Maruyama M, Sugimoto M. Elimination of p19 ARF-expressing cells enhances pulmonary function in mice. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e87732. [PMID: 27699227 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells accumulate in many tissues as animals age and are considered to underlie several aging-associated pathologies. The tumor suppressors p19ARF and p16INK4a, both of which are encoded in the CDKN2A locus, play critical roles in inducing and maintaining permanent cell cycle arrest during cellular senescence. Although the elimination of p16INK4a-expressing cells extends the life span of the mouse, it is unclear whether tissue function is restored by the elimination of senescent cells in aged animals and whether and how p19ARF contributes to tissue aging. The aging-associated decline in lung function is characterized by an increase in compliance as well as pathogenic susceptibility to pulmonary diseases. We herein demonstrated that pulmonary function in 12-month-old mice was reversibly restored by the elimination of p19ARF-expressing cells. The ablation of p19ARF-expressing cells using a toxin receptor-mediated cell knockout system ameliorated aging-associated lung hypofunction. Furthermore, the aging-associated gene expression profile was reversed after the elimination of p19ARF. Our results indicate that the aging-associated decline in lung function was, at least partly, attributed to p19ARF and was recovered by eliminating p19ARF-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Hashimoto
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Azusa Asai
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawagishi
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryuta Mikawa
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuji Iwashita
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Kazushi Sugimoto
- Department of Molecular and Laboratory Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Tadashi Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Maruyama
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masataka Sugimoto
- Department of Mechanism of Aging, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
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Elliott JE, Mantilla CB, Pabelick CM, Roden AC, Sieck GC. Aging-related changes in respiratory system mechanics and morphometry in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L167-76. [PMID: 27288490 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00232.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work investigating respiratory system mechanics in mice has reported an aging-related increase in compliance and mean linear intercept (Lm). However, these changes were assessed using only a young (2-mo-old) and old (20- and 26-mo-old) group yet were interpreted to reflect a linear evolution across the life span. Therefore, to investigate respiratory system mechanics and lung morphometry across a more complete spectrum of ages, we utilized 2 (100% survival, n = 6)-, 6 (100% survival, n = 12)-, 18 (90% survival, n = 12)-, 24 (75% survival, n = 12)-, and 30 (25% survival, n = 12)-mo-old C57BL/6 mice. We found a nonlinear aging-related decrease in respiratory system resistance and increase in dynamic compliance and hysteresis between 2- and 24-mo-old mice. However, in 30-mo-old mice, respiratory system resistance increased, and dynamic compliance and hysteresis decreased relative to 24-mo-old mice. Respiratory system impedance spectra were measured between 1-20.5 Hz at positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) of 1, 3, 5, and 7 cmH2O. Respiratory system resistance and reactance at each level of PEEP were increased and decreased, respectively, only in 2-mo-old animals. No differences in the respiratory system impedance spectra were observed in 6-, 18-, 24-, and 30-mo-old mice. Additionally, lungs were fixed following tracheal instillation of 4% paraformaldehyde at 25 cmH2O and processed for Lm and airway collagen deposition. There was an aging-related increase in Lm consistent with emphysematous-like changes and no evidence of increased airway collagen deposition. Accordingly, we demonstrate nonlinear aging-related changes in lung mechanics and morphometry in C57BL/6 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Elliott
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota; Mayo Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Christina M Pabelick
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota; Mayo Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Anja C Roden
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, Minnesota; Mayo Clinic, Department of Anesthesiology, Rochester, Minnesota; and
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The naive airway hyperresponsiveness of the A/J mouse is Kit-mediated. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:12787-92. [PMID: 21768379 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1106582108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide variation among humans and mice in airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in the absence of allergen sensitization, i.e., naïve AHR. Because mast cell (MC) activation is thought to mediate AHR in atopic asthmatic subjects, we asked whether MCs mediate naïve AHR in A/J mice. We generated an A/J congenic strain lacking c-Kit by introgression of the Wv mutation, which resulted in the elimination of MCs and the abrogation of naïve AHR. Imatinib, which disrupts Kit signaling, also abrogated AHR in A/J mice. Remarkably, introduction of the Vga9 Mitf mutation into the A/J background resulted in the ablation of MCs but did not ameliorate AHR. These results indicate that c-Kit is required for development of AHR in an MC-independent fashion.
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Jonasson S, Swedin L, Lundqvist M, Hedenstierna G, Dahlén SE, Hjoberg J. Different effects of deep inspirations on central and peripheral airways in healthy and allergen-challenged mice. Respir Res 2008; 9:23. [PMID: 18307760 PMCID: PMC2291047 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep inspirations (DI) have bronchodilatory and bronchoprotective effects in healthy human subjects, but these effects appear to be absent in asthmatic lungs. We have characterized the effects of DI on lung mechanics during mechanical ventilation in healthy mice and in a murine model of acute and chronic airway inflammation. METHODS Balb/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and exposed to nebulized OVA for 1 week or 12 weeks. Control mice were challenged with PBS. Mice were randomly selected to receive DI, which were given twice during the minute before assessment of lung mechanics. RESULTS DI protected against bronchoconstriction of central airways in healthy mice and in mice with acute airway inflammation, but not when OVA-induced chronic inflammation was present. DI reduced lung resistance induced by methacholine from 3.8 +/- 0.3 to 2.8 +/- 0.1 cmH2O.s.mL-1 in healthy mice and 5.1 +/- 0.3 to 3.5 +/- 0.3 cmH2O.s.mL-1 in acute airway inflammation (both P < 0.001). In healthy mice, DI reduced the maximum decrease in lung compliance from 15.9 +/- 1.5% to 5.6 +/- 0.6% (P < 0.0001). This protective effect was even more pronounced in mice with chronic inflammation where DI attenuated maximum decrease in compliance from 44.1 +/- 6.6% to 14.3 +/- 1.3% (P < 0.001). DI largely prevented increased peripheral tissue damping (G) and tissue elastance (H) in both healthy (G and H both P < 0.0001) and chronic allergen-treated animals (G and H both P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION We have tested a mouse model of potential value for defining mechanisms and sites of action of DI in healthy and asthmatic human subjects. Our current results point to potent protective effects of DI on peripheral parts of chronically inflamed murine lungs and that the presence of DI may blunt airway hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Jonasson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Sato A, Hirai T, Imura A, Kita N, Iwano A, Muro S, Nabeshima YI, Suki B, Mishima M. Morphological mechanism of the development of pulmonary emphysema in klotho mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2361-5. [PMID: 17284608 PMCID: PMC1892918 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607882104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of fractal geometry is useful for the analysis of irregular and complex structures often seen in nature. Here we apply this concept to investigate the structural mechanism of the development of pulmonary emphysema in the klotho mouse, which, after milk feeding, exhibits characteristics resembling aging and develops emphysema. We calculated the relationships between perimeter and size characterizing shape and between cumulative frequency and size of the terminal air spaces identified from histologic slides and found that both relations followed a power law with fractal properties. However, the fractal dimensions related to the shape and size (Dsn) in the klotho mice were significantly lower than in controls. Additionally, in the klotho mice, Dsn decreased with age without significant change in mean linear intercept. These abnormal morphological changes were restored when the klotho mice were fed with a vitamin D-deficient diet. Previously undescribed morphological model simulations showed that a random destruction, in which the destruction process occurs homogeneously in the lungs, was more consistent with the data than a correlated destruction that is usually seen in smoking-related human emphysema. These results suggest that the pathological changes in the lungs of the klotho mice are derived not from localized causes, but from systemic causes that are related to abnormal activation of vitamin D. The morphogenesis of emphysema in the klotho mice and morphological analyses using fractal geometry may contribute to the understanding of the progressive nature and cause of parenchymal destruction in human emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Akihiro Imura
- Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara 53, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; and
| | - Naoko Kita
- Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara 53, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; and
| | - Akiko Iwano
- Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara 53, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; and
| | | | - Yo-ichi Nabeshima
- Pathology and Tumor Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kawahara 53, Shogoin, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; and
| | - Bela Suki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
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Huang K, Mitzner W, Rabold R, Schofield B, Lee H, Biswal S, Tankersley CG. Variation in senescent-dependent lung changes in inbred mouse strains. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102:1632-9. [PMID: 17218422 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00833.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratories showed lung development differences between inbred strains of mice. In the present study, the C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) strains were examined for senescent-dependent differences with respect to the lung structure and function. Specifically, we hypothesize that senescent changes in lung vary between strains due to identifiable gene expression differences. Quasi-static pressure-volume curves and respiratory impedance measurements were performed on 2- and 20-mo-old B6 and D2 mice. Lung volume at 30 cm H(2)O (V(30)) pressure was significantly (P < 0.01) increased with age in both strains, but the increase was proportionally greater in D2 (68%) than in B6 (40%) mice. In addition, decreased elastic recoil pressure at 50% of V(30) and a reduction in airway resistance as a function of positive end-expiratory pressure were observed in 20-mo-old D2 mice but not in B6 mice. Morphometric analysis of lung parenchyma showed significant decreases in elastic fiber content with age in both strains, but the collagen content was significantly (P < 0.01) increased with age in D2 but not B6 mice at 20 mo. Furthermore, using quantitative RT-PCR methods, gene expression differences between strains suggested that D2 mice significantly (P < 0.05) downregulated the expressions of elastin (Eln) and procollagen I, III, and VI (Col1a1, Col3a1, and Col6a3) in lung tissue at 20 mo of age. These age-dependent changes were accompanied by an increased gene expression in matrix metalloproteinase 9 (Mmp9) in D2 and an increase in tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (Timp1 and Timp4) in B6 mice. In conclusion, the results from the present study demonstrate that lung mechanics of both strains show significant age-dependent changes. However, changes in D2 mice are accelerated relative to B6 mice. Moreover, gene expression differences appear to be involved in the strain-specific changes of lung mechanic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewu Huang
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Huang K, Rabold R, Schofield B, Mitzner W, Tankersley CG. Age-dependent changes of airway and lung parenchyma in C57BL/6J mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102:200-6. [PMID: 16946023 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00400.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we hypothesize that senescent-dependent changes between airway and lung parenchymal tissues of C57BL/6J (B6) mice are not synchronized with respect to altered lung mechanics. Furthermore, aging modifications in elastin fiber and collagen content of the airways and lung parenchyma are remodeling events that differ with time. To test these hypotheses, we performed quasi-static pressure-volume (PV) curves and impedance measurements of the respiratory system in 2-, 20-, and 26-mo-old B6 mice. From the PV curves, the lung volume at 30 cmH2O pressure (V30) and respiratory system compliance (Crs) were significantly ( P < 0.01) increased between 2 and 20 mo of age, representing about 80–84% of the total increase that occurred between 2 and 26 mo of age. Senescent-dependent changes in tissue damping and tissue elastance were analogous to changes in V30and Crs; that is, a majority of the parenchymal alterations in the lung mechanics occurred between 2 and 20 mo of age. In contrast, significant decreases in airway resistance (R) occurred between 20 and 26 mo of age; that is, the decrease in R between 2 and 20 mo of age represented only 29% ( P > 0.05) of total decrease occurring through 26 mo. Morphometric analysis of the elastic fiber content in lung parenchyma was significantly ( P < 0.01) decreased between 2 and 20 mo of age. To the contrary, increased collagen content was significantly delayed until 26 mo of age ( P < 0.01, 2 vs. 26 mo). In conclusion, our data demonstrate that senescent-dependent changes in airway and lung tissue mechanics are not synchronized in B6 mice. Moreover, the reduction in elastic fiber content with age is an early lung remodeling event, and the increased collagen content in the lung parenchyma occurs later in senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewu Huang
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Gonzalez AA, Kumar R, Mulligan JD, Davis AJ, Saupe KW. Effects of aging on cardiac and skeletal muscle AMPK activity: basal activity, allosteric activation, and response to in vivo hypoxemia in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 287:R1270-5. [PMID: 15284083 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00409.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although a diminished ability of tissues and organisms to tolerate stress is a clinically important hallmark of normal aging, little is known regarding its biochemical basis. Our goal was to determine whether age-associated changes in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key regulator of cellular metabolism during the stress response, might contribute to the poor stress tolerance of aged cardiac and skeletal muscle. Basal AMPK activity and the degree of activation of AMPK by AMP and by in vivo hypoxemia (arterial Po2 of 39 mmHg) were measured in cardiac and skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) from 5- and 24-mo-old C57Bl/6 mice. In the heart, neither basal AMPK activity nor its allosteric activation by AMP was affected by age. However, after 10 min of hypoxemia, the activity of alpha2-AMPK, but not alpha1-AMPK, was significantly higher in the hearts from old than from young mice (P < 0.005), this difference being due to differences in phosphorylation of alpha2-AMPK. Significant activation of AMPK in the young hearts did not occur until 30 min of hypoxemia (P < 0.01), stress that was poorly tolerated by the old mice (mortality = 67%). In contrast, AMPK activity in gastrocnemius muscle was unaffected by age or hypoxemia. We conclude that the age-associated decline in hypoxic tolerance in cardiac and skeletal muscle is not caused by changes in basal AMPK activity or a blunted AMPK response to hypoxia. Activation of AMPK by in vivo hypoxia is slower and more modest than might be predicted from in vitro and ex vivo experiments.
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Yamamoto Y, Tanaka A, Kanamaru A, Tanaka S, Tsubone H, Atoji Y, Suzuki Y. Morphology of aging lung in F344/N rat: alveolar size, connective tissue, and smooth muscle cell markers. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD. PART A, DISCOVERIES IN MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2003; 272:538-47. [PMID: 12740948 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the morphological changes of lungs in F344/N rats (9-36 months old). We initially examined general and quantitative morphological changes, and then we used immunohistochemistry to detect distributional changes in collagen subtypes (types I, III, and IV) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) markers (alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), gamma-smooth muscle actin (GSMA), desmin, and vimentin) in the lungs. In 24-month-old rats, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs were enlarged, and alveoli were wider and shallower than in younger animals. In old rats (>/=27 months), terminal and respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts were dilated and alveoli were more extended than in 24-month-old rats. No age-related distributional changes were observed for collagen types I, III, and IV as revealed by immunohistochemistry, or elastin as revealed by resorsin fuchsin. SMCs in the extra- and intrapulmonary bronchi were immunoreactive for ASMA, GSMA, and desmin, but not for vimentin at all ages. In old rats (>/=27 months), SMCs were loosely arranged in comparison with younger animals, and stainability for GSMA and desmin was decreased. In the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts, a few cells immunoreactive for ASMA and vimentin were observed in the smooth muscle aggregations of the alveolar orifice in rats younger than 12 months. In older rats (>20 months), cells immunoreactive for ASMA and vimentin were increased in septal tips. In conclusion, extension of distal airways and immunohistochemical changes of SMC markers in F344/N rat lungs were evident by approximately 24 months of age, but there was no apparent change in connective tissue morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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Mauderly JL. Animal models for the effect of age on susceptibility to inhaled particulate matter. Inhal Toxicol 2000; 12:863-900. [PMID: 10989367 DOI: 10.1080/08958370050123216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological findings of associations between ambient particulate matter (PM) and respiratory and cardiovascular mortality and morbidity have fostered increased laboratory research aimed at understanding the key PM components, mechanisms, and dose-response relationships responsible for the effects. Because the health impacts are largely observed in subpopulations having characteristics known or presumed to confer increased susceptibility to PM, there is a need for identifying, developing, and using animal models of these susceptibility factors. Age, during both development and senescence of the cardiorespiratory system and its defenses, is one of the PM susceptibility factors cited frequently. This review is intended as a summary of current knowledge regarding age-related differences in the structure and function of the respiratory and pulmonary vascular systems of humans and animals. Its purpose is to facilitate the selection of appropriate animal models for research on the various facets of potential age-related susceptibility of the human respiratory tract to the effects of inhaled PM. The selection of models is a difficult challenge because no single animal species adequately models the full range of human respiratory anatomy, physiology, and age-related changes. With careful selection among the many species, strains, and comparative ages, however, animals can be selected to model most, if not all, of the individual factors hypothesized to confer increased susceptibility of humans to inhaled PM. The existing information does not provide an adequate basis for selecting models to test all of the current age-related susceptibility hypotheses. However, the information summarized in this report should facilitate the investigator's review of potential models.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Mauderly
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, PO Box 5890, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA.
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Suga T, Kurabayashi M, Sando Y, Ohyama Y, Maeno T, Maeno Y, Aizawa H, Matsumura Y, Kuwaki T, Kuro-O M, Nabeshima YI, Nagai R. Disruption of the klotho gene causes pulmonary emphysema in mice. Defect in maintenance of pulmonary integrity during postnatal life. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:26-33. [PMID: 10615062 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.1.3554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous mutant klotho (KL(-/-)) mice exhibit multiple phenotypes resembling human aging. In the present study, we focused on examining the pathology of the lungs of klotho mice and found that it closely resembled pulmonary emphysema in humans both histologically and functionally. Histology of the lung of KL(-/-) mice was indistinguishable from those of wild-type littermates up to 2 wk of age. The first histologic changes appeared at 4 wk of age, showing enlargement of the air spaces accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls, and progressed gradually with age. In addition to these changes, we observed calcium deposits in type I collagen fibers in alveolar septa and degeneration of type II pneumocytes in 8- to 10-wk-old KL(-/-) mice. Pulmonary function tests revealed prolonged expiration time in KL(-/-) mice, which is comparable with the pathophysiology of pulmonary emphysema. The expression level of messenger RNA for type IV collagen, surfactant protein-A and mitochondrial beta-adenosine triphosphatase was significantly increased in KL(-/-) mice, which may represent a compensatory response to alveolar destruction. Additionally, the heterozygous mutant klotho mice also developed pulmonary emphysema late in life, around 120 wk of age. These findings indicate that klotho gene expression is essential to maintaining pulmonary integrity during postnatal life. The klotho mutant mouse is a useful laboratory animal model for examining the relationship between aging and pulmonary emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suga
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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Takubo Y, Hirai T, Muro S, Kogishi K, Hosokawa M, Mishima M. Age-associated changes in elastin and collagen content and the proportion of types I and III collagen in the lungs of mice. Exp Gerontol 1999; 34:353-64. [PMID: 10433389 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(99)00017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of aging on the extracellular matrix of the lungs by examining age-associated changes in the elastin and collagen content, and the proportion of types I and III collagen, in the whole lungs of BALB/c and SAMR1 male mice between the ages of 3 and 24 months. The elastin content was determined by the hot alkali method. The hydroxyproline content was measured and assessed to be the collagen content. The relative proportion of types I and III collagen was assessed by cyanogen bromide digestion, followed by separation of the resultant peptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The elastin content did not change significantly with age in either strain of mice. The total collagen content of the whole lung was significantly higher at 24 months of age, although there were no significant changes with aging in the hydroxyproline content per dry lung weight nor in the proportion of type III to type I collagen. We conclude that in terms of the extracellular matrix, the lungs of aged mice are not very different in feature from the lungs of younger mice, and this is probably the simple consequence of growth of the lungs of young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takubo
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
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Drazen JM, Finn PW, De Sanctis GT. Mouse models of airway responsiveness: physiological basis of observed outcomes and analysis of selected examples using these outcome indicators. Annu Rev Physiol 1999; 61:593-625. [PMID: 10099703 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physiol.61.1.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mouse is an ideal species for investigation at the interface of lung biology and lung function. As detailed in this review, there are well-developed methods for the quantitative study of lung function in mice. These methods can be applied to mice in both terminal and nonterminal experiments. Terminal experimental approaches provide more detailed physiological information, but nonterminal measurements provide adequate data for certain experiments. In this review, we provide two examples of how these models can be used to further understanding of the primary pathobiology of airway responsiveness in both the absence and the presence of induced airway inflammation. The first model is a dissection of chromosomal loci linked to the variance in airway responsiveness observed in the absence of any manipulation to induce airway inflammation. The second model explores the role of T-cell costimulatory signals in the induction of airway hyperresponsiveness. As the number of mice with targeted deletions of effector genes or insertion of informative transgenes grows, additional examples are likely to accrue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Drazen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Nagase T, Matsui H, Aoki T, Ouchi Y, Fukuchi Y. Lung tissue behavior in the mouse during constriction induced by methacholine and endothelin-1. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1996; 81:2373-8. [PMID: 9018481 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, mice have been extensively used to investigate the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease because appropriate murine models, including transgenic mice, are being increasingly developed. However, little information about the lung mechanics of mice is currently available. We questioned whether lung tissue behavior and the coupling between dissipative and elastic processes, hysteresivity (eta), in mice would be different from those in the other species. To address this question, we investigated whether tissue resistance (Rti) and eta in mice would be affected by varying lung volume, constriction induced by methacholine (MCh) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), and high-lung-volume challenge during induced constriction. From measured tracheal flow and tracheal and alveolar pressures in open-chest ICR mice during mechanical ventilation [tidal volume = 8 ml/kg, frequency (f) = 2.5 Hz], we calculated lung resistance (RL), Rti, airway resistance (Raw), lung elastance (EL), and eta (= 2piRti/EL). Under baseline conditions, increasing levels of end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure decreased Raw and increased Rti. The administration of aerosolized MCh and intravenous ET-1 increased RL, Rti, Raw, and EL in a dose-dependent manner. Rti increased from 0.207 +/- 0.010 to 0.570 +/- 0.058 cmH2O.ml-1.s after 10(-7) mol/kg ET-1 (P < 0.01). After induced constriction, increasing end-expiratory transpulmonary pressure decreased Raw. However, eta was not affected by changing lung volume, constriction induced by MCh and ET-1, or high-lung-volume challenge during induced constriction. These observations suggest that 1) eta is stable in mice regardless of various conditions, 2) Rti is an important fraction of RL and increases after induced contriction, and 3) mechanical interdependence may affect airway smooth muscle shortening in this species. In mammalian species, including mice, analysis of eta may indicate that both Rti and EL essentially respond to a similar degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagase
- Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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