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Bezemer JM, Hinojosa MC, Zabala AEC, Pérez FO, Román VCV, Schallig HDFH, de Vries HJC. Quality of life of cutaneous leishmaniasis suspected patients in the Ecuadorian Pacific and Amazon regions: a cross sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:748. [PMID: 36153487 PMCID: PMC9509548 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07733-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yearly, up to 1 million patients worldwide suffer from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In Ecuador, CL affects an estimated 5000 patients annually. CL leads to reduced Health Related Quality of Life (HRQL) as a result of stigma in the Asian and Mediterranean contexts, but research is lacking for Ecuador. The objective of this study was to explore the influence of CL suspected lesions on the quality of life of patients in the Pacific and Amazon regions. Methods Patients for this study were included in the Amazonian Napo, Pastaza, and Morona Santiago provinces and the Pacific region of the Pichincha province. Participating centers offered free of charge CL treatment. All patients suspected of CL and referred for a cutaneous smear slide microscopy examination were eligible. This study applied the Skindex-29 questionnaire, a generic tool to measure HRQL in patients with skin diseases. All statistical analysis was done with SPSS Statistics version 28. Results The skindex-29 questionnaire was completed adequately by 279 patients who were included in this study. All patient groups from the Amazon scored significantly (P < 0.01) higher (indicating worse HRQL) on all the dimensions of the Skindex-29 questionnaire than Mestizo patients from the Pacific region. The percentage of patients with health seeking delay of less than a month was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in the Amazon region (38%) than in the Pacific (66%). Conclusions The present study revealed that the influence of suspected CL lesions on the HRQL of patients in the Ecuadorian Amazon and Pacific depends on the geographic region more than on patient characteristics such as gender, age, number of lesions, lesion type, location of lesions, health seeking delay, or posterior confirmation of the Leishmania parasite. The health seeking delay in the Amazon might result from a lack of health infrastructure or related stigma. Together, the impaired HRQL and prolonged health seeking delay in the Amazon lead to prolonged suffering and a worse health outcome. Determinants of health seeking delay should be clarified in future studies and CL case finding must be improved. Moreover, HRQL analysis in other CL endemic regions could improve local health management. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-022-07733-4.
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Carvalho BM, Dos Santos TV, da R Barata I, Lima JAN, Silveira FT, Vale MM, Ready PD, Rangel EF. Entomological surveys of Lutzomyia flaviscutellata and other vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in municipalities with records of Leishmania amazonensis within the Bragança region of Pará State, Brazil. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2018; 43:168-178. [PMID: 29757525 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In southeast Amazon, Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) flaviscutellata is the incriminated vector of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, a causative agent of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). The optimal methods for surveying Lu. flaviscutellata were investigated in the Bragança region, northeast Pará State, Brazil, selected for the presence of Le. amazonensis. The performances of modified Disney traps and CDC light traps were compared in four ecotopes within and around four village transects during the wet and dry seasons. The physiological age of female sand flies was estimated and natural infection by flagellates was evaluated by dissection. Disney traps were better for detecting the presence of Lu. flaviscutellata, while CDC traps performed well for detecting Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) antunesi, suspected vector of Leishmania lindenbergi. The former was more abundant during the wet season, when female flies were naturally infected with Le. amazonensis. These findings identified the environments of local transmission. In order to improve surveys of Lu. flaviscutellata as part of integrated epidemiological surveillance of CL, our recommendations include focusing vector surveys with Disney traps on forest fragments where people work, during the seasonal peak of the vector. Further field studies are required to make model-based predictions of seasonal variations in the vectorial capacity of vector populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Carvalho
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses Prof. Dr Ralph Lainson, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Rod. BR 316, Km 07 s/n, 67030-000, Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Iorlando da R Barata
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses Prof. Dr Ralph Lainson, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Rod. BR 316, Km 07 s/n, 67030-000, Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - José Aprígio N Lima
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses Prof. Dr Ralph Lainson, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Rod. BR 316, Km 07 s/n, 67030-000, Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Fernando T Silveira
- Laboratório de Leishmanioses Prof. Dr Ralph Lainson, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Rod. BR 316, Km 07 s/n, 67030-000, Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Vale
- Laboratório de Vertebrados, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paul D Ready
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, U.K
| | - Elizabeth F Rangel
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil 4365, 21040-900, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Chagas ECDS, Silva AS, Fé NF, Ferreira LS, Sampaio VDS, Terrazas WCM, Guerra JAO, Souza RAFD, Silveira H, Guerra MDGVB. Composition of sand fly fauna (Diptera: Psychodidae) and detection of Leishmania DNA (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in different ecotopes from a rural settlement in the central Amazon, Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29534747 PMCID: PMC5848579 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2743-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are vectors of Leishmania species, the etiological agents of leishmaniasis, which is one of the most important emerging infectious diseases in the Americas. In the state of Amazonas in Brazil, anthropogenic activities encourage the presence of these insects around rural homes. The present study aimed to describe the composition and distribution of sand fly species diversity among the ecotopes (intradomicile, peridomicile and forest) in an area of American cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission and detect natural infection with Leishmania DNA to evaluate which vectors are inside houses and whether the presence of possible vectors represents a hazard of transmission. Results Phlebotomine sand flies were collected using light traps. A total of 2469 specimens representing 54 species, predominantly females (71.2%), were collected from four sites. Polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed on 670 samples to detect Leishmania DNA. Most of the samples (79.5%) were collected in the forest, with areas closer to rural dwellings yielding a greater abundance of suspected or proven vectors and a larger number of species containing Leishmania DNA. Nyssomyia umbratilis and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata were found near rural homes, and Ny. umbratilis was also found inside homes. Leishmania DNA was detected in different species of sand flies in all ecotopes, including species with no previous record of natural infection. Conclusions There is no evidence that vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis are becoming established inside homes, but there are sand flies, including Ny. umbratilis and other possible vectors, in environments characterized by a human presence. These species continue to be predominant in the forest but are prevalent in areas closer to ecotopes with a greater human presence. The existence of proven or suspected vectors in this ecotope is due to the structural organization of rural settlements and may represent a hazard of transmission. Although the detection of Leishmania DNA in species that were not previously considered vectors does not mean that they are transmitting the parasite, it does show that the parasite is circulating in ecotopes where these species are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Cristina da Silva Chagas
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical/Programa de Pos-graduação em Clima e Ambiente), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.,Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - Arineia Soares Silva
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical/Programa de Pos-graduação em Clima e Ambiente), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - Nelson Ferreira Fé
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - Lucas Silva Ferreira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | | | | | - Jorge Augusto Oliveira Guerra
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical/Programa de Pos-graduação em Clima e Ambiente), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira de Souza
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical/Programa de Pos-graduação em Clima e Ambiente), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil
| | - Henrique Silveira
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical de Lisboa, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria das Graças Vale Barbosa Guerra
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina Tropical/Programa de Pos-graduação em Clima e Ambiente), Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil. .,Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil.
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Shimabukuro PHF, Moreira JAC, Costa TSD. Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) From the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Domain Collected With Malaise Traps. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1488-1491. [PMID: 27343176 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present the results of a 2-yr sampling using malaise traps along the Atlantic Forest domain from the northeast to the south of Brazil. In total, 217 sand flies were collected, of which the most abundant species was Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942) (60.4%), followed by Psychodopygus ayrozai (Barretto & Coutinho, 1940) (11%) and Micropygomyia schreiberi (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1975) (4.1%), and the remaining less abundant species comprised 10.1% of the total of sand flies collected. We report the occurrence for the first time of: 1) B. flaviscutellata, Pintomyia fischeri (Pinto, 1926), Ps. ayrozai, and Psychodopygus carreirai (Barretto, 1946) in the state of Alagoas; 2) Psychodopygus claustrei (Abonnenc, Lèger & Fauran,1979), Psychodopygus amazonensis (Root, 1934), and Sciopemyia sordellii (Shannon & del ponte, 1927) in the state of Bahia; 3) Nyssomyia anduzei (Rozeboom, 1942) in the state of Pernambuco; and 4) B. flaviscutellata, M. schreiberi, Ps. ayrozai, and Psychodopygus davisi (Root, 1934) in the state of Sergipe. Our results present novel records of sand flies collected with malaise traps in the Atlantic Forest domain demonstrating that different collecting methods such as malaise traps can provide new interesting data about these insects that are natural vectors of many pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Helena Fernandes Shimabukuro
- Centro de Referência Nacional e Internacional para Flebotomíneos, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fiocruz/MG, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, 31190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Silva PESD, Freitas RAD, Silva DFD, Alencar RB. Fauna de flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) de uma reserva de campina no Estado do Amazonas, e sua importância epidemiológica. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2010; 43:78-81. [DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822010000100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: No Brasil, a maior diversidade de flebotomíneos é encontrada na Região Amazônica, principalmente em floresta primária de terra-firme. No entanto, sua fauna ainda é pouco conhecida em outros ecossistemas desta região. MÉTODOS: a fim de conhecer a fauna de flebotomíneos de outro ecossistema amazônico, coletas com armadilhas de luz CDC foram realizadas em uma área de campina/campinarana na zona periurbana da Cidade de Manaus. RESULTADOS: foram capturados 814 flebotomíneos de 26 espécies, sendo as mais abundantes: Lutzomyia flaviscutellata (64,5%); Lutzomyia georgii (14%); Lutzomyia olmeca nociva (8,1%); Lutzomyia furcata (3,2%); Lutzomyia monstruosa (1,3%); Lutzomyia umbratilis (1,1%) outros (7,8%). CONCLUSÕES: Campina/campinarana revelou-se de grande importância epidemiológica devido a elevada abundância de Lutzomyia flaviscutellata e Lutzomyia olmeca nociva, ambas vetoras de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Com base nestas informações, será possível traçar metas para estudos parasitológicos e conscientizar pesquisadores e estudantes, que mantém constante exposição nesta área realizando trabalhos de pesquisa, sobre o possível risco de contaminação por Leishmania.
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Rangel EF, Lainson R. Proven and putative vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil: aspects of their biology and vectorial competence. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2009; 104:937-54. [PMID: 20027458 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762009000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Molina JA, Ortiz MI, Guhl F. Seasonality of Lutzomyia fairtigi (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae), a species endemic to Eastern Colombia. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:477-82. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008000500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Silveira FT, Lainson R, Corbett CEP. Further observations on clinical, histopathological, and immunological features of borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:525-34. [PMID: 16184231 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis has for some time been considered as the causative agent of two distinct forms of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL): localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), and anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL). Recently, a new intermediate form of disease, borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (BDCL), was introduced into the clinical spectrum of ACL caused by this parasite, and in this paper we record the clinical, histopathological, and immunological features of eight more BDCL patients from Brazilian Amazonia, who acquired the disease in the Pará state, North Brazil. Seven of them had infections of one to two years' evolution and presented with primary skin lesions and the occurrence of metastases at periods varying from six to 12 months following appearance of the first lesion. Primary skin lesions ranged from 1-3 in number, and all had the aspect of an erythematous, infiltrated plaque, variously located on the head, arms or legs. There was lymphatic dissemination of infection, with lymph node enlargement in seven of the cases, and the delayed hypersensitivity skin-test (DTH) was negative in all eight patients prior to their treatment. After that, there was a conversion of DTH to positive in five cases re-examined. The major histopathological feature was a dermal mononuclear infiltration, with a predominance of heavily parasitized and vacuolated macrophages, together with lymphocytes and plasma cells. In one case, with similar histopathology, the patient had acquired his infection seven years previously and he presented with the largest number of disseminated cutaneous lesions. BDCL shows clinical and histopathological features which are different from those of both LCL and ADCL, and there is a good prognosis of cure which is generally not so in the case of frank ADCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T Silveira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, 66090-000, Brazil.
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Dias-Lima A, Bermúdez EC, Medeiros JFD, Sherlock I. Estratificação vertical da fauna de flebótomos (Diptera, Psychodidae) numa floresta primária de terra firme da Amazônia Central, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2002000300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estudos sobre a estratificação vertical da fauna de flebótomos, foram realizados numa floresta primária de terra firme, da Estação Experimental de Silvicultura Tropical - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, durante os meses de outubro de 1998 a março de 1999. Utilizando-se armadilhas luminosas CDC, colocadas a 1, 10 e 20 metros de altura do solo, foram coletados 2.859 flebótomos, pertencentes a dois gêneros, Lutzomyia (99,93 %) e Brumtomyia (0,07%), abrangendo 38 espécies. Dentro do gênero Lutzomyia, os sub-gêneros mais representados foram Nyssomyia, com 43,4%, e Psychodopygus com 22,8%. As espécies Lutzomyia umbratilis, L. anduzei, L. rorotaensis, L. trichopyga e L. olmeca nociva, foram dominantes a 1m de altura, enquanto que L. davisi, L. infraspinosa, L. umbratilis, L. trichopyga e L. anduzei, foram dominantes a 10m. As espécies L. anduzei, L. tuberculata, L. dendrophyla e L. dreisbachi foram mais abundantes a 20m. L. umbratilis, presente nos três níveis de estratificação vertical, é dotada de alta importância epidemiológica como vetora da Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis.
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Silveira FT, Lainson R, Shaw JJ, De Souza AA, Ishikawa EA, Braga RR. Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in Amazonian Brazil, and the significance of a negative Montenegro skin-test in human infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1991; 85:735-8. [PMID: 1801340 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(91)90437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical and epidemiological features of 62 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, from Pará State, Amazonian Brazil, are discussed. The parasite, isolated in hamster skin and/or blood-agar culture medium, was in each case identified by both biological characteristics and a monoclonal antibody specific for promastigotes of L. (L.) amazonensis. Of the 62 patients, 46 (74.2%) presented with a single cutaneous lesion, and on no occasion was evidence found indicating metastatic spread to either the naso-pharyngeal mucosae or the viscera. Recent claims that this parasite may be responsible for both mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and typical visceral leishmaniasis are discussed. Meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) proved highly efficient in the treatment of all patients. Of the 62 patients examined by the Montenegro skin test, only 32 (51.6%) gave a positive reaction. The significance of this finding is considered and the hypothesis made that the parasite itself may induce an immunoinhibition. Field studies amply confirmed the role of Lutzomyia flaviscutellata as the major sandfly vector of L. (L.) amazonensis in Amazonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F T Silveira
- Instituto Evandro Chagas (FNS), Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Lainson R, Shaw JJ, Ready PD, Miles MA, Póvoa M. Leishmaniasis in Brazil: XVI. Isolation and identification of Leishmania species from sandflies, wild mammals and man in north Para State, with particular reference to L. braziliensis guyanensis causative agent of "pian-bois". Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1981; 75:530-6. [PMID: 7324128 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(81)90192-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 125 wild mammals (14 different species) were examined for evidence of infection with Leishmania in an area of primary forest highly endemic for "pian-bois", due to Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis, in north Pará State, Brazil. Parasites isolated were characterized biologically, and biochemically on enzymic profiles. L. b. guyanensis was isolated from the viscera of one lesser anteater (Tamandua tetradactyla) and one opossum (Didelphis marsupialis), and the skin of one rodent (Proechimys guyannensis). The isolates were indistinguishable from 10 others previously made from the sandfly vectors Lutzomyia umbratilis (five) and Lu. whitmani (five), and nine isolates from field-workers who became infected during these studies. Leishmania mexicana amazonensis was obtained from the skin of 21 animals, including three species of opossums (D. marsupialis, Philander opossum and Metachirus nudicaudatus) and two species of rodents (proechimys guyannensis and Dasyprocta sp.). A peripylarian Leishmania isolated from the viscera of two armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) was shown to be different, biologically and biochemically, from L. b. guyanensis and L. m. amazonensis. Four other isolates of Leishmania, from the rodents Rhipidomys leucodactylus (one) and P. guyannensis (three) have yet to be characterized owing to their very poor growth in both hamster skin and in vitro culture: they appear closest, however, to L. braziliensis braziliensis. The complexity of Amazonian leishmaniasis is discussed, and attention drawn to the importance of edentates as reservoir hosts of some leishmanias in the New World. Whereas L. mexicana subspecies appear largely restricted to the skin of their natural hosts, subspecies of L. braziliensis are commonly found in the viscera.
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Laison R, Shaw JJ, Ward RD, Fraiha H. Leishmaniasis in Brazil. IX. Considerations on the Leishmania braziliensis complex. Importance of sandflies of the genus Psychodopygus (Mangabeira) in the transmission of L. braziliensis braziliensis in north Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1973; 67:184-96. [PMID: 4784055 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(73)90143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Ward RD, Shaw JJ, Lainson R, Fraiha H. Leishmaniasis in Brazil. 8. Observations on the phlebotomine fauna of an area highly endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis, in the Serra dos Carajas, Pará State. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1973; 67:174-83. [PMID: 4784054 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(73)90142-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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