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Zhang YY, Li L, Zhang XZ, Peng JB. Brønsted acid catalyzed remote C6 functionalization of 2,3-disubstituted indoles with β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoester. Front Chem 2022; 10:992398. [PMID: 36176896 PMCID: PMC9513241 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.992398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A metal-free catalytic approach for the remote C6-functionalization of 2,3-disubstituted indoles has been developed. In the presence of catalytic amounts of Brønsted acid, the β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters react with 2,3-disubstituted indoles at the C6 position selectively. Under mild reaction conditions, a range of C6-functionalized indoles were prepared with good yields and excellent regioselectivity. This methodology provides a concise and efficient route for the synthesis of C6-functionalized indole derivatives.
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2
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Bongso A, Roswanda R, Syah YM. Recent advances of carbonyl olefination via McMurry coupling reaction. RSC Adv 2022; 12:15885-15909. [PMID: 35733659 PMCID: PMC9135011 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
McMurry coupling reaction utilizes the low-valent titanium reagents and carbonyl compounds to produce olefins. The wide synthetic application of McMurry reagents in intermolecular and intramolecular coupling reactions, tandem coupling reactions, and keto ester coupling reactions of carbonyl compounds for the last five years have been reviewed. The resulting coupling reaction produces natural and non-natural products, including strained olefins and unusual molecules as a candidate for nanomaterials, pharmaceuticals, electronic materials, and so forth. The advantages, scope, and limitations along with the improvement of the McMurry coupling reaction, including the addition of high functional group compatibility, McMurry reagents substitution, and several other treatments, have also been discussed. McMurry coupling reaction utilizes the low-valent titanium reagents and carbonyl compounds to produce olefins.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Bongso
- Organic Chemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Robby Roswanda
- Organic Chemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Yana Maolana Syah
- Organic Chemistry Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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3
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Kaur N. Metal and Non-Metal Catalysts in the Synthesis of Five-Membered S-Heterocycles. Curr Org Synth 2020; 16:258-275. [PMID: 31975675 DOI: 10.2174/1570179416666181207144430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A wide variety of biological activities are exhibited by N, O and S containing heterocycles and recently, many reports appeared for the synthesis of these heterocycles. The synthesis of heterocycles with the help of metal and non-metal catalyst has become a highly rewarding and important method in organic synthesis. This review article concentrated on the synthesis of S-heterocylces in the presence of metal and non-metal catalyst. The synthesis of five-membered S-heterocycles is described here. OBJECTIVE There is a need for the development of rapid, efficient and versatile strategy for the synthesis of heterocyclic rings. Metal, non-metal and organocatalysis involving methods have gained prominence because traditional conditions have disadvantages such as long reaction times, harsh conditions and limited substrate scope. CONCLUSION The metal-, non-metal-, and organocatalyst assisted organic synthesis is a highly dynamic research field. For ßthe chemoselective and efficient synthesis of heterocyclic molecules, this protocol has emerged as a powerful route. Various methodologies in the past few years have been pointed out to pursue more sustainable, efficient and environmentally benign procedures and products. Among these processes, the development of new protocols (catalysis), which avoided the use of toxic reagents, are the focus of intense research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali-304022, Rajasthan, India
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4
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Kaur N, Verma Y, Grewal P, Bhardwaj P, Devi M. Application of titanium catalysts for the syntheses of heterocycles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1606922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Yamini Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Pooja Grewal
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Pranshu Bhardwaj
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
| | - Meenu Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, India
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5
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Maia LF, Almeida MR, Carvalho DF, Rosa NMP, Sant’Ana AC, Costa LAS, de Oliveira VE, Pinto AC, de Oliveira LFC. Tracking pereirine and flavopereirine in pau-pereira using Raman and SERS spectroscopies. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01314h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Raman and SERS spectroscopies have been used to identify the bioactive compounds pereirine and flavopereirine from stem bark, ethanolic crude extracts and infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenize F. Maia
- Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular – Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
- Juiz de Fora
- Brazil
| | - Márcia R. Almeida
- Faculdade de Tecnologia – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
- Polo Industrial
- Resende
- Brazil
| | - Dhieniffer F. Carvalho
- Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular – Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
- Juiz de Fora
- Brazil
| | - Nathália M. P. Rosa
- Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional – Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
- Juiz de Fora
- Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Sant’Ana
- Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular – Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
- Juiz de Fora
- Brazil
| | - Luiz Antônio S. Costa
- Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional – Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
- Juiz de Fora
- Brazil
| | | | - Angelo C. Pinto
- Instituto de Química – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Instituto de Química
- Ilha do Fundão
- Rio de Janeiro
- Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando C. de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Espectroscopia e Estrutura Molecular – Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora
- Juiz de Fora
- Brazil
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6
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Xu C, Xu J. Oxygenophilic Lewis Acid Promoted Synthesis of 2-Arylindoles from Anilines and Cyanoepoxides in Alcohol. J Org Chem 2018; 83:14733-14742. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuangchuang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Stremski Y, Statkova-Abeghe S, Angelov P, Ivanov I. Synthesis of Camalexin and Related Analogues. J Heterocycl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yordan Stremski
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski; 24 Tsar Asen Str. 4000 Plovdiv Bulgaria
| | - Stela Statkova-Abeghe
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski; 24 Tsar Asen Str. 4000 Plovdiv Bulgaria
| | - Plamen Angelov
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski; 24 Tsar Asen Str. 4000 Plovdiv Bulgaria
| | - Iliyan Ivanov
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Plovdiv Paisii Hilendarski; 24 Tsar Asen Str. 4000 Plovdiv Bulgaria
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8
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Marien N, Verniest G. Gold(I)-catalyzed synthesis of dihydrodibenzoquinolizinium salts. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Marien
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Department of Bio-engineering Sciences; Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2, B- 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Guido Verniest
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry and Department of Bio-engineering Sciences; Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Pleinlaan 2, B- 1050 Brussels Belgium
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9
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Zhang W, Ready JM. Total synthesis of the dictyodendrins as an arena to highlight emerging synthetic technologies. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:1010-1034. [DOI: 10.1039/c7np00018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dictyodendrins are a family of alkaloids isolated from marine sponges, Dictyodendrilla verongiformis and Ianthella sp., which possess a highly substituted pyrrolo[2,3-c]carbazole core at the phenol or quinone oxidation states. This review discusses the many diverse approaches used to synthesize these complex natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
- Dallas
- USA
| | - Joseph M. Ready
- Department of Biochemistry
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
- Dallas
- USA
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10
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Sucunza D, Cuadro AM, Alvarez-Builla J, Vaquero JJ. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Azonia Aromatic Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2016; 81:10126-10135. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Sucunza
- Department
of Organic and
Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Cuadro
- Department
of Organic and
Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez-Builla
- Department
of Organic and
Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Vaquero
- Department
of Organic and
Inorganic Chemistry, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Ahamada K, Benayad S, Poupon E, Evanno L. Polyneuridine aldehyde: structure, stability overviews and a plausible origin of flavopereirine. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Pan X, Bannister TD. Sequential Sonagashira and Larock indole synthesis reactions in a general strategy to prepare biologically active β-carboline-containing alkaloids. Org Lett 2014; 16:6124-7. [PMID: 25393979 PMCID: PMC4260633 DOI: 10.1021/ol5029783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A general synthetic approach to β-carboline-containing alkaloids was developed. Two consecutive palladium-mediated processes, a Sonagashira coupling and a Larock indole annulation reaction, are central to the method. The scope of the approach was investigated and found to be amenable for constructing a variety of biologically significant natural products and also for preparing substituted analogues for optimization and analysis of their biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Pan
- The Scripps Research Institute, Translational Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Thomas D Bannister
- The Scripps Research Institute, Translational Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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13
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Abarca B, Custodio R, Cuadro AM, Sucunza D, Domingo A, Mendicuti F, Alvarez-Builla J, Vaquero JJ. Efficient Synthesis of an Indoloquinolizinium Alkaloid Selective DNA-Binder by Ring-Closing Metathesis. Org Lett 2014; 16:3464-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol5013668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Abarca
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, ‡Departamento de
Biología de Sistemas, §Departamento de Química Analítica,
Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Custodio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, ‡Departamento de
Biología de Sistemas, §Departamento de Química Analítica,
Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana M. Cuadro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, ‡Departamento de
Biología de Sistemas, §Departamento de Química Analítica,
Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares,
Madrid, Spain
| | - David Sucunza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, ‡Departamento de
Biología de Sistemas, §Departamento de Química Analítica,
Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, ‡Departamento de
Biología de Sistemas, §Departamento de Química Analítica,
Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Mendicuti
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, ‡Departamento de
Biología de Sistemas, §Departamento de Química Analítica,
Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez-Builla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, ‡Departamento de
Biología de Sistemas, §Departamento de Química Analítica,
Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares,
Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Vaquero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, ‡Departamento de
Biología de Sistemas, §Departamento de Química Analítica,
Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871-Alcalá de Henares,
Madrid, Spain
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14
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Tasch BOA, Antovic D, Merkul E, Müller TJJ. One-Pot Synthesis of Camalexins and 3,3′-Biindoles by the Masuda Borylation-Suzuki Arylation (MBSA) Sequence. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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The Arabidopsis phi class glutathione transferase AtGSTF2: binding and regulation by biologically active heterocyclic ligands. Biochem J 2011; 438:63-70. [PMID: 21631432 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The plant-specific phi class of glutathione transferases (GSTFs) are often highly stress-inducible and expressed in a tissue-specific manner, suggestive of them having important protective roles. To date, these functions remain largely unknown, although activities associated with the binding and transport of reactive metabolites have been proposed. Using a sensitive and selective binding screen, we have probed the Arabidopsis thaliana GSTFs for natural product ligands from bacteria and plants. Uniquely, when overexpressed in bacteria, family members GSTF2 and GSTF3 bound a series of heterocyclic compounds, including lumichrome, harmane, norharmane and indole-3-aldehyde. When screened against total metabolite extracts from A. thaliana, GSTF2 also selectively bound the indole-derived phytoalexin camalexin, as well as the flavonol quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside. In each case, isothermal titration calorimetry revealed high-affinity binding (typically Kd<1 μM), which was enhanced in the presence of glutathione and by the other heterocyclic ligands. With GSTF2, these secondary ligand associations resulted in an allosteric enhancement in glutathione-conjugating activity. Together with the known stress responsiveness of GSTF2 and its association with membrane vesicles, these results are suggestive of roles in regulating the binding and transport of defence-related compounds in planta.
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16
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Pedras MSC, Yaya EE, Glawischnig E. The phytoalexins from cultivated and wild crucifers: chemistry and biology. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1381-405. [PMID: 21681321 DOI: 10.1039/c1np00020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phytoalexins are antimicrobial secondary metabolites produced de novo by plants in response to stress, including microbial attack. In general, phytoalexins are important components of plant defenses against fungal and bacterial pathogens. The phytoalexins of crucifers are indole alkaloids derived from (S)-tryptophan, most of which contain a sulfur atom derived from cysteine. Beside their antimicrobial activity against different plant pathogenic species, cruciferous phytoalexins have shown anticarcinogenic effects on various human cell lines. This review focuses on the phytoalexins produced by cruciferous plants reported to date, with particular emphasis on their chemical synthesis, biosynthesis, metabolism by plant fungal pathogens and biological activities. A summary table containing all phytoalexins, their cultivated and wild cruciferous sources, their synthetic starting materials, biotransformation products and biological activities is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledade C Pedras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
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17
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Čížková M, Kolivoška V, Císařová I, Šaman D, Pospíšil L, Teplý F. Nitrogen heteroaromatic cations by [2+2+2] cycloaddition. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:450-62. [PMID: 21049101 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A modular approach to the construction of monocationic quaternary N-heteroaromatic frameworks was developed capitalizing on a direct pyridine-type nitrogen quaternization followed by metal-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition with gaseous acetylene. The flexibility of the route is demonstrated on 12 diverse scaffolds based on pyridinium, quinolinium, thiazolium, benzothiazolium, imidazolium, and pyrimidinium. Electrochemical study revealed a quinolinium redox system with two electrochemically distinct forms that are interconverted by a homogeneous chemical reaction triggered by fast electron transfers (reduction at -0.7 V and oxidation at -0.05 V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Čížková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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18
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19
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Ayats C, Soley R, Albericio F, Álvarez M. Synthesis of the pyrrolo[2,3-c]carbazole core of the dictyodendrins. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:860-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b822933n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Adriaenssens L, Severa L, Šálová T, Císařová I, Pohl R, Šaman D, Rocha S, Finney N, Pospíšil L, Slavíček P, Teplý F. Helquats: A Facile, Modular, Scalable Route to Novel Helical Dications. Chemistry 2008; 15:1072-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Camalexin (3-thiazol-2'-yl-indole) is the characteristic phytoalexin of Arabidopsis thaliana, which is induced by a great variety of plant pathogens. While particular pathogens, as well as a human tumour cell line, were growth inhibited by camalexin, some fungi show resistance due to active degradation. Camalexin originates from tryptophan and its biosynthesis involves the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP79B2 and CYP71B15 (PAD3). Camalexin induction is a complex process, for which triggering by reactive oxygen species (ROS), salicylic acid signalling, and the glutathione status are important. Targets of the signalling cascade are the tryptophan and camalexin biosynthetic genes, which are strongly transcriptionally upregulated at the sites of pathogen infection. The important knowledge on camalexin, which is reviewed in this paper, will help to establish camalexin as a model for the investigation of the significance of phytoalexins in response pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Glawischnig
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 8, 85350 Freising, Germany.
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22
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Lipińska TM. Total synthesis of new indolo[2,3-a]quinolizine alkaloids sempervirine type, potential pharmaceuticals. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Fürstner A, Domostoj MM, Scheiper B. Total Syntheses of the Telomerase Inhibitors Dictyodendrin B, C, and E. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:8087-94. [PMID: 16771525 DOI: 10.1021/ja0617800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Concise and flexible total syntheses of the pyrrolo[2,3-c]carbazole alkaloids dictyodendrin B (2), C (3), and E (5) are described. These polycyclic telomerase inhibitors of marine origin derive from the common intermediate 18 which was prepared on a multigram scale by a sequence comprising a TosMIC cycloaddition with formation of the pyrrole A-ring, a titanium-induced reductive oxoamide coupling reaction to generate an adjacent indole nucleus, and a photochemical 6pi-electrocyclization/aromatization tandem to forge the pyrrolocarbazole core. Conversion of 18 into dictyodendrin C required selective manipulations of the lateral protecting groups and oxidation with peroxoimidic acid to form the vinylogous benzoquinone core of the target. Zinc-induced reductive cleavage of the trichloroethyl sulfate ester then completed the first total synthesis of 3. Its relatives 2 and 5 also originate from compound 18 by a selective bromination of the pyrrole entity followed by elaboration of the resulting bromide 27 via metal-halogen exchange or cross-coupling chemistry, respectively. Particularly noteworthy in this context is the generation of the very labile p-quinomethide motif of dictyodendrin E by a palladium-catalyzed benzyl cross-coupling reaction followed by vinylogous oxidation of the resulting product 41 with DDQ. The Suzuki step could only be achieved with the aid of the borate complex 40 formed in situ from p-methoxybenzylmagnesium chloride and 9-MeO-9-BBN, whereas alternative methods employing benzylic boronates, -trifluoroborates, or -stannanes met with failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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24
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Abstract
A concise total synthesis of dictyodendrin B (1) is reported, a scarce marine alkaloid endowed with promising telomerase inhibitory activity. Key steps of the chosen route are a reductive cyclization of ketoamide 11 to indole 12 mediated by low-valent titanium (from TiCl3 and KC8) followed by a photochemical 6pi-electrocyclization, which was performed in the presence of Pd/C and nitrobenzene to effect concomitant dehydrogenation/aromatization of the product initially formed. Regioselective bromination of the resulting pyrrolocarbazole 13 followed by lithium/bromine exchange and quenching of the resulting organolithium species with p-methoxybenzaldehyde installed the side chain at C2. Oxidation of the benzylic alcohol 15 thus obtained to ketone 17 was best achieved with catalytic amounts of tetra-n-propylammonium perruthenate (TPAP) and N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMO) in dilute CH2Cl2 solution to avoid the formation of undue amounts of the unsymmetrical dimer 16. Ketone 17 was elaborated into the natural product by selective cleavage of the isopropyl ether with BCl3, introduction of the sulfate moiety with the aid of trichloroethyl chlorosulfuric acid ester, deprotection of all lateral methyl ether groups, and final reductive cleavage of the trichloroethyl ester moiety. The spectroscopic data of synthetic dictyodendrin B thus formed matched those of an authentic sample in all regards. Moreover, it was shown that global deprotection of the peripheral -OH groups in pyrrolo[2,3-c]carbazole 13 is accompanied by spontaneous air-oxidation to form the quinone core of dictyodendrin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany.
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25
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Chinchilla R, Nájera C, Yus M. Metalated Heterocycles and Their Applications in Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Chem Rev 2004; 104:2667-722. [PMID: 15137804 DOI: 10.1021/cr020101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Chinchilla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Instituto de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain.
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26
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Frey LF, Marcantonio KM, Chen CY, Wallace DJ, Murry JA, Tan L, Chen W, Dolling UH, Grabowski EJ. Practical synthesis of a highly functionalized thiazole ketone. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Tzeng CC, Chen IL, Chen YL, Wang TC. Synthesis of Dibenzo[a,f]quinolizinium and 2-Phenyloxazolo[3,2-a]quinolinium Perchlorates via Acid-catalyzed Cyclization of 1-(2-Oxo-2-phenylethyl)quinoline-2(1H)-ones. HETEROCYCLES 2003. [DOI: 10.3987/com-02-9642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Schmidt A. Heterocyclic Mesomeric Betaines and Analogs in Natural Product Chemistry. Betainic Alkaloids and Nucleobases. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY VOLUME 85 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(03)85002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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29
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Shadakshari U, Nayak SK. Reductive dehydroxylation of Baylis–Hillman adducts with low-valent titanium reagent: syntheses of stereoselective trisubstituted alkenes. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)00333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Berreau LM, Halfen JA, Young VG, Tolman WB. Heterocyclic donor influences on the binding and activation of CO, NO, and O2 by copper complexes of hybrid triazacyclononane–pyridyl ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(99)00292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pedras MS, Okanga FI, Zaharia IL, Khan AQ. Phytoalexins from crucifers: synthesis, biosynthesis, and biotransformation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 53:161-176. [PMID: 10680168 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00494-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytoalexins play a significant role in the defense response of plants. These secondary metabolites, which are synthesized de novo in response to diverse forms of stress, including fungal infection, are part of the plants' chemical and biochemical defense mechanisms. Phytoalexins from crucifers are structurally and biogenetically related, but display significantly different biological activities. Here, we review work reporting the chemical structures, synthesis, biosynthesis and metabolism of cruciferous phytoalexins, as well as their biological activity towards different microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Pedras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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32
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Pedras MS, Khan AQ. Biotransformation of the phytoalexin camalexin by the phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 53:59-69. [PMID: 10656409 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The unusual metabolism of the cruciferous phytoalexin camalexin by virulent and weakly virulent isolates of the root rot fungus Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is reported. This biotransformation proceeded via 5-hydroxycamalexin, which was further biotransformed into more polar metabolites. Importantly, the metabolites resulting from transformation of camalexin were significantly less toxic to the pathogen than camalexin. Thus, it was concluded that R. solani can detoxify camalexin through oxidation of the indole ring. The chemistry involved in the structure determination of the intermediates of this pathway, their synthesis as well as antifungal activity is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Pedras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, Canada.
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33
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Lavilla R, Coll O, Nicolàs M, Sufi BA, Torrents J, Bosch J. Iodocyclisation of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines; Synthesis and Reactivity of 1‐Iodoindolo[2,3‐
a
]quinolizidines. European J Org Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199911)1999:11<2997::aid-ejoc2997>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar Coll
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Fax: (internat.) + 34‐93/4021896
| | - Marta Nicolàs
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Fax: (internat.) + 34‐93/4021896
| | - Bilal A. Sufi
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Fax: (internat.) + 34‐93/4021896
| | - Javier Torrents
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Fax: (internat.) + 34‐93/4021896
| | - Joan Bosch
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Fax: (internat.) + 34‐93/4021896
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Fürstner A, Szillat H, Gabor B, Mynott R. Platinum- and Acid-Catalyzed Enyne Metathesis Reactions: Mechanistic Studies and Applications to the Syntheses of Streptorubin B and Metacycloprodigiosin. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja981183g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alois Fürstner
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hauke Szillat
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Barbara Gabor
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
| | - Richard Mynott
- Contribution from the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, D-45470 Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
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35
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Soledade M, Pedras C, Khan AQ. Unprecedented detoxification of the cruciferous phytoalexin camalexin by a root phytopathogen. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Fürstner A, Bogdanović B. Neue Entwicklungen in der Chemie von niedervalentem Titan. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19961082104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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37
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Fürstner A, Ernst A, Krause H, Ptock A. Low-valent titanium induced indole formation: Syntheses of secofascaplysin, indolopyridocoline and an endothelin-receptor-antagonist. Tetrahedron 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(96)00255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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A comparative study of the McMurry reaction utilizing [HTiCl(THF) –0.5]x, TiCl3(DME)1.5Zn(Cu) and TiCl2 · LiCl as coupling reagents. J Organomet Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-328x(95)05755-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Unprecedented McMurry Reactions with Acylsilanes: Enedisilane Formation versus Brook Rearrangement. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(95)00482-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Fürstner A, Ptock A, Weintritt H, Goddard R, Krüger C. Titaninduzierte Zipper-Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951070617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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