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Djibougou AD, Nikièma AS, Hien AS, Sangaré I, Yameogo BK, Koala L, Ouari A, Diagbouga SP, Diabaté A, Price H, Fournet F, Dabiré RK. Serological and molecular detection of Leishmania species in dog peripheral blood from Bobo-Dioulasso city, a confirmation of canine leishmaniasis enzootic area for Burkina Faso. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 103:105327. [PMID: 35811035 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis is increasingly reported worldwide and represent a threat to both animal and human health. In a previous pilot study conducted in Bobo-Dioulasso, the second town of Burkina Faso, we reported five cases of canine leishmaniasis. With the perspective of a One Health action plan, and in the context of increasing urbanization, this study aimed to provide new information on Leishmania spp in dogs in this city. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from May to August 2018 in six districts of the city in order to record clinical and biological data from domestic dogs randomly selected per district. Blood samples were collected into EDTA tubes (4-5 mL), treated and stored at -20 °C until further analyses. The infection status of the dogs was performed by serological tests using plasma, and real time-PCR (RT-PCR) to detect Leishmania parasites using buffy coats. Nested PCR was used for typing the Leishmania species in dogs which were found to be RT-PCR positive. A total of 147 dogs were examined clinically and sampled for blood collection, including 53.7% females and 46.3% of males with a median age of 3 years. The seroincidence of Leishmania parasites within this dog population was 4.76% (95% CI:2.26-9.72). The incidence of Leishmania was 10.88% (95% CI: 6.73-17.11) by RT-PCR which was significantly more sensitive (p = 0,047) and a fair concordance was observed between both tests (Kappa = 0.39, p < 0.001). The characterization of Leishmania species revealed that L. major was circulating in this domestic dog population. Our results confirmed the persistence of zoonotic circulation of Leishmania parasites such as L. major currently in Bobo-Dioulasso city and highlight the need for targeted interventions in order to control transmission of leishmaniasis in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur D Djibougou
- Centre MURAZ/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), 01 BP 390 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Achille S Nikièma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Aristide S Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Ibrahim Sangaré
- Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Bienvenue K Yameogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Lassane Koala
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Ali Ouari
- Centre MURAZ/Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), 01 BP 390 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Serge P Diagbouga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Helen Price
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, UK
| | | | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Direction Régionale de l'Ouest, 01 BP 545 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso.
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Low frequency of circulating CD8+ T stem cell memory cells in chronic chagasic patients with severe forms of the disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e3432. [PMID: 25569149 PMCID: PMC4287481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD8+ T cells have been shown to play a crucial role in Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Memory CD8+ T cells can be categorised based on their distinct differentiation stages and functional activities as follows: stem cell memory (TSCM), central memory (TCM), transitional memory (TTM), effector memory (TEM) and terminal effector (TTE) cells. Currently, the immune mechanisms that control T. cruzi in the chronic phase of the infection are unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings To characterise the CD8+ T cell subsets that could be participating in the control of T. cruzi infection, in this study, we compared total and T. cruzi-specific circulating CD8+ T cells with distinctive phenotypic and functional features in chronic chagasic patients (CCPs) with different degrees of cardiac dysfunction. We observed a decreased frequency of total TSCM along with an increased frequency of TTE in CCPs with severe disease. Antigen-specific TSCM cells were not detectable in CCPs with severe forms of the disease. A functional profile of CD8+ T cell subsets among CCPs revealed a high frequency of monofunctional CD8+ T cells in the most severe patients with IFN-γ+- or TNF-α+-producing cells. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that CD8+ TSCM cells may be associated with the immune response to T. cruzi and outcome of Chagas disease, given that these cells may be involved in repopulating the T cell pool that controls infection. Chagas disease is caused by the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. After the onset of acute infection, all individuals enter the chronic phase and approximately 70% of them never have symptoms. However, nearly 30% of infected individuals develop symptoms, mainly of heart disease, even decades after the initial infection. Currently, it is unclear how the immune response controls infection and prevents the development of heart disease in some infected people. We have characterised the memory CD8+ T cell subsets in chronic chagasic patients, including a newly described population of cells called memory stem cells. This T cell subset seems important for replenishing the other T cell populations. The findings in this manuscript show that chronic chagasic patients with severe disease have the following: a) a low frequency of memory stem cells, b) no antigen-specific memory stem cells, and c) CD8+ T cells with less effector function compared with asymptomatic patients. These results indicate that the lack of T cell population renewal and the decrease in cells with multiple effector functions may be associated with the clinical outcome of chronic Chagas disease.
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Olivera GC, Albareda MC, Alvarez MG, De Rissio AM, Fichera LE, Cooley G, Yachelini P, Hrellac HA, Riboldi H, Laucella SA, Tarleton RL, Postan M. Trypanosoma cruzi-specific immune responses in subjects from endemic areas of Chagas disease of Argentina. Microbes Infect 2010; 12:359-63. [PMID: 20123034 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2010.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi-specific immune responses were evaluated in a total of 88 subjects living in areas endemic of Chagas disease of Argentina by IFN-gamma ELISPOT assays and immunoblotting. Positive T. cruzi antigen-induced IFN-gamma responses were detected in 42% of subjects evaluated (15/26 positive by conventional serology and 22/62 seronegative subjects). Using immunoblotting, T. cruzi-specific IgG reactivity was detected in all seropositive subjects and in 11% (7/61) of subjects negative by conventional serology. Measurements of T cell responses and antibodies by immunoblotting, in conjunction with conventional serology, might enhance the capability of detection of exposure to T. cruzi in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C Olivera
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr. Mario Fatala Chaben, Av. Paseo Colón 568, Buenos Aires 1063, Argentina
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T cells specific to leishmania and other nonrelated microbial antigens can migrate to human leishmaniasis skin lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1329-36. [PMID: 20107484 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunopathological studies have contributed to the characterization of in situ inflammatory infiltrates in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, little is known about the T-cell antigen reactivity of these lesions. Our objective was to analyze the responsiveness of lymphocytes from CL lesions to leishmanial and nonrelated antigens in terms of proliferation and the production of cytokines. Mononuclear cells were extracted from lesions, and blood from CL patients infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Activated cells accounted for 35-45% of lesions T-cell subsets. Elevated levels of C1.7/CD244(+)CD8(+) T cells suggest in situ cytotoxic effector function. Lymphocytes isolated from the leishmaniasis lesions proliferated and produced IFN-gamma in response to leishmanial antigens as well as to irrelevant antigens such as Toxoplasma gondii (Tg). Patients presenting with larger lesions had the highest lymphocyte proliferation indexes. A high frequency of Tg-specific cells was detected in the lesions by limiting dilution assay, similar to the frequency of Leishmania-specific cells. Importantly, Tg-reactive cells were not found in lesions of patients without a history of toxoplasmosis. The proportion of Leishmania-reactive CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lesions was quite variable. Overall, these data suggest that T cells reactive to nonrelevant antigens can migrate to leishmanial lesions and possibly influence the pathogenesis of the disease.
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de Lima Barros MB, Schubach A, Francesconi-do-Valle AC, Gutierrez-Galhardo MC, Schubach TMP, Conceição-Silva F, de Matos Salgueiro M, Mouta-Confort E, Reis RS, de Fátima Madeira M, Cuzzi T, Quintella LP, da Silva Passos JP, Conceição MJ, de Almeida Marzochi MC. Positive Montenegro skin test among patients with sporotrichosis in Rio De Janeiro. Acta Trop 2005; 93:41-7. [PMID: 15589796 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2004] [Revised: 09/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied 52 patients with sporotrichosis confirmed by isolation of Sporothrix schenckii and reactivity to the Montenegro skin test (MST) during an ongoing outbreak of this mycosis in Rio de Janeiro. The objective was to emphasize the importance of parasitological confirmation and the possibility of incorrect diagnosis based on the lesion's appearance, epidemiological information, and immunological tests. The antigen used for the MST was conserved in either thimerosal 1:10,000 (group 1) or 0.4% phenol (group 2). Nineteen patients (39%) in group 1 and seven (12%) in group 2 presented an induration>or=10 mm (p<0.001). Sera from three patients (6.7%) reacted to indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) for leishmaniasis, while sera from 10 patients (22.2%) reacted to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fifteen patients (28.8%) presented up to two lesions, with a predominance of ulcers. Forty-four patients (84.6%) were treated with itraconazole. In the differential diagnosis between sporotrichosis and cutaneous leishmaniasis, the possibility of co-infection, allergy to the reagent diluent, and cross-reactions should be further investigated, especially in regions with limited laboratory facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Bastos de Lima Barros
- Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro Chagas (IPEC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21045-900, Brazil.
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Gabaglia CR, Valle MT, Fenoglio D, Barcinski MA, Manca F. Cd4(+) T cell response to Leishmania spp. in non-infected individuals. Hum Immunol 2000; 61:531-7. [PMID: 10825580 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(00)00119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
T cell mediated immunity is known to play a central role in the host response to control intra-cellular pathogens. This work demonstrates the presence of specific CD4(+) T cells to Leishmania spp. antigens in peripheral mononuclear cells of naïve individuals (normal volunteers from non-endemic regions). The responder population was expanded by generation of antigen-specific T cell lines, which were produced by repeated stimulation with fixed promastigotes and autologous irradiated PBMC as antigen presenting cells. The leishmania-T cell lines were shown to proliferate in response to different species of the parasite (L. amazonensis, L. braziliensis, and L. donovani), but not to other recall antigens such as Candida albicans or tetanus toxoid. A preferential expansion of IFNgamma and IL-2 producing Th1-like T cells was observed. The leishmania-reactive cells were distributed between CD4(+) CD45RA(+) ("naïve") and CD4(+) CD45R0(+) ("memory") populations. Although limiting dilution analysis showed a precursor frequency 3 times lower within the naïve compartment, similar numbers of T cell lines were derived from both purified subpopulations. This study using leishmania-specific CD4(+) T cell lines produced from normal individuals should provide information on cellular immune responses that are triggered by the parasite and how infection impacts the naïve T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Gabaglia
- Immunology Laboratory-University of Genoa, San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
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Araujo Z, El Bouhdidi A, Heremans H, Van Marck E, Castés M, Carlier Y. Vaccination of mice with a combination of BCG and killed Leishmania promastigotes reduces acute Trypanosoma cruzi infection by promoting an IFN-gamma response. Vaccine 1999; 17:957-64. [PMID: 10067703 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00311-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The combination of BCG with killed Leishmania promastigotes, demonstrated to be efficient in the cure of patients suffering American cutaneous leishmaniasis and in the induction of a long-term immune response in healthy vaccinated volunteers, was tested in BALB/c mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, in comparison to BCG or Leishmania alone, and a vehicle (PBS) control. BCG-Leishmania vaccination, applied intra-peritoneally 10 and 3 days before T. cruzi trypomastigote inoculation, prolonged the survival, and reduced blood parasitaemia of infected animals. Proliferation studies indicated that splenocytes of mice vaccinated with BCG-Leishmania and harvested in the acute phase of T. cruzi infection displayed stimulation indices higher than cells from PBS-treated mice when stimulated with PHA mitogen, PPD, Leishmania or T. cruzi antigens. Injections of a monoclonal antibody able to neutralise IFN-gamma into BCG-Leishmania vaccinated mice increased parasitaemia to levels similar to those of control animals (treated with PBS) and reversed the beneficial effect of vaccination on the proliferative response to T. cruzi antigen. These results show that vaccination of mice with BCG plus killed Leishmania promastigotes delayed acute T. cruzi infection, stimulated a T-cell response to T. cruzi antigen and promoted IFN-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Araujo
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Medicina José María Vargas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas.
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Ozbel Y, Turgay N, Ozensoy S, Ozbilgin A, Alkan MZ, Ozcel MA, Jaffe CL, Schnur L, Oskam L, Abranches P. Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean region. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1995; 89 Suppl 1:89-93. [PMID: 8745931 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1995.11813018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The leishmaniases are a widespread and medically important group of parasitic diseases, some of which pose a serious health threat in communities throughout the Mediterranean basin. In 1993, a joint, collaborative study of the Mediterranean leishmaniases was initiated by scientists from Israel, Turkey, Portugal and the Netherlands. The aim of this project was the development of a multi-component approach to the successful control of all forms of leishmaniasis, with special emphasis on the more severe, visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The need for highly sensitive and accurate new tools to facilitate diagnosis and epidemiological surveys of endemic areas and for studies on the immunology of VL in laboratory models (dogs and mice) was soon recognized. It is anticipated that the development of these tools and the associated technology will provide a better understanding of the disease and improve its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ozbel
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Kemp M, Hansen MB, Theander TG. Recognition of Leishmania antigens by T lymphocytes from nonexposed individuals. Infect Immun 1992; 60:2246-51. [PMID: 1534072 PMCID: PMC257150 DOI: 10.1128/iai.60.6.2246-2251.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Crude antigen preparations of Leishmania promastigote sonicates were found to induce in vitro proliferation and gamma interferon production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from individuals without known exposure to the parasite. The proliferating cells were mainly CD2-positive T cells. The proliferative response was maximal after more than 6 days of incubation with the antigens in contrast to the proliferation induced by the mitogenic lectin phytohemagglutinin (PHA), which peaked after 3 to 5 days. Judged by limiting dilution analysis, the frequencies of antigen-reactive precursor cells were less than 1:10,000 and varied considerably between individuals. Depletion of CD45R0-positive (memory) cells from the PBMC abolished proliferative responses induced by Leishmania antigen and by tetanus toxoid. In cell populations depleted of CD45RA-positive (naive) cells, only a small reduction in response was observed. Cell populations depleted of either CD45R0-positive cells or CD45RA-positive cells both responded to PHA. We conclude that presumably unexposed individuals have a low number of Leishmania-reactive T cells in their circulatory systems. The Leishmania-reactive T cells in these individuals are most likely memory cells recognizing antigens present both in the Leishmania preparations and in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kemp
- Department of Infectious Diseases 7641, University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Denmark
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Reed SG, Carvalho EM, Sherbert CH, Sampaio DP, Russo DM, Bacelar O, Pihl DL, Scott JM, Barral A, Grabstein KH. In vitro responses to Leishmania antigens by lymphocytes from patients with leishmaniasis or Chagas' disease. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:690-6. [PMID: 2107208 PMCID: PMC296484 DOI: 10.1172/jci114493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell responses are correlated with recovery from and resistance to leishmaniasis. Antigens of Leishmania chagasi were evaluated by determining their ability to elicit in vitro proliferation and cytokine production in peripheral blood lymphocytes and in T cell lines and clones from patients with histories of leishmaniasis or Chagas' disease. Antigens tested were selected by their reactivity with patient antibodies. Several of the antigens induced proliferative responses in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients recovered from visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis or with chronic Chagas' disease. Two purified glycoproteins, 30 and 42 kD, were consistently among the most effective in eliciting high proliferative responses and IL-2 production. Lymphocytes from a recovered visceral leishmaniasis patient were used to produce T cell lines against either the 30- or 42-kD antigen. Each of the lines responded to both of these antigens as well as to crude leishmania lysate. CD4+ T cell clones specific for either or both of these antigens were also isolated from a visceral leishmaniasis patient. In contrast, rabbit antisera produced against these two antigens were not crossreactive. Both antigens were effective in inducing the production of IFN-gamma from T cell lines from both leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease patients. These studies demonstrate the potential for defining parasite antigens with broad immunostimulatory capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Reed
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Washington 98109
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