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Sinha A, Deb VK, Datta A, Yadav S, Phulkar A, Adhikari S. Evaluation of structural features of anabolic-androgenic steroids: entanglement for organ-specific toxicity. Steroids 2024; 212:109518. [PMID: 39322097 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs), more correctly termed "steroidal androgens", are a broad category of compounds including both synthetic derivatives and endogenously produced androgens like testosterone, which have long been employed as performance-enhancing substances, primarily among recreational athletes and some professionals. While their short-term effects on muscle physiology are well-documented, the long-term health consequences remain inadequately understood. A key finding is the disruption of hormone production, leading to reversible and irreversible changes, particularly with prolonged use. While debate exists over the prevalence of adverse effects, studies suggest a spectrum of somatic and psychiatric consequences, highlighting the need for improved understanding and prevention strategies. AASs are not only affect muscle structure but also influence mood, behavior, and body image, potentially exacerbating substance dependence and psychological distress. Liver alterations are a prominent concern, with oxidative stress implicated in AAS-induced hepatotoxicity. Reproductive complications, including gonadal atrophy and infertility, are common, alongside virilization and feminization effects in both genders. Cardiovascular effects are particularly worrisome, with AASs implicated in hypertension, dyslipidemia, and increased thrombotic risk, contributing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Moreover, AASs may enhance cancer risks, potentially accelerating carcinogenesis in various tissues, including the prostate. The review emphasizes the need for comprehensive public health initiatives to mitigate harm, including harm minimization strategies, routine health screenings, and targeted interventions for AAS users. Understanding the complex interplay of biological mechanisms and systemic effects is crucial for informing clinical management and preventive measures. This review also examines the biological impact of AASs on human muscles, detailing mechanisms of action, chemistry, and associated health risks such as liver damage, cardiovascular disease, and endocrine dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankan Sinha
- Department of Physical Education, Govt. Degree College, Dharmanagar, Tripura(N) 799253, India.
| | - Vishal Kumar Deb
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Abhijit Datta
- Department of Botany, Ambedkar College, Fatikroy, Unakoti 799290 Tripura, India
| | - Satpal Yadav
- Department of Sports Biomechanics, LNIPE, NERC, Guwahati 782402 Assam, India
| | - Ashish Phulkar
- Department of Sports Management and Coaching, LNIPE, Gwalior 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Suman Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Govt. Degree College, Dharmanagar, Tripura(N) 799253, India.
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2
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Sun Y, Giacomello G, Girreser U, Steff J, Bureik M, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Parr MK. Characterization and quantitation of a sulfoconjugated metabolite for detection of methyltestosterone misuse and direct identification by LC-MS. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 242:106527. [PMID: 38710312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Methyltestosterone (MT) is one of the most frequently misused anabolic androgenic steroids detected in doping control analysis. The metabolism of MT in humans leads to several phase І metabolites and their corresponding phase Ⅱ conjugates. Previous studies have postulated the 3α-sulfoconjugate of 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (S2) as principal sulfate metabolite of MT, with a detection window exceeding 10 days. However, a final direct and unambiguous confirmation of the structure of this metabolite is missing until now. In this study, we established an approach to detect and identify S2, using intact analysis by liquid chromatography hyphenated with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) without complex sample pretreatment. An in vitro study yielded the LC-MS/MS reference retention times of all 3-sulfated 17-methylandrostane-3,17-diol diastereomers, allowing for accurate structure assignment of potentially detected metabolites. In an in vivo excretion study with a single healthy male volunteer, the presence of the metabolite S2 was confirmed after a single oral dose of 10 mg MT. The reference standard was chemically synthesized, characterized by accurate mass mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and quantified by quantitative NMR (qNMR). Thus, this study finally provides accurate structure information on the S2 metabolite and a direct analytical method for detection of MT misuse. The availability of the reference material is expected to facilitate further evaluation and subsequent analytical method validation in anti-doping research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ginevra Giacomello
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Ulrich Girreser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Jakob Steff
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Lu, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome 00197, Italy,; REDs - Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, ISSUL - Institute des sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Synathlon 3224 - Quartier Centre, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, Berlin 14195, Germany,.
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3
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Liu L, Karim Z, Schlörer N, de la Torre X, Botrè F, Zoschke C, Parr MK. Biotransformation of anabolic androgenic steroids in human skin cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 237:106444. [PMID: 38092130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
In comparison to well-known drug-metabolizing organs such as the liver, the metabolic capacity of human skin is still not well elucidated despite the widespread use of topical drug application. To gain a comprehensive insight into anabolic steroid metabolism in the skin, six structurally related anabolic androgenic steroids, testosterone, metandienone, methyltestosterone, clostebol, dehydrochloromethyltestosterone, and methylclostebol, were applied to human keratinocytes and fibroblasts derived from the juvenile foreskin. Phase I metabolites obtained from incubation media were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The 5α-reductase activity was predominant in the metabolic pathways as supported by the detection of 5α-reduced metabolites after incubation of testosterone, methyltestosterone, clostebol, and methylclostebol. Additionally, the stereochemistry structures of fully reduced metabolites (4α,5α-isomers) of clostebol and methylclostebol were newly confirmed in this study by the help of inhouse synthesized reference materials. The results provide insights into the steroid metabolism in human skin cells with respect to the characteristics of the chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziaul Karim
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; REDs - Research and Expertise on Antidoping sciences, ISSUL - Institute de sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Synathlon 3224 - Quartier Centre, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Drugs, Gerichtstr. 49, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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4
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Zhang L, Sun J, Ding Y, Li L, Liu J. Simultaneous determination of methyltestosterone and its metabolite in fish by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 16:114-121. [PMID: 38086623 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01646c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Methyltestosterone is one of the banned drugs in aquaculture, and it should be monitored in food-producing animals. 17α-Methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol, as the main metabolite of methyltestosterone in vertebrates, could be used as another marker for controlling the administration of methyltestosterone, due to its high residual concentration and slow elimination rate. In this study, an analytical method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of methyltestosterone and its main metabolite in fish. After pretreatment by liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane and solid phase extraction with C18 and NH2 columns, the target analytes in the muscle tissues were extracted and concentrated, and the influence of the sample matrix was eliminated. Then, the prepared samples were separated and detected with GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Methyltestosterone-D3 was chosen as the internal standard for quantitation. After optimization, the limits of detection for methyltestosterone and 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol were 20 μg kg-1 and 15 μg kg-1, respectively. The limits of quantitation were both 50 μg kg-1. The calibration curves showed good linearity in the concentration range from 50.0 ng mL-1 to 500.0 ng mL-1. The correlation coefficients of methyltestosterone and 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol were more than 0.9990. The recoveries of the analytes in real samples were in the range of 99.7-116.6% with the relative standard deviation of 5.2-8.3%. The established method could meet the demand for simultaneous detection of methyltestosterone and its major metabolite, and it could be used to provide more information on the abuse of methyltestosterone in food-producing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Juan Sun
- Jiangsu Nanjing Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210041, China
| | - Yinmeng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Li
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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5
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Pranata A, Yamada S, Weththasinghe S, Caldwell K, Zahra PW, Karamatic SL, Gardiner MG, McLeod MD. The in vivo metabolism of Jungle Warfare in greyhounds. Steroids 2023; 190:109150. [PMID: 36511323 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Δ6-Methyltestosterone was reported as the main active ingredient of the purported "dietary supplement" Jungle Warfare. This compound is structurally similar to 17α-methyltestosterone, containing an additional Δ6 double bond, and is reported to possess notable androgenic activity, raising concerns over the potential for abuse of Jungle Warfare in sport. The in vivo metabolism of Δ6-methyltestosterone in greyhounds was investigated. Urinary phase I (unconjugated) and phase II (glucuronide) metabolites were detected following oral administration using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. No phase II sulfate metabolites were detected. The major phase I metabolite was confirmed as 16α,17β-dihydroxy-17α-methylandrosta-4,6-dien-3-one by comparison with a synthetically-derived reference material. Minor amounts of the parent drug were also confirmed. Glucuronide conjugated metabolites were also observed, but were found to be resistant to hydrolysis using the Escherichia coli β-glucuronidase enzyme. Qualitative excretion profiles, limits of detection, and extraction recoveries were determined for the parent drug and the major phase I metabolite. These results provide a method for the detection of Jungle Warfare abuse in greyhounds suitable for incorporation into routine screening methods conducted by anti-doping laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Pranata
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Sean Yamada
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, VIC 3031, Australia
| | - Sumudu Weththasinghe
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Karen Caldwell
- Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, Albion, QLD 4010, Australia
| | - Paul W Zahra
- Racing Analytical Services Limited, Flemington, VIC 3031, Australia
| | | | - Michael G Gardiner
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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6
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Liu L, Hobohm L, Bredendiek F, Froschauer A, Zierau O, Parr MK, Keiler AM. Medaka embryos as a model for metabolism of anabolic steroids. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:1963-1974. [PMID: 35352155 PMCID: PMC9151555 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In anti-doping science, the knowledge of drug metabolism is a prerequisite to identify analytical targets for the detection of misused prohibited substances. As the most obvious way to study xenobiotic metabolism, the administration to human volunteers, faces ethical concerns, there is a need for model systems. In the present study, we investigated whether Oryzias latipes (medaka) embryos might be an alternative, non-animal test model to study human-like metabolism. In the present study, we exposed medaka embryos at the morula stage to the anabolic steroid metandienone (10 µM or 50 µM) for a period of 2 or 8 days. According to the fish embryo toxicity test (OECD test), we assessed the developmental status of the embryos. We further investigated metandienone metabolites by high-performance liquid chromatography- and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Medaka embryos produced three mono-hydroxylated and one reduced metabolite known from human biotransformation. Developmental malformations were observed for the exposition to 50 µM metandienone, while a significant elevation of the heart beat was also present in those individuals exposed to the lower dose for 8 days. The present study demonstrates that the medaka embryo represents a promising model to study human-like metabolism. Moreover, the judgement of developmental parameters of the fish embryos enables for the simultaneous assessment of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Hobohm
- Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Bredendiek
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Core Facility BiosupraMol, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Froschauer
- Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annekathrin M Keiler
- Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217, Dresden, Germany.
- Institute of Doping Analysis & Sports Biochemistry, Dresdner Str. 12, 01731, Kreischa, Germany.
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7
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Fitzgerald CCJ, McLeod MD. Synthesis of stable isotope labelled steroid bis(sulfate) conjugates and their behaviour in collision induced dissociation experiments. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3311-3322. [PMID: 35354200 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Steroid bis(sulfate) metabolites derived from the two-fold sulfation of unconjugated precursors represent an important yet understudied portion of the steroid profile. The investigation of these compounds in fields such as medicine or anti-doping science relies on mass spectrometry (MS) as the principal tool to identify and quantify biomarkers of interest and depends in turn on access to steroid reference materials and their stable isotope labelled (SIL) derivatives. A new [18O] stable isotope label for sulfate metabolites is reported, which allows for the selective, late-stage and 'one-pot' synthesis of a variety of SIL-steroid conjugates suitable as MS probes and internal standards. The method is applied to more comprehensively study the MS behaviour of steroid bis(sulfate) compounds through collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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8
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Aamer M, Siddiqui M, Jabeen A, Irshad R, Khan FA, Atia-Tul-Wahab, Choudhary MI, Wang Y. Structural transformation of methasterone with Cunninghamella blakesleeana and Macrophomina phaseolina. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9494-9500. [PMID: 35424863 PMCID: PMC8985176 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01396g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An anabolic-androgenic synthetic steroidal drug, methasterone (1) was transformed by two fungi, Cunninghamella blakesleeana and Macrophimina phaseclina. A total of six transformed products, 6β,7β,17β-trihydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstane-3-one (2), 6β,7α,17β-trihydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstane-3-one (3), 6α,17β-dihydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstane-3,7-dione (4), 3β,6β,17β-trihydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstane-7-one (5), 7α,17β-dihydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstane-3-one (6), and 6β,9α,17β-trihydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstane-3-one (7) were synthesized. Among those, compounds 2-5, and 7 were identified as new transformed products. MS, NMR, and other spectroscopic techniques were performed for the characterization of all compounds. Substrate 1 (IC50 = 23.9 ± 0.2 μg mL-1) showed a remarkable anti-inflammatory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production, in comparison to standard LNMMA (IC50 = 24.2 ± 0.8 μg mL-1). Whereas, its metabolites 2, and 7 showed moderate inhibition with IC50 values of 38.1 ± 0.5 μg mL-1, and 40.2 ± 3.3 μg mL-1, respectively. Moreover, substrate 1 was found to be cytotoxic for the human normal cell line (BJ) with an IC50 of 8.01 ± 0.52 μg mL-1, while metabolites 2-7 were identified as non-cytotoxic. Compounds 1-7 showed no cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (breast cancer), NCI-H460 (lung cancer), and HeLa (cervical cancer) cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aamer
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi-75270 Pakistan
| | - Mahwish Siddiqui
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi-75270 Pakistan
| | - Almas Jabeen
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Irshad
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi-75270 Pakistan
| | - Farooq-Ahmad Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi-75270 Pakistan
- Third World Center (TWC) for Chemical Sciences, International Center for Chemical & Biological Sciences, University of Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - Atia-Tul-Wahab
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi-75270 Pakistan
- Dr Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi 75270 Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah-21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yan Wang
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi Karachi-75270 Pakistan
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9
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Zschiesche A, Chundela Z, Thieme D, Keiler AM. HepG2 as promising cell-based model for biosynthesis of long-term metabolites: Exemplified for metandienone. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:298-306. [PMID: 34705329 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to detect the abuse of substances in sports, the knowledge of their metabolism is of undisputable importance. As in vivo administration of compounds faces ethical problems and might even not be applicable for nonapproved compounds, cell-based models might be a versatile tool for biotransformation studies. We coincubated HepG2 cells with metandienone and D3 -epitestosterone for 14 days. Phase I and II metabolites were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-tandem mass spectrometry and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The metandienone metabolites formed by HepG2 cells were comparable with those renally excreted by humans. HepG2 cells also generated the two long-term metabolites 17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-nor-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one and 17α-hydroxymethyl-17β-methyl-18-nor-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one used in doping analyses, though in an inverse ratio compared with that observed in human urine. In conclusion, we showed that HepG2 cells are suitable as model for the investigation of biotransformation of androgens, especially for the anabolic androgenic steroid metandienone. They further proved to cover phase I and II metabolic pathways, which combined with a prolonged incubation time with metandienone resulted in the generation of its respective long-term metabolites known from in vivo metabolism. Moreover, we showed the usability of D3 -epitestosterone as internal standard for the incubation. The method used herein appears to be suitable and advantageous compared with other models for the investigation of doping-relevant compounds, probably enabling the discovery of candidate metabolites for doping analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Zschiesche
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Zdenek Chundela
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Annekathrin M Keiler
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Kreischa, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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10
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Harding C, Viljanto M, Cutler C, Habershon-Butcher J, Biddle S, Scarth J. In vitro and in vivo metabolism of the anabolic-androgenic steroid oxandrolone in the horse. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:39-55. [PMID: 34378336 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Loke S, Liu L, Wenzel M, Scheffler H, Iannone M, de la Torre X, Schlörer N, Botrè F, Keiler AM, Bureik M, Parr MK. New Insights into the Metabolism of Methyltestosterone and Metandienone: Detection of Novel A-Ring Reduced Metabolites. Molecules 2021; 26:1354. [PMID: 33802606 PMCID: PMC7961831 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metandienone and methyltestosterone are orally active anabolic-androgenic steroids with a 17α-methyl structure that are prohibited in sports but are frequently detected in anti-doping analysis. Following the previously reported detection of long-term metabolites with a 17ξ-hydroxymethyl-17ξ-methyl-18-nor-5ξ-androst-13-en-3ξ-ol structure in the chlorinated metandienone analog dehydrochloromethyltestosterone ("oral turinabol"), in this study we investigated the formation of similar metabolites of metandienone and 17α-methyltestosterone with a rearranged D-ring and a fully reduced A-ring. Using a semi-targeted approach including the synthesis of reference compounds, two diastereomeric substances, viz. 17α-hydroxymethyl-17β-methyl-18-nor-5β-androst-13-en-3α-ol and its 5α-analog, were identified following an administration of methyltestosterone. In post-administration urines of metandienone, only the 5β-metabolite was detected. Additionally, 3α,5β-tetrahydro-epi-methyltestosterone was identified in the urines of both administrations besides the classical metabolites included in the screening procedures. Besides their applicability for anti-doping analysis, the results provide new insights into the metabolism of 17α-methyl steroids with respect to the order of reductions in the A-ring, the participation of different enzymes, and alterations to the D-ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Loke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Lingyu Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Maxi Wenzel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Heike Scheffler
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
| | - Michele Iannone
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (X.d.l.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (X.d.l.T.); (F.B.)
| | - Nils Schlörer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Universität zu Köln, Grenstraße 4, 50939 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197 Rome, Italy; (M.I.); (X.d.l.T.); (F.B.)
- REDs–Research and Expertise in Antidoping Sciences, ISSUL–Institute del Sciences du Sport de l’Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annekathrin Martina Keiler
- Institute of Doping Analysis & Sports Biochemistry Dresden, Dresdner Str. 12, 01731 Kreischa, Germany;
- Environmental Monitoring & Endocrinology, Faculty of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Bureik
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China;
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (S.L.); (L.L.); (M.W.); (H.S.)
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12
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Harvey DJ, Vouros P. MASS SPECTROMETRIC FRAGMENTATION OF TRIMETHYLSILYL AND RELATED ALKYLSILYL DERIVATIVES. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:105-211. [PMID: 31808199 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the mass spectral fragmentation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) and related alkylsilyl derivatives used for preparing samples for analysis, mainly by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The review is divided into three sections. The first section is concerned with the TMS derivatives themselves and describes fragmentation of derivatized alcohols, thiols, amines, ketones, carboxylic acids and bifunctional compounds such as hydroxy- and amino-acids, halo acids and hydroxy ethers. More complex compounds such as glycerides, sphingolipids, carbohydrates, organic phosphates, phosphonates, steroids, vitamin D, cannabinoids, and prostaglandins are discussed next. The second section describes intermolecular reactions of siliconium ions such as the TMS cation and the third section discusses other alkylsilyl derivatives. Among these latter compounds are di- and trialkyl-silyl derivatives, various substituted-alkyldimethylsilyl derivatives such as the tert-butyldimethylsilyl ethers, cyclic silyl derivatives, alkoxysilyl derivatives, and 3-pyridylmethyldimethylsilyl esters used for double bond location in fatty acid spectra. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 0000:1-107, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Paul Vouros
- Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, Massachusetts, 02115
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13
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Mazzarino M, Khevenhüller-Metsch FL, Fiacco I, Parr MK, de la Torre X, Botrè F. Drug-drug interaction and doping: Effect of non-prohibited drugs on the urinary excretion profile of methandienone. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1554-1565. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Rome Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Fiacco
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Rome Italy
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy; Freie Universität Berlin; Germany
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping; Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana; Rome Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale; “Sapienza” Università di Roma; Rome Italy
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14
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Abstract
Urine is a biological matrix that contains hundreds of metabolic end products which constitute the urinary metabolome. The development and advances on LC-MS/MS have revolutionized the analytical study of biomolecules by enabling their accurate identification and quantification in an unprecedented manner. Nowadays, LC-MS/MS is helping to unveil the complexity of urine metabolome, and the results obtained have multiple biomedical applications. This review focuses on the targeted LC-MS/MS analysis of the urine metabolome. In the first part, we describe general considerations (from sample collection to quantitation) required for a proper targeted metabolic analysis. In the second part, we address the urinary analysis and recent applications of four relevant families: amino acids, catecholamines, lipids and steroids.
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15
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Separation and simultaneous quantitation of PGF2 α and its epimer 8- iso-PGF2 α using modifier-assisted differential mobility spectrometry tandem mass spectrometry. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:228-234. [PMID: 29719783 PMCID: PMC5925447 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Because many therapeutic agents are contaminated by epimeric impurities or form epimers as a result of metabolism, analytical tools capable of determining epimers are increasingly in demand. This article is a proof-of-principle report of a novel DMS-MS/MS method to separate and simultaneously quantify epimers, taking PGF2α and its 8-epimer, 8-iso-PGF2α, as an example. Good accuracy and precision were achieved in the range of 10-500 ng/mL with a run time of only 1.5 min. Isopropanol as organic modifier facilitated a good combination of sensitivity and separation. The method is the first example of the quantitation of epimers without chromatographic separation.
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16
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Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric determination of triterpenes in human fluids: Evaluation of markers of dietary intake of olive oil and metabolic disposition of oleanolic acid and maslinic acid in humans. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 990:84-95. [PMID: 29029746 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Olive oil is rich in several minor components like maslinic (MA) and oleanolic (OA) acids which have cardioprotective, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory properties. In order to assess the health benefits in humans provided by the olive oil triterpenes (MA and OA), suitable analytical methods able to quantify the low concentrations expected in human fluids are required. In this study, the LC-MS/MS quantification of both OA and MA in plasma and urine has been evaluated. The plasmatic method is based on the direct determination of the analytes. The urinary detection requires more sensitivity which was reached by derivatization with 2-picolylamine. Additionally, the urinary species present after MA and OA ingestion were evaluated by the direct detection of several phase II metabolites previously synthesized. Our results showed that OA is metabolized as both sulfate and glucuronide conjugates whereas MA is mainly excreted as glucuronide. Based on this information, the method for the urinary detection of MA and OA involved an enzymatic hydrolysis. Both plasmatic and urinary methods were validated with suitable precision and accuracy at all tested levels. Required sensitivity was achieved in both matrices. Up to our knowledge, this is the first method able to quantify the low concentration levels of triterpenes present in urine. Samples from two healthy volunteers who received virgin olive oils with different triterpenes content were analyzed. Some preliminary clues on the metabolic disposition of OA and MA after olive oil intake are provided.
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17
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Weththasinghe SA, Waller CC, Fam HL, Stevenson BJ, Cawley AT, McLeod MD. Replacing PAPS: In vitro phase II sulfation of steroids with the liver S9 fraction employing ATP and sodium sulfate. Drug Test Anal 2017. [PMID: 28635171 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vitro technologies provide the capacity to study drug metabolism where in vivo studies are precluded due to ethical or financial constraints. The metabolites generated by in vitro studies can assist anti-doping laboratories to develop protocols for the detection of novel substances that would otherwise evade routine screening efforts. In addition, professional bodies such as the Association of Official Racing Chemists (AORC) currently permit the use of in-vitro-derived reference materials for confirmation purposes providing additional impetus for the development of cost effective in vitro metabolism platforms. In this work, alternative conditions for in vitro phase II sulfation using human, equine or canine liver S9 fraction were developed, with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and sodium sulfate in place of the expensive and unstable co-factor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS), and employed for the generation of six representative steroidal sulfates. Using these conditions, the equine in vitro phase II metabolism of the synthetic or so-called designer steroid furazadrol ([1',2']isoxazolo[4',5':2,3]-5α-androstan-17β-ol) was investigated, with ATP and Na2 SO4 providing comparable metabolism to reactions using PAPS. The major in vitro metabolites of furazadrol matched those observed in a previously reported equine in vivo study. Finally, the equine in vitro phase II metabolism of the synthetic steroid superdrol (methasterone, 17β-hydroxy-2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstan-3-one) was performed as a prediction of the in vivo metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumudu A Weththasinghe
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Christopher C Waller
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Han Ling Fam
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Bradley J Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Adam T Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory, Racing NSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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18
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Geldof L, Deventer K, Van Eenoo P. Identification and characterization of novel long‐term metabolites of oxymesterone and mesterolone in human urine by application of selected reaction monitoring GC‐CI‐MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1673-1684. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Lore Geldof
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control LaboratoryGhent University Technologiepark 30 B B‐9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
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19
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Pedersen M, Frandsen HL, Andersen JH. Optimised deconjugation of androgenic steroid conjugates in bovine urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:482-488. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1276637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Pedersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Henrik L. Frandsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Jens H. Andersen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
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20
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Waller CC, McLeod MD. A review of designer anabolic steroids in equine sports. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1304-1319. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C. Waller
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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21
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Balcells G, Matabosch X, Ventura R. Detection of stanozolol O-
and N-
sulfate metabolites and their evaluation as additional markers in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1001-1010. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Balcells
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Matabosch
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Universitat Pompeu Fabra; Doctor Aiguader 88 08003 Barcelona Spain
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22
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Kratena N, Enev VS, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P. Synthesis of 17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-norandrosta-1,4,13-trien-3-one: A long-term metandienone metabolite. Steroids 2016; 115:75-79. [PMID: 27553728 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this work was a good-yielding chemical synthesis of a metandienone metabolite which is of interest in doping analysis. 20βOH-NorMD (IUPAC: 17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-18-norandrosta-1,4,13-triene-3-one) has been identified as a long-term urinary metabolite which can be detected and attributed to metandienone up to almost 3weeks after exposure. The chemical synthesis of its epimer 20αOH-NorMD has been described before, as was an enzymatic synthesis of 20βOH-NorMD, but no chemical synthesis was published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kratena
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin S Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Balcells G, Gómez C, Garrostas L, Pozo ÓJ, Ventura R. Sulfate metabolites as alternative markers for the detection of 4-chlorometandienone misuse in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:983-993. [PMID: 27686240 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate metabolites have been described as long-term metabolites for some anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). 4-chlorometandienone (4Cl-MTD) is one of the most frequently detected AAS in sports drug testing and it is commonly detected by monitoring metabolites excreted free or conjugated with glucuronic acid. Sulfation reactions of 4Cl-MTD have not been studied. The aim of this work was to evaluate the sulfate fraction of 4Cl-MTD metabolism by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to establish potential long-term metabolites valuable for doping control purposes. 4Cl-MTD was administered to two healthy male volunteers and urine samples were collected up to 8 days after administration. A theoretical selected reaction monitoring (SRM) method working in negative mode was developed. Ion transitions were based on ionization and fragmentation behaviour of sulfate metabolites as well as specific neutral losses (NL of 15 Da and NL of 36 Da) of compounds with related chemical structure. Six sulfate metabolites were detected after the analysis of excretion study samples. Three of the identified metabolites were characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Results showed that five out of the six identified sulfate metabolites were detected in urine up to the last collected samples from both excretion studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Balcells
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Experimental Asthma and Allergy Research Unit, The National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit for Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorena Garrostas
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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New Potential Biomarker for Methasterone Misuse in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101628. [PMID: 27669235 PMCID: PMC5085661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, methasterone urinary metabolic profiles were investigated by liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) in full scan and targeted MS/MS modes with accurate mass measurement. A healthy male volunteer was asked to take the drug and liquid-liquid extraction was employed to process urine samples. Chromatographic peaks for potential metabolites were hunted out with the theoretical [M - H](-) as a target ion in a full scan experiment and actual deprotonated ions were studied in targeted MS/MS experiment. Fifteen metabolites including two new sulfates (S1 and S2), three glucuronide conjugates (G2, G6 and G7), and three free metabolites (M2, M4 and M6) were detected for methasterone. Three metabolites involving G4, G5 and M5 were obtained for the first time in human urine samples. Owing to the absence of helpful fragments to elucidate the steroid ring structure of methasterone phase II metabolites, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to obtain structural information of the trimethylsilylated phase I metabolite released after enzymatic hydrolysis and the potential structure was inferred using a combined MS method. Metabolite detection times were also analyzed and G2 (18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-2α, 17α-dimethyl-androst-13-en-3α-ol-ξ-O-glucuronide) was thought to be new potential biomarker for methasterone misuse which can be detected up to 10 days.
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25
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Rzeppa S, Viet L. Analysis of sulfate metabolites of the doping agents oxandrolone and danazol using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1029-1030:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Hurski AL, Barysevich MV, Dalidovich TS, Iskryk MV, Kolasava NU, Zhabinskii VN, Khripach VA. C−H Acetoxylation-Based Chemical Synthesis of 17 β-Hydroxymethyl-17 α-methyl-18-norandrost-13-ene Steroids. Chemistry 2016; 22:14171-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaksiej L. Hurski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Maryia V. Barysevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Tatsiana S. Dalidovich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Marharyta V. Iskryk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Nastassia U. Kolasava
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Vladimir N. Zhabinskii
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Vladimir A. Khripach
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
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27
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Efficient approach for the detection and identification of new androgenic metabolites by applying SRM GC-CI-MS/MS: a methandienone case study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:524-534. [PMID: 27434811 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is a vital issue in doping control and toxicology, and searching for metabolites with longer detection times remains an important task. Recently, a gas chromatography chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-CI-MS/MS) method was introduced, and CI, in comparison with electron ionization (EI), proved to be capable of increasing the sensitivity significantly. In addition, correlations between AAS structure and fragmentation behavior could be revealed. This enables the search for previously unknown but expected metabolites by selection of their predicted transitions. The combination of both factors allows the setup of an efficient approach to search for new metabolites. The approach uses selected reaction monitoring which is inherently more sensitive than full scan or precursor ion scan. Additionally, structural information obtained from the structure specific CI fragmentation pattern facilitates metabolite identification. The procedure was demonstrated by a methandienone case study. Its metabolites have been studied extensively in the past, and this allowed an adequate evaluation of the efficiency of the approach. Thirty three metabolites were detected, including all relevant previously discovered metabolites. In our study, the previously reported long-term metabolite (18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl,17α-methyl-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one) could be detected up to 26 days by using GC-CI-MS/MS. The study proves the validity of the approach to search for metabolites of new synthetic AAS and new long-term metabolites of less studied AAS and illustrates the increase in sensitivity by using CI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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28
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El-Desoky ESI, Reyad M, Afsah EM, Dawidar AAM. Synthesis and chemical reactions of the steroidal hormone 17α-methyltestosterone. Steroids 2016; 105:68-95. [PMID: 26639430 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Structural modifications of natural products with complex structures like steroids require great synthetic effort. A review of literature is presented on the chemistry of the steroidal hormone 17α-methyltestosterone that is approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States as an androgen for estrogen-androgen hormone replacement therapy treatment. The analog also offers special possibilities for the prevention/treatment of hormone-sensitive cancers. The testosterone skeleton has important functionalities in the molecule that can act as a carbonyl component, an active methylene compound, α,β-unsaturated enone and tertiary hydroxyl group in various chemical reactions to access stereoisomeric steroidal compounds with potent activity. In addition, microbiological methods of synthesis and transformation of this hormone are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed Ibrahim El-Desoky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 60, El Gomhoria Street, Mansoura Dakahlia 35516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Reyad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 60, El Gomhoria Street, Mansoura Dakahlia 35516, Egypt.
| | - Elsayed Mohammed Afsah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 60, El Gomhoria Street, Mansoura Dakahlia 35516, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Aziz Mahmoud Dawidar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 60, El Gomhoria Street, Mansoura Dakahlia 35516, Egypt
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Thevis M, Dib J, Thomas A, Höppner S, Lagojda A, Kuehne D, Sander M, Opfermann G, Schänzer W. Complementing the characterization ofin vivogeneratedN-glucuronic acid conjugates of stanozolol by collision cross section computation and analysis. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:1050-6. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA); Cologne/Bonn Germany
| | - Josef Dib
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Sebastian Höppner
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Lagojda
- Bayer CropScience AG; Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Dirk Kuehne
- Bayer CropScience AG; Alfred-Nobel-Str. 50 40789 Monheim Germany
| | - Mark Sander
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Georg Opfermann
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Rzeppa S, Heinrich G, Hemmersbach P. Analysis of anabolic androgenic steroids as sulfate conjugates using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:1030-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Rzeppa
- Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo Norway
| | - G. Heinrich
- Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo Norway
- University of Münster; Institute of Food Chemistry; Münster Germany
| | - P. Hemmersbach
- Oslo University Hospital; Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory; Oslo Norway
- School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Norway
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31
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Yang S, Lu J, Xu Y, Wang X. New oxymesterone metabolites in human by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and their application for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2015. [PMID: 26197789 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Oxymesterone (17α-methyl-4, 17β-dihydroxy-androst-4-ene-3-one) is one of the anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The biotransformation of oxymesterone is performed in vitro by human heptocytes and human urinary metabolic profiles are investigated after single dose of 20 mg to two adult males as well. Cell cultures and urine samples were hydrolyzed by β-glucuronidase, extracted, and reacted with N-Methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide (MSTFA), ammonium iodide (NH4 I), and dithioerythritol. After derivatization, a gas chromatography triple quadruple tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) using full scan and MS/MS modes was applied. The total ion chromatographs of the blank and the positive samples are compared, and 7 new metabolites were found. In addition to the well-known 17-epioxymesterone, oxymesterone is metabolized by 4-ene-reduction, 3-keto-reduction, 11β-hydroxylation, and 16ξ-hydroxylation. Based on the behavior of the MS/MS results of product ion and precursor ion modes, a GC-MS/MS method has been developed monitoring these metabolites. The structures of metabolite 2 and 4 are tentatively identified as 17α-methyl-3β, 17β-dihydroxy-5α-androstane-4-one and 17α-methyl-3α, 4ξ, 17β-trihydroxy-5α-androstane, respectively. Detection of oxymesterone using new metabolites M2 and M4 can extend the detection window up to 4 days since the parent steroid was not detectable. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jianghai Lu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Youxuan Xu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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Waller CC, McLeod MD. A simple method for the small scale synthesis and solid-phase extraction purification of steroid sulfates. Steroids 2014; 92:74-80. [PMID: 25286236 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfates are a major class of steroid metabolite that are of growing importance in fields such as anti-doping analysis, the detection of residues in agricultural produce or medicine. Despite this, many steroid sulfate reference materials may have limited or no availability hampering the development of analytical methods. We report simple protocols for the rapid synthesis and purification of steroid sulfates that are suitable for adoption by analytical laboratories. Central to this approach is the use of solid-phase extraction (SPE) for purification, a technique routinely used for sample preparation in analytical laboratories around the world. The sulfate conjugates of sixteen steroid compounds encompassing a wide range of steroid substitution patterns and configurations are prepared, including the previously unreported sulfate conjugates of the designer steroids furazadrol (17β-hydroxyandrostan[2,3-d]isoxazole), isofurazadrol (17β-hydroxyandrostan[3,2-c]isoxazole) and trenazone (17β-hydroxyestra-4,9-dien-3-one). Structural characterization data, together with NMR and mass spectra are reported for all steroid sulfates, often for the first time. The scope of this approach for small scale synthesis is highlighted by the sulfation of 1μg of testosterone (17β-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one) as monitored by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Waller
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Gómez C, Pozo OJ, Garrostas L, Segura J, Ventura R. A new sulphate metabolite as a long-term marker of metandienone misuse. Steroids 2013; 78:1245-53. [PMID: 24055830 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Metandienone is one of the most frequently detected anabolic androgenic steroids in sports drug testing. Metandienone misuse is commonly detected by monitoring different metabolites excreted free or conjugated with glucuronic acid using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) after hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase and liquid-liquid extraction. It is known that several metabolites are the result of the formation of sulphate conjugates in C17, which are converted to their 17-epimers in urine. Therefore, sulphation is an important phase II metabolic pathway of metandienone that has not been comprehensively studied. The aim of this work was to evaluate the sulphate fraction of metandienone metabolism by LC-MS/MS. Seven sulphate metabolites were detected after the analysis of excretion study samples by applying different neutral loss scan, precursor ion scan and SRM methods. One of the metabolites (M1) was identified and characterised by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS as 18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methylandrost-1,4,13-triene-3-one sulphate. M1 could be detected up to 26 days after the administration of a single dose of metandienone (5 mg), thus improving the period in which the misuse can be reported with respect to the last long-term metandienone metabolite described (18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methylandrost-1,4,13-triene-3-one excreted in the glucuronide fraction).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Thevis M, Piper T, Horning S, Juchelka D, Schänzer W. Hydrogen isotope ratio mass spectrometry and high-resolution/high-accuracy mass spectrometry in metabolite identification studies: detecting target compounds for sports drug testing. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1904-1912. [PMID: 23939956 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In sports drug testing, comprehensive studies on the metabolism of therapeutic agents with misuse potential are necessary to identify metabolites that provide utmost retrospectivity and specificity. By commonly employed approaches minor and/or long-term metabolites in urine might remain undetected. Hence, an alternative strategy to unambiguously identify the majority of urinary metabolites including low-abundance representatives is desirable. METHODS Urine samples were collected for 20 days during an elimination study with an oral dose of 5 mg of 17α-C(2)H3-metandienone. The specimens were processed according to established sample preparation procedures (including fractionation and deconjugation) and subjected to gas chromatography/hydrogen isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/IRMS) analysis. Due to the deuteration of the administered drug, urinary metabolites bearing the deuterium label yield abundant and specific signals on the GC/IRMS instrument resulting from the substantially altered (2)H/(1)H ratio. The sample aliquots were measured by gas chromatography/time-of-flight (GC/Q-TOF) mass spectrometry using identical GC conditions, allowing high-resolution/high-accuracy mass data to be obtained on all urinary metabolites previously identified by IRMS. RESULTS Within the IRMS chromatograms, labeled metabolites were identified up to 20 days after administration at urinary concentration down to 0.25 ng/mL. More than 50 metabolites were observed with the earlier described long-term metabolite of metandienone, 18-nor-17β-hyroxymethyl,17α-methyl-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one, being the most prominent glucuronidated metabolite in the studied time window. In the sulfoconjugated steroids fraction, a yet unknown metabolite was observed at m/z 283.1997 comprising the experimentally determined elemental composition of C20H21(2)H3O. CONCLUSIONS Combining IRMS with high-resolution mass spectrometry considerably facilitates and accelerates metabolite identification of deuterium-labeled compounds in urine. Of particular relevance in doping control, the principle is applicable also to other arenas of drug research, allowing the preparation and administration of e.g. radioactively labeled substances to be omitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Gómez C, Pozo OJ, Marcos J, Segura J, Ventura R. Alternative long-term markers for the detection of methyltestosterone misuse. Steroids 2013; 78:44-52. [PMID: 23127819 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Methyltestosterone (MT) is one of the most frequently detected anabolic androgenic steroids in doping control analysis. MT misuse is commonly detected by the identification of its two main metabolites excreted as glucuronide conjugates, 17α-methyl-5α-androstan-3α,17β-diol and 17α-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol. The detection of these metabolites is normally performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, after previous hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase enzymes, extraction and derivatization steps. The aim of the present work was to study the sulphate fraction of MT and to evaluate their potential to improve the detection of the misuse of the drug in sports. MT was administered to healthy volunteers and urine samples were collected up to 30days after administration. After an extraction with ethyl acetate, urine extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using electrospray ionisation in negative mode by monitoring the transition m/z 385 to m/z 97. Three diol sulphate metabolites (S1, S2 and S3) were detected. Potential structures for these metabolites were proposed after solvolysis and mass spectrometric experiments: S1, 17α-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol 3α-sulphate; S2, 17β-methyl-5α-androstan-3α,17α-diol 3α-sulphate; and S3, 17β-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,17α-diol 3α-sulphate. Synthesis of reference compounds will be required in order to confirm the structures. The retrospectivity of these sulphate metabolites in the detection of MT misuse was compared with the obtained with previously described metabolites. Metabolite S2 was detected up to 21days after MT administration, improving between 2 and 3 times the retrospectivity of the detection compared to the last long-term metabolite of MT previously described, 17α-hydroxy-17β-methylandrostan-4,6-dien-3-one.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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Sobolevsky T, Rodchenkov G. Mass spectrometric description of novel oxymetholone and desoxymethyltestosterone metabolites identified in human urine and their importance for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:682-91. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sobolevsky
- Moscow Antidoping Centre; 105005; Moscow; Elizavetinsky per. 10; Russia
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37
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Parr MK, Zöllner A, Fußhöller G, Opfermann G, Schlörer N, Zorio M, Bureik M, Schänzer W. Unexpected contribution of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP11B2 and CYP21, as well as CYP3A4 in xenobiotic androgen elimination – Insights from metandienone metabolism. Toxicol Lett 2012; 213:381-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sobolevsky T, Rodchenkov G. Detection and mass spectrometric characterization of novel long-term dehydrochloromethyltestosterone metabolites in human urine. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 128:121-7. [PMID: 22142641 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The biotransformation of dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT, 4-chloro-17β-hydroxy,17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one) in man was studied with the aim to discover long-term metabolites valuable for the antidoping analysis. Having applied a high performance liquid chromatography for the fractionation of urinary extract obtained from the pool of several DHCMT positive urines, about 50 metabolites were found. Most of these metabolites were included in the GC-MS/MS screening method, which was subsequently applied to analyze the post-administration and routine doping control samples. As a result of this study, 6 new long-term metabolites were identified tentatively characterized using GC-MS and GC-MS/MS as 4-chloro-17α-methyl-5β-androstan-3α,16,17β-triol (M1), 4-chloro-18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl,17α-methyl-5β-androsta-1,13-dien-3α-ol (M2), 4-chloro-18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl,17α-methyl-5β-androst-13-en-3α-ol (M3), its epimer 4-chloro-18-nor-17α-hydroxymethyl,17β-methyl-5β-androst-13-en-3α-ol, 4-chloro-18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl,17α-methylandrosta-4,13-dien-3α-ol (M4) and its epimer 4-chloro-18-nor-17α-hydroxymethyl,17β-methylandrosta-4,13-dien-3α-ol. The most long-term metabolite M3 was shown to be superior in the majority of cases to the other known DHCMT metabolites, such as 4-chloro-18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl,17α-methylandrosta-1,4,13-trien-3-one and 4-chloro-3α,6β,17β-trihydroxy-17α-methyl-5β-androst-1-en-16-one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Sobolevsky
- Moscow Antidoping Centre, Elizavetinsky per. 10, 105005 Moscow, Russia.
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39
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Metabolism of anabolic steroids and their relevance to drug detection in horseracing. Bioanalysis 2011; 2:1085-107. [PMID: 21083210 DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against doping in sport using analytical chemistry is a mature area with a history of approximately 100 years in horseracing. In common with human sport, anabolic/androgenic steroids (AASs) are an important group of potential doping agents. Particular issues with their detection are extensive metabolism including both phase I and phase II. A number of the common AASs are also endogenous to the equine. A further issue is the large number of synthetic steroids produced as pharmaceutical products or as 'designer' drugs intended to avoid detection or for the human supplement market. An understanding of the metabolism of AASs is vital to the development of effective detection methods for equine sport. The aim of this paper is to review current knowledge of the metabolism of appropriate steroids, the current approaches to their detection in equine sport and future trends that may affect equine dope testing.
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Wong JKY, Tang FPW, Wan TSM. In vitro metabolic studies using homogenized horse liver in place of horse liver microsomes. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:393-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The Assay of Endogenous and Exogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids. HORMONE USE AND ABUSE BY ATHLETES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-7014-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Parr MK, Fusshöller G, Schlörer N, Opfermann G, Geyer H, Rodchenkov G, Schänzer W. Detection of Δ6-methyltestosterone in a "dietary supplement" and GC-MS/MS investigations on its urinary metabolism. Toxicol Lett 2010; 201:101-4. [PMID: 21134425 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Since a few years more and more products have appeared on the market for dietary supplements containing steroids that had never been marketed as approved drugs, mostly without proper labeling of the contents. Syntheses and few data on pharmacological effects are available dated back mainly to the 1950s or 1960s. Only little knowledge exists about effects and side effects of these steroids in humans. The present study reports the identification of Δ6-methyltestosterone in a product named "Jungle Warfare", which was obtained from a web-based supplement store. The main urinary metabolites, 17α-hydroxy-17β-methylandrosta-4,6-dien-3-one (Δ6-epimethyl-testosterone), 17α-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17β-diol (3α,5β-THMT), and 17β-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17α-diol, as well as the parent compound excreted after a single oral administration were monitored by GC-MS/MS. Δ6-Epimethyltestosterone and 3α,5β-THMT served for long-term detection (still present in the 181-189 h urine). 17α-Methyltestosterone and its 17-epimer were not detected in the urines (LOD 0.3ng/mL). The highest concentrations were found in the 14-20.5h urine for Δ6-epimethyltestosterone (600 ng/mL), and 3α,5β-THMT (240 ng/mL) and in the 36-44.5h urine for 17β-methyl-5β-androstane-3α,17α-diol (7 ng/mL). For reference methyltestosterone and epimethyltestosterone were dehydrogenated with chloranil. The characterization of the products was performed by GC-MS(/MS) and NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Parr
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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Scarth JP, Spencer HA, Hudson SC, Teale P, Gray BP, Hillyer LL. The application of in vitro technologies to study the metabolism of the androgenic/anabolic steroid stanozolol in the equine. Steroids 2010; 75:57-69. [PMID: 19854209 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 10/07/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the use of equine liver/lung microsomes and S9 tissue fractions were used to study the metabolism of the androgenic/anabolic steroid stanozolol as an example of the potential of in vitro technologies in sports drug surveillance. In vitro incubates were analysed qualitatively alongside urine samples originating from in vivo stanozolol administrations using LC-MS on a high-resolution accurate mass Thermo Orbitrap Discovery instrument, by LC-MS/MS on an Applied Biosystems Sciex 5500 Q Trap and by GC-MS/MS on an Agilent 7000A. Using high-resolution accurate mass full scan analysis on the Orbitrap, equine liver microsome and S9 in vitro fractions were found to generate all the major phase-1 metabolites observed following in vivo administrations. Additionally, analysis of the liver microsomal incubates using a shallower HPLC gradient combined with various MS/MS functions on the 5500 Q trap allowed the identification of a number of phase 1 metabolites previously unreported in the equine or any other species. Comparison between liver and lung S9 metabolism showed that the liver was the major site of metabolic activity in the equine. Furthermore, using chemical enzyme inhibitors that are known to be selective for particular isoforms in other species suggested that an enzyme related to CYP2C8 may be responsible the production of 16-hydroxy-stanozolol metabolites in the equine. In summary, the in vitro and in vivo phase 1 metabolism results reported herein compare well and demonstrate the potential of in vitro studies to compliment the existing in vivo paradigm and to benefit animal welfare through a reduction and refinement of animal experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Scarth
- HFL Sport Science, Newmarket Road, Fordham, Cambridgeshire, CB7 5WW, UK.
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Pozo OJ, Lootens L, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Meuleman P, Leroux-Roels G, Parr MK, Schänzer W, Delbeke FT. Combination of liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in different scan modes with human and chimeric mouse urine for the study of steroid metabolism. Drug Test Anal 2009; 1:554-67. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pozo ÓJ, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K, Lootens L, Van Thuyne W, Parr MK, Schänzer W, Sancho JV, Hernández F, Meuleman P, Leroux-Roels G, Delbeke FT. Detection and Characterization of a New Metabolite of 17α-Methyltestosterone. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:2153-62. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.028373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Lootens L, Meuleman P, Pozo OJ, Van Eenoo P, Leroux-Roels G, Delbeke FT. uPA+/+-SCID mouse with humanized liver as a model for in vivo metabolism of exogenous steroids: methandienone as a case study. Clin Chem 2009; 55:1783-93. [PMID: 19643840 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.119396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate detection of designer steroids in the urine of athletes is still a challenge in doping control analysis and requires knowledge of steroid metabolism. In this study we investigated whether uPA(+/+)-SCID mice carrying functional primary human hepatocytes in their liver would provide a suitable alternative small animal model for the investigation of human steroid metabolism in vivo. METHODS A quantitative method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the urinary detection of 7 known methandienone metabolites. Application of this method to urine samples from humanized mice after methandienone administration allowed for comparison with data from in vivo human samples and with reported methandienone data from in vitro hepatocyte cultures. RESULTS The LC-MS/MS method validation in mouse and human urine indicated good linearity, precision, and recovery. Using this method we quantified 6 of 7 known human methandienone metabolites in the urine of chimeric mice, whereas in control nonchimeric mice we detected only 2 metabolites. These results correlated very well with methandienone metabolism in humans. In addition, we detected 4 isomers of methandienone metabolites in both human and chimeric mouse urine. One of these isomers has never been reported before. CONCLUSIONS The results of this proof-of-concept study indicate that the human liver-uPA(+/+)-SCID mouse appears to be a suitable small animal model for the investigation of human-type metabolism of anabolic steroids and possibly also for other types of drugs and medications.
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Fragkaki AG, Angelis YS, Koupparis M, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Kokotos G, Georgakopoulos C. Structural characteristics of anabolic androgenic steroids contributing to binding to the androgen receptor and to their anabolic and androgenic activities. Applied modifications in the steroidal structure. Steroids 2009; 74:172-97. [PMID: 19028512 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone introduced for therapeutic purposes providing enhanced anabolic potency with reduced androgenic effects. Androgens mediate their action through their binding to the androgen receptor (AR) which is mainly expressed in androgen target tissues, such as the prostate, skeletal muscle, liver and central nervous system. This paper reviews some of the wide spectrum of testosterone and synthetic AAS structure modifications related to the intended enhancement in anabolic activity. The structural features of steroids necessary for effective binding to the AR and those which contribute to the stipulation of the androgenic and anabolic activities are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens Spyros Louis, Kifisias 37, 15123 Maroussi, Greece
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Synthetic anabolic agents: steroids and nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2009:99-126. [PMID: 20020362 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-79088-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The central role of testosterone in the development of male characteristics, as well as its beneficial effects on physical performance and muscle growth, has led to the search for synthetic alternatives with improved pharmacological profiles. Hundreds of steroidal analogs have been prepared with a superior oral bioavailability, which should also possess reduced undesirable effects. However, only a few entered the pharmaceutical market due to severe toxicological incidences that were mainly attributed to the lack of tissue selectivity. Prominent representatives of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are for instance methyltestosterone, metandienone and stanozolol, which are discussed as model compounds with regard to general pharmacological aspects of synthetic AAS. Recently, nonsteroidal alternatives to AAS have been developed that selectively activate the androgen receptor in either muscle tissue or bones. These so-called selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) are currently undergoing late clinical trials (IIb) and will be prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency from January 2008. Their entirely synthetic structures are barely related to steroids, but particular functional groups allow for the tissue-selective activation or inhibition of androgen receptors and, thus, the stimulation of muscle growth without the risk of severe undesirable effects commonly observed in steroid replacement therapies. Hence, these compounds possess a high potential for misuse in sports and will be the subject of future doping control assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.
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Geyer H, Parr MK, Koehler K, Mareck U, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Nutritional supplements cross-contaminated and faked with doping substances. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:892-902. [PMID: 18563865 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Since 1999 several groups have analyzed nutritional supplements with mass spectrometric methods (GC/MS, LC/MS/MS) for contaminations and adulterations with doping substances. These investigations showed that nutritional supplements contained prohibited stimulants as ephedrines, caffeine, methylenedioxymetamphetamie and sibutramine, which were not declared on the labels. An international study performed in 2001 and 2002 on 634 nutritional supplements that were purchased in 13 different countries showed that about 15% of the nonhormonal nutritional supplements were contaminated with anabolic-androgenic steroids (mainly prohormones). Since 2002, also products intentionally faked with high amounts of 'classic' anabolic steroids such as metandienone, stanozolol, boldenone, dehydrochloromethyl-testosterone, oxandrolone etc. have been detected on the nutritional supplement market. These anabolic steroids were not declared on the labels either. The sources of these anabolic steroids are probably Chinese pharmaceutical companies, which sell bulk material of anabolic steroids. In 2005 vitamin C, multivitamin and magnesium tablets were confiscated, which contained cross-contaminations of stanozolol and metandienone. Since 2002 new 'designer' steroids such as prostanozol, methasterone, androstatrienedione etc. have been offered on the nutritional supplement market. In the near future also cross-contaminations with these steroids are expected. Recently a nutritional supplement for weight loss was found to contain the beta2-agonist clenbuterol. The application of such nutritional supplements is connected with a high risk of inadvertent doping cases and a health risk. For the detection of new 'designer' steroids in nutritional supplements, mass spectrometric strategies (GC/MS, LC/MS/MS) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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YAMADA M, ARAMAKI S, HOSOE T, KUROSAWA M, KIJIMA-SUDA I, SAITO K, NAKAZAWA H. Characterization and Quantification of Fluoxymesterone Metabolite in Horse Urine by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2008; 24:911-4. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.24.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomoo HOSOE
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
| | | | | | - Koichi SAITO
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University
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