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Brown M, Aljarah M, Asiki H, Leung LMH, Smithen DA, Miller N, Nemeth G, Davies L, Niculescu-Duvaz D, Zambon A, Springer C. Toward the Scale-Up of a Bicyclic Homopiperazine via Schmidt Rearrangement and Photochemical Oxaziridine Rearrangement in Continuous-Flow. Org Process Res Dev 2021; 25:148-156. [PMID: 33679122 PMCID: PMC7928940 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The scale-up of a chiral bicyclic homopiperazine of pharmaceutical interest was investigated. The outcome and safety profile of a key batch ring-expansion step via Schmidt rearrangement was improved using continuous-flow chemistry. The selectivity of nitrogen insertion for the ring expansion was improved via an alternative photochemical oxaziridine rearrangement under mild conditions, which when converted to continuous-flow in a simple and efficient flow reactor allowed the first photochemical scale-up of a homopiperazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Brown
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Aljarah
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Asiki
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Leo M. H. Leung
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah A. Smithen
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Miller
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Gabor Nemeth
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Davies
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Niculescu-Duvaz
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso Zambon
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Springer
- Drug
Discovery Unit, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Cancer
Research UK Centre for Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, London SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
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Chen Y, Liu B, Liu X, Yang Y, Ling Y, Jia Y. Schmidt Reaction of Ketones in DME Solution in a Continuous-Flow Microreactor. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuesu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Binjie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yongtai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yu Jia
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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Xu S, Unabara D, Uemura D, Arimoto H. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Pinnaic Acid and Halichlorine. Chem Asian J 2013; 9:367-75. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Synthesis of 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi cinchona alkaloids, general chiral organocatalysts for the stereoselective functionalization of carbonyl compounds. Nat Protoc 2013; 8:325-44. [PMID: 23329005 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe two procedures for the synthesis of primary amines derived from 9-amino(9-deoxy)epi cinchona alkaloids, valuable catalysts used in the asymmetric functionalization of carbonyl compounds. The first approach allows the one-pot 5-g-scale syntheses of four cinchona-based analogs (1, 3, 5 and 7) from the alkaloids quinine (QN), quinidine (QD), dihydroquinine (DHQN) and dihydroquinidine (DHQD), respectively, performed by means of a Mitsunobu reaction to introduce an azide group, followed by reduction and hydrolysis. Demethylation of 1, 3, 5 and 7 with BBr(3) provided direct access to the bifunctional aminocatalysts 2, 4, 6 and 8. A second approach, more convenient for scale-up (tested to a 20-g scale), is also provided. In this second procedure, the azides, formed from the O-mesylated derivatives of QN and QD, are selectively reduced with LiAlH(4) to afford catalysts 1 and 3, whereas hydrogenation (Pd/C) provides 5 and 7. Demethylation of 1, 3, 5 and 7 using an alkylthiolate affords 2, 4, 6 and 8 in a process in which the less-expensive QN and QD are the only starting materials used.
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Epishina MA, Kulikov AS, Ignat’ev NV, Schulte M, Makhova NN. The first example of the Schmidt reaction in ionic liquids. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E. Conrow
- Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, U.S.A
| | - W. Dennis Dean
- Alcon Research, Ltd., 6201 South Freeway, Fort Worth, Texas 76134, U.S.A
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Maio WA, Sinishtaj S, Posner GH. Cyclopentanone Ring Expansion Leading to Functionalized δ-Lactams: Short Synthesis of Simple Sedum Alkaloids. Org Lett 2007; 9:2673-6. [PMID: 17564459 DOI: 10.1021/ol070960r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monosubstituted epoxides react with (cyclopentenyloxy)trimethylsilane to afford, after subsequent oxidative fragmentation, a pair of diastereomeric 8-membered iodolactones. When these lactones are separately treated with sodium azide, followed by reduction over Lindlar's catalyst, lactone ring contraction yields 6-membered monosubstituted lactams. When (R)-1,2-epoxypentane is used in this 5 + 3 - 2 overall ring expansion sequence, one final step involving delta-lactam to piperidine reduction yields natural (-)-halosaline and (-)-epihalosaline in five steps and 12% and 23% overall yields, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Maio
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Abstract
The azide group has a diverse and extensive role in organic chemistry, reflected in the power of azide anion as a strong nucleophile, the role of organic azides as excellent substrates for cycloaddition reactions, the uses of azides as precursors of amines and nitrenes, and azide rearrangements known as the Curtius and Schmidt reactions. In recent years the scope of the Schmidt reaction has begun to be explored in depth, so that it now represents an important reaction in synthetic chemistry. This tutorial review analyses and summarises key recent developments in the field of Schmidt reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lang
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UK YO10 5DD
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Cristau HJ, Marat X, Vors JP, Pirat JL. A convenient synthesis of tetrazole, precursors of α-dialkylated α-amino acids, by reaction of trimethylsilyl azide with α-dialkylated β-ketoesters. Tetrahedron Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(03)00444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rouge PD, Moglioni AG, Moltrasio GY, Ortuño RM. Stereoselective synthesis of chiral precursors to cyclobutane carbocyclic nucleosides and oligopeptides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Palombi L, Feroci M, Orsini M, Rossi L, Inesi A. Electrochemical generation of tetraethylammonium N-acetoacetyloxazolidin-2-one enolates: an easy access to α-alkylated acetoacetic derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(02)00464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Preparation of (R)-(1-adamantyl)glycine and (R)-2-(1-adamantyl)-2-aminoethanol: a combination of cobalt-mediated β-ketoester alkylation and enzyme-based aminoalcohol resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(00)00428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Gálvez N, Moreno-Mañas M, Sebastián RM, Serra N, Trepat E, Vallribera A, Molins E. Diastereoselective alkylation of acetoacetates of chiral inductors. Synthetic applications. J Heterocycl Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570370437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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Dewynter G, Hajri AH, Toupet L, Montero JL. Direct Synthesis of Z, Boc, Fmoc, Alloc[ddot] Derivatives of 5-Aminooxazoles Starting from Acylamino Acids and Chlorosulfonylcarbamates. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910008087418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Synthetic studies of the formation of oxazoles and isoxazoles from N-acetoacetyl derivatives: scope and limitations. Org Lett 2000; 2:555-7. [PMID: 10814375 DOI: 10.1021/ol005519e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The preparation of two types of heterocycles, oxazoles and isoxazoles, were achieved in good yields in a rapid and simple way by using N-acetoacetyl derivatives. Steric and electronic effects caused by the nature of the substituents at C1, C2, and C3 were studied. The best results were obtained with a chiral oxazolidinone moiety on C1 derived from (1R,2S)-(-)-norephedrine.
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Moreno-Mañas M, Trepat E, Sebastián RM, Vallribera A. Asymmetric synthesis of quaternary α-amino acids using d-ribonolactone acetonide as chiral auxiliary. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(99)00457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Cobalt-mediated alkylation of (4R) and (4S)-3-acetoacetyl-4-benzyloxazolidin-2-ones. Preparation of enantiopure diphenylmethyl-, 9-fluorenyl- and (1-adamantyl)glycines. Tetrahedron Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4039(96)01322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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