1
|
Bouaïcha N, Miles CO, Beach DG, Labidi Z, Djabri A, Benayache NY, Nguyen-Quang T. Structural Diversity, Characterization and Toxicology of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E714. [PMID: 31817927 PMCID: PMC6950048 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) are the most widespread class of cyanotoxins and the one that has most often been implicated in cyanobacterial toxicosis. One of the main challenges in studying and monitoring MCs is the great structural diversity within the class. The full chemical structure of the first MC was elucidated in the early 1980s and since then, the number of reported structural analogues has grown steadily and continues to do so, thanks largely to advances in analytical methodology. The structures of some of these analogues have been definitively elucidated after chemical isolation using a combination of techniques including nuclear magnetic resonance, amino acid analysis, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Others have only been tentatively identified using liquid chromatography-MS/MS without chemical isolation. An understanding of the structural diversity of MCs, the genetic and environmental controls for this diversity and the impact of structure on toxicity are all essential to the ongoing study of MCs across several scientific disciplines. However, because of the diversity of MCs and the range of approaches that have been taken for characterizing them, comprehensive information on the state of knowledge in each of these areas can be challenging to gather. We have conducted an in-depth review of the literature surrounding the identification and toxicity of known MCs and present here a concise review of these topics. At present, at least 279 MCs have been reported and are tabulated here. Among these, about 20% (55 of 279) appear to be the result of chemical or biochemical transformations of MCs that can occur in the environment or during sample handling and extraction of cyanobacteria, including oxidation products, methyl esters, or post-biosynthetic metabolites. The toxicity of many MCs has also been studied using a range of different approaches and a great deal of variability can be observed between reported toxicities, even for the same congener. This review will help clarify the current state of knowledge on the structural diversity of MCs as a class and the impacts of structure on toxicity, as well as to identify gaps in knowledge that should be addressed in future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noureddine Bouaïcha
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Daniel G. Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1411 Oxford St, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (C.O.M.); (D.G.B.)
| | - Zineb Labidi
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Amina Djabri
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Pollution des Écosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Chadli Bendjedid d’El Taref, 36000 El Taref, Algeria;
| | - Naila Yasmine Benayache
- Écologie, Systématique et Évolution, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.D.); (N.Y.B.)
| | - Tri Nguyen-Quang
- Biofluids and Biosystems Modeling (BBML), Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, 39 Cox Road, Truro, B2N 5E3 Nova Scotia, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
High levels of structural diversity observed in microcystins from Microcystis CAWBG11 and characterization of six new microcystin congeners. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5372-95. [PMID: 25402827 PMCID: PMC4245536 DOI: 10.3390/md12115372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic peptides produced by cyanobacteria, which can be harmful to humans and animals when ingested. Differences in the coding of the non‑ribosomal peptide synthetase/polyketide synthase enzyme complex responsible for microcystin production have resulted in more than 100 microcystin variants being reported to date. The microcystin diversity of Microcystis CAWBG11 was investigated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This revealed that CAWBG11 simultaneously produced 21 known microcystins and six new congeners: [Asp3] MC-RA, [Asp3] MC-RAba, [Asp3] MC-FA, [Asp3] MC-WA, MC-FAba and MC-FL. The new congeners were putatively characterized by tandem mass spectrometry and chemical derivatization. A survey of the microcystin congeners produced by 49 cyanobacterial strains documented in scientific literature showed that cyanobacteria generally produce four microcystin congeners, but strains which produce up to 47 microcystin congeners have been reported. Microcystis CAWBG11 (which produces at least 27 congeners) was positioned in the top ten percentile of the strains surveyed, and showed fluidity of the amino acids incorporated into both position two and position four.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hashizume H, Nishimura Y. Cyclic Lipopeptide Antibiotics. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART O) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(08)80016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
4
|
Whitteck J, Ni W, Griffin B, Eliot A, Thomas P, Kelleher N, Metcalf W, van der Donk W. Reassignment of the Structure of the Antibiotic A53868 Reveals an Unusual Amino Dehydrophosphonic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:9089-92. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
5
|
Whitteck J, Ni W, Griffin B, Eliot A, Thomas P, Kelleher N, Metcalf W, van der Donk W. Reassignment of the Structure of the Antibiotic A53868 Reveals an Unusual Amino Dehydrophosphonic Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
6
|
Li G, van der Donk WA. Efficient synthesis of suitably protected beta-difluoroalanine and gamma-difluorothreonine from L-ascorbic acid. Org Lett 2007; 9:41-4. [PMID: 17192080 PMCID: PMC2593874 DOI: 10.1021/ol062401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Fluorinated amino acids are useful building blocks for the preparation of biologically active peptides and peptidomimetics with increased metabolic stability. We report here the synthesis of two fluorinated amino acids, beta-difluoroalanine and gamma-difluorothreonine, as analogues of Ser and Thr, respectively. These compounds were suitably protected for Fmoc-based solid-phase peptide synthesis. Once incorporated into peptides, they may serve as alternative substrates or inhibitors of lantibiotic synthetases that posttranslationally dehydrate Ser and Thr residues to dehydroalanine and dehydrobutyrine, respectively.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou H, Schmidt DMZ, Gerlt JA, van der Donk WA. Chemical and enzymatic synthesis of fluorinated-dehydroalanine-containing peptides. Chembiochem 2004; 4:1206-15. [PMID: 14613113 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200300654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Michael acceptors have long been recognized as reactive functionalities that may link a biologically active molecule to its cellular target. 1,2-Dehydro amino acids are potential Michael acceptors present in a large number of natural products, but their reactivity is modulated by the deactivating nature of the alpha-amino group engaged in an amide bond. We describe here the preparation of 3-fluoro-1,2-dehydroalanine moieties within peptides that significantly enhance the reactivity of the Michael acceptor. Two different routes were designed to access these compounds, one relying on chemical means to introduce the desired functionality and the second taking advantage of a peptide epimerase. In the chemical approach, the fluoro-Pummerer reaction of cysteine derivatives afforded 3-fluorocysteine residues that were oxidized to the corresponding sulfoxides, followed by thermolytic elimination to provide the desired 3-fluorodehydroalanines. The mechanism of the fluoro-Pummerer reaction was investigated and several possible pathways were ruled out. The enzymatic approach utilized the dipeptide epimerase YcjG from Escherichia coli. Difluorinated alanine was incorporated at the C terminus of a dipeptide by chemical means. The resulting peptide proved to be a substrate for YcjG, which catalyzed fluoride elimination to provide the 3-fluorodehydroalanine-containing peptide. Mechanistic investigations showed that fluoride elimination occurred faster than epimerization and at a rate close to that of epimerization of Ala-Ala.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hu T, Panek JS. Enantioselective synthesis of the protein phosphatase inhibitor (-)-motuporin. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:11368-78. [PMID: 12236752 DOI: 10.1021/ja0206700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A highly convergent asymmetric synthesis of the protein phosphatase inhibitor motuporin 1a is described. Synthesis and coupling of the individual peptide fragments [34 + 35 --> 51] followed by macrocyclization afforded the fully protected motuporin precursor 33, which is converted to the natural product by dehydration and ester hydrolysis. Six of the eight stereogenic centers associated with the natural product were introduced using asymmetric crotylsilane bond construction methodology. Our approach features an efficient Pd(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between a configurationally well-defined vinyl zinc intermediate 22 and an (E)-vinyl iodide 7, which afforded compound 43, resulting in the construction of the trisubstituted (E,E)-diene system of the motuporin side chain. Improved reaction conditions for macrocyclization in the formation of 33 are also detailed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Metcalf Center for Science and Engineering, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blom JF, Robinson JA, Jüttner F. High grazer toxicity of [D-Asp(3),(E)-Dhb(7)]microcystin-RR of Planktothrix rubescens as compared to different microcystins. Toxicon 2001; 39:1923-32. [PMID: 11600156 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Planktothrix rubescens, the dominant cyanobacterium in Lake Zürich, is generally considered to be toxic to zooplankton. The major toxin was determined by NMR spectroscopy and chemical analysis to be [D-Asp(3),(E)-Dhb(7)]microcystin-RR. The compound was isolated in high purity, and its 24-h acute grazer toxicity was compared with microcystin-LR, microcystin-RR, microcystin-YR, and nodularin using a Thamnocephalus platyurus bioassay. Based on LC(50) values [D-Asp(3),(E)-Dhb(7)]microcystin-RR was the most toxic microcystin tested. Nodularin was slightly more toxic under the conditions of the assay. The large number of individuals available for the grazer bioassay allowed the determination of dose-response curves of the different microcystins. These curves showed marked differences in their steepness. Microcystin-RR, which had nearly the same LC(50) as microcystin-LR and microcystin-YR, exhibited a very flat dose-response curve. This flat curve indicates that, for some individuals, lower concentrations of this microcystin are much more toxic than are the other two microcystins. Mortality of 100% requires much higher concentrations of microcystin-RR, indicating the resistance of some animals to the toxin. The purified [D-Asp(3),(E)-Dhb(7)]microcystin-RR exhibited a higher molar absorption coefficient determined by quantitative amino acid analysis than the coefficients generally used for other microcystins. This observation has consequences for the risk assessment for microcystins and makes a structural determination of microcystins an absolute requirement. The presence of the dehydrobutyrine residue may be the reason for the higher specific toxicity of [D-Asp(3),(E)-Dhb(7)]microcystin-RR when compared to the N-methyldehydroalanine-containing microcystins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Blom
- Limnologische Station, Institut für Pflanzenbiologie, Universität Zürich, Seestr. 187, 8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Peptides containing (E)- and (Z)-3-fluorodehydroalanine have been prepared from serine via a fluoro-Pummerer rearrangement. The resulting electrophilic moieties may be useful affinity labels for the identification of the targets of dehydroamino acid containing natural products that act by covalent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kuroda J, Fukai T, Nomura T. Collision-induced dissociation of ring-opened cyclic depsipeptides with a guanidino group by electrospray ionization/ion trap mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:30-37. [PMID: 11180644 DOI: 10.1002/jms.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics shown in the electrospray ionization/ion trap mass spectra of ring-opened LI-F antibiotics (cyclic depsihexapeptides with a 15-guanidino-3-hydroxypentadecanoic group as a side-chain) were examined. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) MS of protonated molecules of the depsipeptides produced many fragment ions. Most of these fragment ions contained information for determining the amino acid sequences of antifungal antibiotics. The fragment ions were classified into six groups (b(n'), B(n'), B'(n'), beta(n'), y(n) and Y(n)). According to MS(3) spectra, the B(n'), B'(n) and beta(n) ions can be considered to be derived with a cleavage at each CO--NH in the peptide bonds of [MH--NH(3)](+),[MH--NH(3)--OH](+) and [MH--NH(3)--2H(2)O](+), respectively, in ion trap MS. Losses of NH(3) and H(2)O from the amino acid residues of the depsipeptides in ion trap MS are likely to be smaller than those from the side-chain. The measurements with electrospray ionization (ESI)/ion trap MS of depsipeptides with a side chain containing polar groups may provide useful information for structural determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kuroda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kishi Y, Rando RR. Structural Basis of Protein Kinase C Activation by Tumor Promoters. Acc Chem Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ar9600751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Kishi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Robert R. Rando
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
Humphrey JM, Aggen JB, Chamberlin AR. Total Synthesis of the Serine-Threonine Phosphatase Inhibitor Microcystin-LA. J Am Chem Soc 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ja961683e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
Synthesis of 3-methylaspartic acids by ring-contraction of a nickelacycle derived from glutamic anhydride. Tetrahedron 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0040-4020(94)01094-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
17
|
Kiviranta J, Namikoshi M, Sivonen K, Evans WR, Carmichael WW, Rinehart KL. Structure determination and toxicity of a new microcystin from Microcystis aeruginosa strain 205. Toxicon 1992; 30:1093-8. [PMID: 1440646 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(92)90054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new hepatotoxic microcystin was isolated from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa strain 205. Its structure was found to be [Dha7]microcystin-RR as determined by amino acid analysis, mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. LD50 value (i.p. mouse) of this toxin was 180 micrograms/kg. The 48 hr lethal concentration (48-hr-LC50) of the toxin for larvae of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, was 14.9 micrograms/ml.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kiviranta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sivonen K, Namikoshi M, Evans WR, Carmichael WW, Sun F, Rouhiainen L, Luukkainen R, Rinehart KL. Isolation and characterization of a variety of microcystins from seven strains of the cyanobacterial genus Anabaena. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:2495-500. [PMID: 1514796 PMCID: PMC195810 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.8.2495-2500.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxins (microcystins) from seven freshwater Anabaena strains originating from three different Finnish lakes and one lake in Norway were isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography and characterized by amino acid analysis and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. All strains produced three to seven different microcystins. A total of 17 different compounds were isolated, of which 8 were known microcystins. The known compounds identified from six strains were MCYST (microcystin)-LR, [D-Asp3]MCYST-LR, [Dha7]MCYST-LR, [D-Asp3,Dha7]MCYST-LR, MCYST-RR, [D-Asp3]MCYST-RR, [Dha7]MCYST-RR, and [D-Asp3,Dha7]MCYST-RR. With the exception of MCYST-LR and [D-Asp3]MCYST-LR, this is the first time that isolation of these toxins from Anabaena strains has been reported. Three of the strains produced one to three toxins as minor components which could not be identified. Anabaena sp. strain 66 produced four unidentified toxins. The other Anabaena strains always contained both MCYST-LR and MCYST-RR and/or their demethyl variants. Quantitative differences between toxins within and between strains were detected; at times MCYST-LR and at other times MCYST-RR or demethyl derivatives thereof were the most abundant toxins found in a strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Motuporin, A Potent Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor Isolated from the Papua New Guinea Sponge Theonella swinhoei Gray. Tetrahedron Lett 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)91674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
20
|
Kondo F, Ikai Y, Oka H, Ishikawa N, Watanabe MF, Watanabe M, Harada K, Suzuki M. Separation and identification of microcystins in cyanobacteria by frit-fast atom bombardment liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Toxicon 1992; 30:227-37. [PMID: 1529459 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(92)90865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In order to separate and identify microcystins, a new analytical method was developed using a frit probe as an interface for fast atom bombardment mass spectral analysis of high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) effluents. Two types of HPLC conditions were designed for separation of standard microcystins RR, YR and LR. The HPLC conditions, for example, methanol:0.01% trifluoroacetic acid = 61:39 (containing 0.8% glycerol) as a mobile phase and 0.5 ml/min as a flow rate, provided a base line separation of standard microcystins RR, YR and LR. The HPLC conditions were also effective for separation of the non-toxic geometrical isomers of microcystins RR and LR. The total ion chromatogram of a mixture of standard microcystins showed excellent correlation with the HPLC separation using a u.v. detector. The method was subsequently applied to analysis of microcystins contained in both a culture strain and a field sample, and the procedure from toxin extraction to identification of microcystins was performed within 1 day. The mass chromatogram monitored at m/z 135 that is always observed with abundance in the FAB mass spectra of the purified microcystins, differentiated between microcystins and other types of compounds. This technique allowed the rapid identification of unknown microcystins without standard samples. Additionally, compounds other than microcystins were also found, which would not be seen by u.v. detection at 238 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Kondo
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cremer J, Henning K. Application of reversed-phase medium-pressure liquid chromatography to the isolation, separation and amino acid analysis of two closely related peptide toxins of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa strain PCC 7806. J Chromatogr A 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(91)85199-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
22
|
Harada K, Matsuura K, Suzuki M, Watanabe MF, Oishi S, Dahlem AM, Beasley VR, Carmichael WW. Isolation and characterization of the minor components associated with microcystins LR and RR in the cyanobacterium (blue-green algae). Toxicon 1990; 28:55-64. [PMID: 2109908 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(90)90006-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two structurally similar analogues of microcystins LR and RR, cyclic peptide hepatotoxins from Microcystis, were isolated by chromatographic methods. Although they have the same mol. wt and amino acid compositions as those of the parent toxins, they do not possess similar toxicities. Ultraviolet and 1H-NMR spectral data for both components demonstrate clear structural difference of these cyclic peptides from the parent toxins, which are probably responsible for the marked decreases in their observed toxicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Harada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dellaria JF, Sallin KJ. Wittig olefination in the absence of an exogenous base: A new synthesis of α-substituted primary allylic amines. Tetrahedron Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)94666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
24
|
Meriluoto JA, Sandström A, Eriksson JE, Remaud G, Craig AG, Chattopadhyaya J. Structure and toxicity of a peptide hepatotoxin from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii. Toxicon 1989; 27:1021-34. [PMID: 2508270 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A peptide hepatotoxin was isolated by reversed phase liquid chromatography from the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria agardhii and characterized structurally and toxicologically. Amino acid analyses, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry showed that the toxin is a cyclic heptapeptide (mol. wt 1023.5) with the structure cyclo-(Ala-Arg-Asp-Arg-Adda-Glu-N-methyldehydroAla) (Adda: 3-amino-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4,6-dienoic acid). In mice the toxic effects were restricted mainly to the liver where the toxin induced massive hemorrhages and a disruption of the lobular and sinusoidal structure. The i.p. LD50 of the toxin was 250 micrograms/kg. The structural and toxic properties of this peptide are very close to those of microcystins, cyclic peptide toxins produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Meriluoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Abo Akademi, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tsukuda T, Kakisawa H, Painuly P, Shimizu Y. The absolute configurations at 8 and 9-carbons of Adda, an amino acid component of a hepatotoxin, cyanoviridin RR. Tetrahedron Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)80701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
26
|
Harada K, Matsuura K, Suzuki M, Oka H, Watanabe MF, Oishi S, Dahlem AM, Beasley VR, Carmichael WW. Analysis and purification of toxic peptides from cyanobacteria by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1988; 448:275-83. [PMID: 3147286 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)84589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and reliable chemical analysis method for microcystins (cyanoginosins) has been studied. Three different mobile phases for high-performance liquid chromatography were selected and optimized. Also the adsorptive powers of three commercially available C18 cartridges were compared and the results successfully applied to the clean up of three of the toxins. Finally a total system for the analysis and isolation of microcystins was established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Harada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Watanabe MF, Oishi S, Harda K, Matsuura K, Kawai H, Suzuki M. Toxins contained in Microcystis species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Toxicon 1988; 26:1017-25. [PMID: 3149802 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(88)90200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic peptide toxins were analyzed for three Microcystis species (M. aeruginosa, M. viridis and M. wesenbergii) using an ODS-silica gel cartridge and high performance liquid chromatography with ODS-silica gel. On strain of M. aeruginosa contained a high amount of microcystin (cyanoginosin) YR and a lesser amount of LR. Three toxins, microcystin-RR, -YR and -LR, were detected in two strains of M. aeruginosa and four of M. viridis. The main component of the toxins of these strains was microcystin-RR. M. wesenbergii showed no peak in the area where the three toxins were obtained in other Microcytisis species by HPLC analysis. LD50 values of the purified toxins of YR and LR were similar, while a lower toxicity was estimated for RR. This explains the relatively weak toxicity of M. viridis whose main component is microcystin-RR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Watanabe
- Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Omar S, Tenenbaum L, Manes LV, Crews P. Novel marine sponge derived amino acids 7. The fenestins. Tetrahedron Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)80794-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
29
|
Carmichael WW, Beasley V, Bunner DL, Eloff JN, Falconer I, Gorham P, Harada K, Krishnamurthy T, Yu MJ, Moore RE. Naming of cyclic heptapeptide toxins of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Toxicon 1988; 26:971-3. [PMID: 3149803 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(88)90195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W W Carmichael
- Wright State University, Dept of Biological Sciences, Dayton, OH 45435
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
|