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Abe M, Kitsuda S, Ohyama S, Koubori S, Murai M, Miyoshi H. Concise procedure for the synthesis of cardiolipins having different fatty acid combinations. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lewis RNAH, McElhaney RN. The physicochemical properties of cardiolipin bilayers and cardiolipin-containing lipid membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:2069-79. [PMID: 19328771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this review article, we summarize the current state of biophysical knowledge concerning the phase behavior and organization of cardiolipin (CL) and CL-containing phospholipid bilayer model membranes. We first briefly consider the occurrence and distribution of CL in biological membranes and its probable biological functions therein. We next consider the unique chemical structure of the CL molecule and how this structure may determine its distinctive physical properties. We then consider in some detail the thermotropic phase behavior and organization of CL and CL-containing lipid model membranes as revealed by a variety of biophysical techniques. We also attempt to relate the chemical properties of CL to its function in the biological membranes in which it occurs. Finally, we point out the requirement for additional biophysical studies of both lipid model and biological membranes in order to increase our currently limited understanding of the relationship between CL structure and physical properties and CL function in biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruthven N A H Lewis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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Ahmad MU, Krishna UM, Ali SM, Choudhury S, Ahmad I. Synthesis of 1,3- and 1,2-Diphosphatidylglycerol. Lipids 2007; 42:291-6. [PMID: 17393233 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-007-3020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel phosphonium salt methodology was utilized for the first time to synthesize 1,3-, and 1,2-diphosphatidylglycerol. Optically active 1,2-di-O-acyl-sn-glyceryl phosphate was coupled with unprotected glycerol in the presence of pyridiniumbromide perbromide and triethylamine to yield, after final removal of phosphate protecting group, the title compounds. The 1,2-diphosphatidylglycerol (1,2-isomer of cardiolipin) may be a member of a new class of phospholipids for industrial applications similar to other phosphocholines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moghis U Ahmad
- NeoPharm, Inc., 1850 Lakeside Drive, Waukegan, IL 60085, USA
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Lin Z, Ahmad MU, Ali SM, Ahmad I. An efficient and novel method for the synthesis of cardiolipin and its analogs. Lipids 2005; 39:285-90. [PMID: 15233408 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel synthetic method has been developed for cardiolipin and its analog via a chlorophosphoramidite coupling reaction followed by oxidation. The reagent, N,N-diisopropylmethylphosphoramidic chloride, couples effectively with 1,2-O-dimyristoyl-sn-glycerol in the presence of an amidite activator to form a phosphoamidite intermediate, which then reacts with 2-O-benzylglycerol in the presence of a basic catalyst followed by in situ oxidation to give the corresponding protected cardiolipin. Deprotection of the protecting groups provides tetramyristoyl cardiolipin in good overall yield of 60%. The synthetic method is applicable to large-scale synthesis of cardiolipin and various analogs with or without unsaturation for liposomal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lin
- NeoPharm, Inc., Waukegan, Illinois 60085, USA
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Lin Z, Ahmad MU, Ali SM, Ahmad I. A new convenient method for the synthesis of cardiolipin. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Krishna UM, Ahmad MU, Ali SM, Ahmad I. A short, concise route to diphosphatidylglycerol (Cardiolipin) and its variants. Lipids 2004; 39:595-600. [PMID: 15554161 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new approach is described for the synthesis of the cardiolipin family of phospholipids that uses phosphonium salt methodology. The method involves the reaction of 2-O-protected glycerol with a trialkyl phosphite derived from 1,2-diacylsn-glycerol in the presence of pyridinium bromide perbromide and triethylamine to afford the phosphoric triesters. The synthesis involves three steps and allows the preparation of a wide range of cardiolipins with different substitution patterns and chain lengths, including unsaturated derivatives. The use of inexpensive protecting groups and the ease of purification facilitate this synthetic route and allow its scale-up in a higher overall yield (72%) than the literature methods.
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Ioannou PV. Synthesis of arsinolipids. II. A non-isosteric analogue of fully acylated cardiolipin. Chem Phys Lipids 2002; 117:7-18. [PMID: 12191840 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(02)00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
2-Hydroxypropane-1,3-bis(arsonic acid) after six successive reactions gives the arsinolipid 2-acyloxy-As, As'-bis[2,3-di(acyloxy)propyl]propane-1,3-diylbis(arsinic acid) in 20-40% overall yields. This arsinolipid is a non-isosteric analogue of the fully acylated cardiolipin. The R- and S-glycidol, used to create the backbone of the lipid, give the optically active RR and SS, respectively, arsinolipids, while the rac-glycidol produces a mixture of diastereomers (a racemic pair, RR and SS, and two meso forms with an RS configuration). Some properties of these arsinolipids are described, from which the most interesting are the facile hydrolysis of the middle acyl group and their tendency to absorb environmental water.
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Duralski AA, Spooner PJ, Rankin SE, Watts A. Synthesis of isotopically labelled cardiolipins. Tetrahedron Lett 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(97)10829-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tsivgoulis GM, Sotiropoulos DN, Ioannou PV. rac-1,2-DIACYLOXYPROPYL-3-ARSONIC ACIDS: ARSONOLIPID ANALOGUES OF PHOSPHONOLIPIDS. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509108036837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Schlame M, Beyer K, Hayer-Hartl M, Klingenberg M. Molecular species of cardiolipin in relation to other mitochondrial phospholipids. Is there an acyl specificity of the interaction between cardiolipin and the ADP/ATP carrier? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 199:459-66. [PMID: 1649052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular species in the three major mitochondrial lipids cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were analysed in bovine heart and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In both organisms cardiolipin contains mainly diacylglycerol moieties with two unsaturated chains and a significant higher proportion of C18-C18 species than phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. To study whether the specific acyl composition of cardiolipin has a functional significance in lipid-protein interaction, experiments were made with the isolated ADP/ATP carrier of bovine heart mitochondria since this dimeric protein is known to be tightly associated with six molecules of cardiolipin [Beyer, K. and Klingenberg, M. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 3821-3826]. This association seems to be very strong as protein-bound cardiolipin does not exchange with soluble cardiolipin on a time scale of hours. Analysis of the species composition suggests that one carriers dimer is associated with four molecules of tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin and two molecules of trilinoleoyl-monolinolenoyl cardiolipin. Catalytic hydrogenation of the acyl chains of carrier-bound cardiolipin does not result in release of cardiolipin as judged by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. The ADP/ATP carrier was reconstituted with saturated phosphatidylcholines and spin-labelled cardiolipin whose double bonds were subsequently saturated by catalytic hydrogenation. ESR spectroscopy shows that saturation of spin-labelled cardiolipin has no significant impact on its association with the ADP/ATP carrier. However, precipitation of the detergent-solubilized ADP/ATP carrier can only be induced by addition of unsaturated but not by saturated cardiolipin. It is concluded that the specific acyl composition of cardiolipin is not a prerequisite of its high affinity for the ADP/ATP carrier, at least when the protein is reconstituted in a saturated phosphatidylcholine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schlame
- Institute of Physical Biochemistry, University of Munich, Federal Republic of Germany
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Kashiricheva II, Mishina IM, Fedorova GA, Vasilenko IA, Shvets VI. Cationic composition of phospholipids. Pharm Chem J 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00768256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jain MK, Rogers J, Marecek JF, Ramirez F, Eibl H. Effect of the structure of phospholipid on the kinetics of intravesicle scooting of phospholipase A2. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 860:462-74. [PMID: 3741861 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(86)90543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Action of pig pancreatic phospholipase A2 on vesicles of over 50 synthetic 1,2-diacylglycerol-3-phosphate derivatives and analogs is examined in the absence of any additives. In general, shorter acyl chains and small substituents on the phosphate make a better substrate, while phospholipids with large apolar substituents are not hydrolyzed. The interfacial turnover rate constant for scooting kinetics, ki, for the various phospholipids were from less than 0.1 to 1 per min. Intervesicle exchange of the bound enzyme is faster in vesicles of phospholipids with larger polar substituents, and it is promoted in the presence of anions like chloride, sulfate and thiocyanate. These factors lower the residence time of the enzyme on the bilayer and therefore effectively decrease the rate of hydrolysis. The apparent Km for the enzyme in the interface of anionic phospholipids in the presence of salts is in the 40 to 100 microM range which is 3- to 7-times larger than the dissociation constants for the bound enzyme measured by fluorescence enhancement of Trp-3. The quantum yield of the bound enzyme in vesicles of the various lipids is found to be up to 4-fold different. It is suggested that this difference is due to the E* + S to E*S equilibrium, where E*S has higher fluorescence intensity. The role of calcium in generating the enzyme binding site at the anionic interface, the role of anion anchoring site on the enzyme, and the relationship between the catalytic efficiency and the fluorescence quantum yields are discussed.
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Abstract
Resolution of freshly prepared and of commercially available (degraded) samples of cardiolipin into 15-30 components has been accomplished by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using a 3-micron particulate Microsorb C18 column irrigated with linear gradients of acetonitrile--methanol--10 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.4. Selected resolved components were crystallized and characterized by infrared absorption spectra. Saponification of other components and identification of component fatty acids by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated the presence of ten fatty acids (14:0, 14:1, 16:0, 16:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20:0, 20:4), with linoleic acid (18:2) identified in all resolved components. From fatty acid composition data it appears that several resolved fractions consist of single cardiolipin molecular species.
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Bilayers of phosphatidyldiacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholesterol give 31P-NMR spectra characteristic for hexagonal and isotropic phases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(82)90413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Recent advances in the synthesis of phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines are described. Methods for the synthesis of some alkylacyl and alk-1-enylacyl analogues of the common diacylglycerophospholipids are also discussed. In addition, synthetic routes are described, that lead to unusual phospholipids such as compounds containing the polar group at position 2 of the glycerol moiety, glycerophospholipids containing alkanolamines of different chain lengths, and glycolphospholipids. All of the common glycerophospholipids can be prepared without the use of protecting groups. Major advances in phospholipid synthesis involve the application of novel phosphorylating agents and the use of cyclic intermediates. Although phosphatidylserines and phosphatidylthreonines as well as phosphatidylglycerols and cardiolipins can be prepared by chemical synthesis, further systematic studies are required to work out procedures that lead to these compounds in high yields.
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Rainier S, Jain MK, Ramirez F, Ioannou PV, Marecek JF, Wagner R. Phase transition characteristics of diphosphatidyl-glycerol (cardiolipin) and stereoisomeric phosphatidyldiacylglycerol bilayers. Mono- and divalent metal ion effects. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1979; 558:187-98. [PMID: 508743 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(79)90059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and phase transition chaaracteristics of aqueous dispersions of the homologous (12 : 0, 14 : 0, 16 : 0) diphosphatidylglycerols (cardiolipins) and phosphatidyldiacylglycerols are reported. Electron microscopy of the negatively stained aqueous dispersions reveals a characteristic lamellar structure suggesting that these phospholipid molecules are organized as bilayers in the aqueous dispersions. The phase transition temperature (Tm) and the enthalpy of transition (delta H) increase monotonically with chain length in the cardiolipin and phosphatidyldiacylglycerol series; Tm for phosphatidyldiacylglycerol is higher than that for cardiolipin of the same chain-length. The transition temperatures for the enantiomeric sn-3,3- and sn-1,1-phosphatidyldiacylglycerol and for the diastereomeric, meso-sn-1,3-phosphatidyldiacylglycerol are approximately the same. The molar enthalpy for the transition of cardiolipin-NH+4 bilayers is approximately twice the value for the phosphatidylcholines of the same chain length, i.e., the molar enthalpy per acyl chain is approximately the same in the two systems. The transition temperatures for metal ion salts of C16-cardiolipin exhibit a biphasic dependence upon the unhydrated ionic radii, i.e., the highest Tm is observed for Ca2+-cardiolipin and decreases for the salts of ions with smaller and larger ionic radii than that of Ca2+. The lowest Tm is observed for Rb+-cardiolipin. Monovalent metal salts of cardiolipin exhibit two phase transitions. This effect may result from different conformational packing of the four acyl chains due to differences in metal-phosphate binding.
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Ramirez F, Marecek JF, Cheng K. SYNTHESIS OF LONG-CHAIN SATURATED AND UNSATURATED DIALKYL PHOSPHATES BY MEANS OF CYCLIC ENEDIOL PYROPHOSPHATES. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1080/03086647808079963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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